Search

The present study was conducted to estimate the exposure and characterize the risk for the child population of Serbia to Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) from milk and milk-based food. A total of 3404 samples comprising milk and different milk-based food samples were collected from various regions of Serbia from 2017 to 2019. Evaluation of AFM1 exposure was carried out using the deterministic method, whereas risk characterization was evaluated using the margin of exposure (MOE) and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Detection rates for AFM1 in milk and milk-based food samples ranged between 2% and 79%, with the highest incidence (79%) and mean level (22.34 ± 0.018 ng kg−1) of AFM1 being detected in pasteurized and UHT milk. According to the three consumption estimates, the values of estimated daily intake (EDI) were higher for toddlers as compared with children aged 3–9 years. Children aged 1–3 years had the highest risk of exposure to AFM1 in milk, with an estimated daily intake of 0.164 and 0.193 ng kg−1 bw day−1 using lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) exposure scenarios, respectively. Such difference could result from the higher consumption to weight in younger children. Based on the estimated daily intake (EDI) found in this study, the risk of AFM1 exposure due to consumption of milk and milk-based food was low since the MOE values obtained were >10,000. In addition, the risk of HCC cases/year/105 individuals of different age groups showed that the value of HCC, using potency estimates of 0.0017 (mean), was maximum (0.00034) in the age group 1–3 years, which indicates no health risk for the evaluated groups. The present study revealed the importance of controlling and preventing AFM1 contamination in milk through continuous monitoring and regular inspection to reduce the risk of AFM1 exposure, especially in children.

A total of 138 samples of canned tuna, sardines and mackerel from the Serbian market were analyzed for toxic (As, Cd, Pb, Hg) element levels using ICPMS. The highest average contents of toxic elements were found to be 1.70 mg kg(-1) for arsenic and 0.026 mg kg(-1) for cadmium in sardine and 0.068 mg kg(-1) for mercury in tuna. The lead content was very similar (similar to 0.048 mg kg(-1)) of the three types of canned fish. None of the fish analyzed contained toxic elements in levels exceeding the maximum allowable levels currently in force. Human health risk assessment of As, Cd, Pb and Hg in canned fish were investigated. A risk assessment based on the measured levels of examined elements indicated that consumption of canned fish according to current eating habits in Serbia presents little risk to human health since the carcinogenic risk is within the acceptable range, 10(-4)-10(-6).

Mackerel is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, but this fish may be contaminated with environmental pollutants. The aim of this study was to evaluate concentrations of non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-PCBs) in 160 samples of mackerel available on the Serbian market. Average and maximum ndl-PCB concentrations were 7.9 ng/g and 74 ng/g, respectively. A higher average level of ndl-PCBs was found in mackerel from Spain, but this was still three times lower than the permitted level. We conclude that levels of ndl-PCBs in mackerel available on the Serbian market are acceptable.

Smoked meat and smoked meat products represent a significant part of the human diet in Serbia. The process of smoking, i.e. wood combustion, is one of the most important sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarcarbons (PAHs). Considering the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of some PAHs, these compounds have been in the spotlight of scientific interest. The EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) reviewed the available data on occurrence and toxicity of PAHs in food. In 2008, the CONTAM Panel concluded that benzo[a]pyrene is not a suitable indicator for the occurrence of PAHs in food. Based on the currently available data relating to occurrence and toxicity, the CONTAM Panel concluded that the sum of benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[b]fluoranthene (PAH4) are the most suitable indicators of PAHs in food. These proposals have become part of the legislation both of EU and Serbia. From 1st September 2014, maximum residue limits (MRL) both for benzo[a]pyrene (2 μg/kg) and sum of PAH4 compounds (12 μg/kg), in smoked meat and meat products, were defined by the legislation of Serbia, which is in accordance with EU regulation. In this paper, the method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[b]fluoranthene (PAH4 compounds) in smoked meat and smoked meat products. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used for extraction of lipids and lipophilic compounds. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used in order to remove lipids from analysed samples. High-performance liquid chromatographic with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) was applied for identification and quantification of benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. Different conditions of HPLC-FL analysed were applied (mobile phase, HPLC column, oven temperature, flow) in order to achieve optimal conditions for qualitative and quantitative analysis of PAH4 compounds, Dimljeno meso i proizvodi od mesa zauzimaju važno mesto u ishrani stanovništva u Srbiji. S obzirom, da tokom dimljenja tj. procesom sagorevanja drveta nastaju policiklični aromatični ugljovodonici (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAH), koji su klasifikovani kao karcinogena i mutagena jedinjenja, proučavanje ovih jedinjenja uvek zaokuplja pažnju javnosti. Na osnovu podataka, koji su rezultat novih bioloških i toksikoloških naučnih istraživanja, evropska naučna komisija o zagađivačima u lancu ishrane je u junu 2008. godine predložila da se suma sadržaja benzo[a]pirena, benzo[a]antracena, benzo[b]fluorantena i hrizena, tj. PAH4 jedinjenja koristi kao marker prisustva drugih PAH jedinjenja u različitoj hrani. Ovi predlozi postali su deo zakonske regulative, kako Evropske unije, tako i Srbije. Zakonska regulativa Srbije, koja je u saglasnosti sa propisima EU, od 1. septembra 2014. godine definiše maksimalno dozvoljenu količinu (MDK) za sumu sadržaja PAH4 jedinjenja (12 μg/kg), kao i za sadržaj benzo[a]pirena (2 μg/ kg) u dimljenom mesu i proizvodima od mesa. U ovom radu razvijena je metoda za određivanje benzo[a]pirena, benzo[a]antracena, benzo[b]fluorantena i hrizena tj. PAH4 jedinjenja u dimljenom mesu i proizvodima od mesa. Za ekstrakciju lipida i lipofilnih jedinjenja iz uzoraka korišćena je ubrzana ekstrakcija pomoću rastvarača. Ekstrakcija na čvrstoj fazi je korišćena kao postupak za uklanjanje molekula lipida iz ispitanih uzoraka. Identifikacija i kvantifikacija benzo[a]pirena, benzo[a]antracena, benzo[b]fluorantena i hrizena rađena je korišćenjem visokoefikasne tečne hromatografije sa fluorescentnim detektorom (HPLC-FL). Primenjeni su različiti uslovi HPLC analize (mobilna faza, HPLC kolona, temperatura peći, protok mobilne faze) u cilju postizanja optimalnih uslova za kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu analizu PAH4 jedinjenja.

Cilj ispitivanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije je utvrđivanje sadržaja teških metala i metaloida (Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu) u sedimentu i vodi reke Dunava (na dva profila, profil A- Batajnica,Belegiš, profil B- Vinča, Grocka) kao i mišićnom tkivu i organima riba (Pb, Cd, Hg, As) što može da posluži kao pokazatelj bezbednosti ribe kao namirnice, ali i kao pokazatelj zagađenja životne sredine. Za potrebe ispitivanja uzorkovano je po deset uzoraka vode, odnosno sedimenta sa profila A i profila B (40 uzoraka). Uzorci ribe (tolstolobik, šaran, som) uzeti su od lokalnih profesionalnih ribara. Od svake vrste ribe na profilu A i na profilu B, uzeto je po 15 uzoraka ribe (ukupno 90 riba). Za ispitivanje sadržaja teških metala i arsena od svake ribe uzet je uzorak mišićnog tkiva, jetre i digestivni trakt (ukupno 270 uzoraka). Za ispitivanja korišćen je atomski apsorpcioni spektofotometar. Na ispitivanim profilima sadržaj olova, žive i nikla u vodi Dunava bio je ispod praga osetljivosti primenjenih metoda ispitivanja. Prosečan sadržaj cinka, arsena i bakra bio je u uzorcima vode na ispitivanim profilima ispod, a gvožđa iznad propisanih vrednosti za kvalitet vode druge klase. Prosečan sadržaj arsena i teških metala (Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Fe, Ni i Cu) u uzorcima sedimanta Dunava uzetim na profilu B (nizvodno od Beograda) bio je statistički značajno veći od prosečnog sadržaja ovih elemenata u uzorcima sedimenta uzetih na profilu A (uzvodno od Beograda). U mišićnom tkivu i jetri tolstolobika izlovljenog na profilu B sadržaj Pb, Cd, Hg i As bio je statistički značajno veći od sadržaja ovih elemenata u mišićnom tkivu i jetri tolstolobika izlovljenog na profilu A. Između prosečnog sadržaja ispitivanih elemenata u digestivnom traktu tolstolobika izlovljenih na profilima A odnosno B nije utvrđena, statistički, značajna razlika.Sa izutetkom prosečnog sadržaja žive u mišićnom tkivu i prosečnog sadržaja olova u jetri šarana (veći kod šarana izlovljenog na profilu B) nisu utvrđene, st, The aim of examination within this doctoral dissertation is determination of the content of heavy metals and metaliods (Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu) in the sediment and water of river Danube (at two profiles, profile A Batajnica,Belegiš, profile BVinča, Grocka) as well as mascular tissue and organs of fish (Pb, Cd, Hg, As) which can serve as an indicator of safety of fish as food but also as an indicator of environmental pollution. For the purpose of examination, ten samples of water and ten samples of sediment from the profile A and profile B was sampled (40 samples). Samples of fish (silver carp, carp, catfish) were taken from local professional fisherman. 15 samples of fish was taken from each type of fish at profile A and profile B (90 fish in total). For the examination of the content of heavy metals and arsenic, from each fish, a sample of muscular tissue, liver and digestive tract was taken (in total 270 samples). For the examination, atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used. At the examined profiles, the content of lead, mercury and nickel in Danube water was under the treshold of sensitivity of applied examination methods. The average content of zinc, arsenic and copper in water samples at the examined profiles was under, and content of iron above prescribed values for the quality of water of the second class. The average content of arsenic and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Fe, Ni and Cu) in samples of sediment of Danube taken at profile B (downstream of Belgrade) was statistically significantly bigger than the average content of these elements in the samples of sediment taken at profile A (upstream from Belgrade). In muscular tissue and liver of silver carp caught at profile B the content of Pb, Cd, Hg and As was statistically significantly bigger than the content of these elements in muscular tissue and liver of silver carp caught at profile A. Between average contentof examined elements in digestive tract of silver carp caught at profiles A and B

The distribution and contents of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in Bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and Barbel (Barbus barbus) from the Danube River, near Batajnica. The analysed compounds were 16 OCPs (α-Hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-Hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), δ-Hexachlorocyclohexane (δ-HCH), Heptachlor, Aldrin, cis-Heptachloroepoxide (cis-HCE), trans-Heptachloroepoxide (trans-HCE), γ-Chlordane, p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), α-Chlordane, Dieldrin, Endrin, p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDD), p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltri-chloroethane (p,p'-DDT)) and 7 PCB congeners (IUPAC numbers 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180, 118). Determination and quantification of OCPs and PCBs were performed by a GC-ECD method. The proximate composition of fish fillets was determined by applying standard SRPS ISO methods. The statistically significant difference (p lt 0.05) was found between the OCPs content in Bream and Barbel, as well as between PCBs content in the analyzed fish filets. Among all analyzed pesticides, both fish contained the highest amounts of ΣDDT (expressed as sum of p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD), (13.8 ng/g fish - Bream, 2.6 ng/g fish - Barbel). The sum of PCB congeners in Bream filets (40.8 ng/g fish) was significantly higher than in Barbel filets (7.2 ng/g fish). Results of Student's t-test (p = 0.05) showed the differences in the content of lipids, moisture, ash and calculated energy value between the analyzed fish filets. Four times higher fat content in Bream (4.25%) than in Barbel (1.07%) is one of the main reasons for higher content of OCPs and PCBs in Bream compared to Barbel, which were taken from the same location (The Danube River, Batajnica)., U ovom radu prikazana je distribucija i sadržaj organohlornih pesticida (organochlorine pesticides, OCP) i polihlorovanih bifenila (polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB) u ribama krupatici (Blicca bjoerkna) i mreni (Barbus barbus) iz Dunava u blizini Batajnice. Ispitano je 16 organohlornih pesticida i 7 kongenera polihlorovanih bifenila. Anlizirana su sledeća jedinjenja: α-heksahlorocikloheksan (α-HCH), β-heksahlorocikloheksan (β-HCH), heksahlorobenzen (HCB), γ-heksahlorocikloheksan (γ-HCH), δ-heksahlorocikloheksan (δ-HCH), heptahlor, aldrin, cis-heptahloroepoksid (cis-HCE), trans-heptahloroepoksid (trans-HCE), γ-hlordan, α-hlordan, p,p'-dihlorodifenildihloroetilen (p,p'-DDE), dieldrin, endrin, p,p'-dihlorodifenildihloroetan (p,p'-DDD) i p,p'- dihlorodifeniltrihloroetan (p,p'-DDT) i PCB kongeneri označeni IUPAC brojevima 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180 i 118. Kvalitativna i kvanitativna ispitivanja ovih jedinjenja rađena su GC-ECD metodom. Sadržaj proteina, lipida, vlage i pepela u filetima riba određen je korišćenjem standardnih SRPS ISO metoda. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika (p lt 0,05) između sadržaja organohlornih pesticida u krupatici i mreni, kao i između sadržaja polihlorovanih bifenila u ispitanim ribama. Najveći sadržaj među ispitivanim organohlornim pesticidima, u obe vrste ribe utvrđen je za ΣDDT (pp'-DDT + pp'-DDE + pp'-DDD), (13,8 ng/g ribe - krupatica, 2,6 ng/g ribe - mrena). Ukupan sadržaj PCB jedinjenja u filetima krupatice (40,8 ng/g ribe) bio je značajno veći nego u filetima mrene (7,2 ng/g ribe). Na osnovu rezultata Studentovog t-testa (p = 0,05) utvrđeno je da postoji statistički značajna razlika u sadržaju masti, vlage, pepela i izračunate energetske vrednosti između fileta ispitanih riba. Četiri puta veći sadržaj masti u filetima krupatice (4,25%) u odnosu na filete mrene (1,07%) jedan je od glavih razloga većeg sadržaja organohlornih pesticida i polihlorovanih bifenila u krupatici nego u mreni, koje su uzete sa istog lokaliteta (Dunav, Batajnic

The most marketed species of fish in Serbia is common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which accounts for more than 80% of the national aquaculture. This study aimed to investigate the influence of two supplementary fish feeds (maize and extruded feed) on the proximate and fatty acid composition of carp. The results show that the protein, lipid, and ash contents were higher (P lt = 0.001) in the extruded feed compared with maize. The carp fed extruded feed exhibited significantly higher protein and moisture contents (P lt = 0.001 and P lt = 0.01, respectively), whereas the total lipid content was significantly higher (P lt = 0.001) in carp fed maize. The analysis of the fatty acid profiles showed that the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content in carp fed maize (23.94%) was lower than that in carp fed extruded feed (25.36%). The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content in carp fed maize (61.83%) was considerably higher compared with carp fed extruded feed (41.95%), whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in carp fed maize (13.66%) was lower than that in carp fed extruded feed (30.91%). The principal component analysis (PCA) of the fatty acid profile resulted in a two-principal-component model that described 75.94% of the total data variance. The most influential factors were determined from the loading plot governing this distinction. The n-6/n-3 ratio in carp fed extruded feed (5.8) was found to be more nutritionally beneficial than that in carp fed maize (13.8), which indicates the better nutritional properties of carp fed extruded feed.

This study reports results on 16 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoke produced by beech wood combustion from Zlatibor region, Serbia. Smoke samples were collected with two different types of tubes (PUF and XAD-2), at a height of 2 and 5 m away from the firebox; 16 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [European Commission (2005), Commission Recommendation 2005/108/EC, Official Journal of European Union L34:4345; JECFA (2005), Summary and Conclusion. Paper No. JECFA/64/SC, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Sixty-Fourth Meeting, Rome, Italy, February 817] were identified and quantified by Fast-GC/HRMS. The analyzed PAHs were: benzo[c]fluorene (BcL), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene (CPP), chrysene (CHR), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[j]fluoranthene (BjF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BgP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DhA), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcP), dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DeP), dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (DhP), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (DiP) and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DlP). Results show that total emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a height of 2 m was 6.7 and 7.4 mg m3 , in PUF and XAD-2 tubes, respectively. At height of 5 m polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emission was 2.4 and 4.3 mg m3 , in PUF and XAD-2 tubes, respectively. BaP contribution to total sum of 16 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was 4% (PUF tubes) and 7.2% (XAD-2 tubes) at a height of 2 m, and 5% (PUF tubes) and 8.3% (XAD-2 tubes) at a height of 5 m. Total benzo[a]pirene equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) in smoke samples were calculated.

Rainbow trout (Onchorhynchys mykiss) is well known fish species in the nature. Changes in proximate composition of fish meat are associated with age and size of fish. Cholesterol content in animal tissues is associated with feeding method and quality of food, in spite of regulatory mechanism of cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Objective of this study was determination and comparison of proximate composition, cholesterol content and fatty acid profile of fingerlings and marketable size rainbow trout from aquaculture. Samples of fingerlings (average mass of 99 g and length of 18.6 cm) and marketable size rainbow trout (average mass of 229 g and length of 23.3 cm) were collected in August 2010, in the fishpond 'Ribnik', Mrkonjić city, Republic Srpska - Bosnia and Herzegovina. Fingerlings and marketable size rainbow trout were fed complete mixture of similar composition for both fish categories (fish products, oils and fats, cereal products and oil seeds). Obtained results showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) in the content of total lipids (3.81%, fingerlings and 4.17%, marketable size trout) and ash (1.27%, fingerlings and 1.29%, marketable size trout). Higher protein content was determined in marketable size trout fillets (18.69%), as well as lower water content (75.40%) compared to their content in fingerlings (17.72% proteins and 77.11% water). Cholesterol content was 82.59 mg/100g (fingerlings) and 70.12 mg/100g (marketable size trout). Statistically significant differences (p lt 0.05) in content of total saturated fatty acids was established between fingerlings and marketable size trout (31.81% and 29.14%, respectively), also in polyunsaturated fatty acids-PUFA (33.93% and 36.78%, respectively) and n-3 fatty acids (17.17% and 19.20%, respectively). Content of monounsaturated fatty acids was similar and ranged from 33.30%, in fingerlings, to 33.05% in marketable size trout. There was no statistically significant difference (p, Kalifornijska pastrmka (Oncorhynchus mykiss) je jedna od najpoznatijih vrsta ribe u prirodi. Promene u hemijskom sastavu mesa ribe su povezane sa starošću i veličinom ribe. Sadržaj holesterola u tkivima životinja je u vezi sa načinom i kvalitetom ishrane, uprkos regulatornom mehanizmu sinteze i apsorpcije holesterola. Cilj ovih ispitivanja je bio određivanje i poređenje hemijskog sastava, sadržaja holesterola i masnokiselinskog profi la mlađi i konzumne kalifornijske pastrmke iz akvakulture. Uzorci mlađi (prosečne mase 99 g i dužine 18,6 cm) i konzumne kalifornijske pastrmke (prosečne mase 229 g i dužine 23,3 cm) su sakupljeni u avgustu 2010. godine u ribnjaku 'Ribnik', Mrkonjić Grad, Republika Srpska - Bosna i Hercegovina. Mlađ i konzumna pastrmka su hranjene kompletnom hranom za pastrmku, sličnog sastava (riblji proizvodi, ulja i masnoće, proizvodi od žita i semena uljarica). Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da nema statistički značajne razlike (p > 0,05) u sadržaju ukupnih lipida (3,81%, mlađ i 4,17%, konzumna pastrmka) i pepela (1,27%, mlađ i 1,29%, konzumna pastrmka). U filetima konzumne pastrmke je utvrđen veći sadržaj proteina (18,69%) i manji sadržaj vode (75,40%) u poređenju sa njihovim sadržajem u filetima mlađi (17,72% proteina i 77,11% vode). Sadržaj holesterola je bio 82,59 mg/100 g (mlađ) i 70,12 mg/100 g (konzumna pastrmka). U filetima mlađi i konzumne pastrmke utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika (p lt 0,05) u sadržaju ukupnih zasićenih masnih kiselina (31,81% i 29,14%, respektivno), polinezasićenih masnih kiselina - PNMK (33,93% i 36,78%, respektivno) i n-3 masnih kiselina (17,17% i 19,20%, respektivno). Sadržaj mononezasićenih masnih kiselina je bio sličan i iznosio je u mlađi 33,30% i u konzumnoj pastrmci 33,05%. Nije postojala statistički značajna razlika (p > 0,05) u sadržaju ukupnih n-6 masnih kiselina u mlađi (16,76%) i konzumnoj ribi (17,58%). Veće količine n-3 PNMK u fi letima mlađi (17,17%) i konzumne pastrmke (19,20%) i manje količine

Promene navika populacije u konzumiranju ribe, kao i sve veća potrošnja ribe iz akvakulture, nameću i određene zahteve koji se odnose na njen kvalitet, a naročito na sadržaj n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (PNMK), koje su od posebnog značaja za očuvanje zdravlja ljudi. Mnoga istraživanja ukazuju da masnokiselinski sastav hrane utiče na sastav masnih kiselina u mesu ribe. Hrana bogatija n-3 masnim kiselinama, pri istim uslovima uzgoja, značajno utiče na povećanje odnosa n-3/n-6 PNMK u tkivima ribe. Cilj ovoga rada je bio da se utvri uticaj ishrane, odnosno izbora hraniva na sadržaj ukupne masti i masnokiselinski sastav fileta konzumne pastrmke, gajenih u dva različita ribnjaka sa intenzivnom proizvodnjom. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali razlike u hemijskom (sadržaj masti) i masnokiselinskom sastavu (sadržaj zasićenih (ZMK), mononezasićenih (MNMK), polinezasićenih (PNMK), n-3 i n-6 masnih kiselina) mesa konzumne kalifornijske pastrmke, koje su posledica ishrane različitom hranom i temperature vode ribnjaka. Utvrđeno je da je meso konzumne pastrmke iz Ribnjaka I nutritivno vrednije zbog povoljnijeg n-3/n-6 odnosa.