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Microbial degradation, compared with many other degradation processes, is the most important pathway for the depletion of triazine herbicides in soil. The aim of this study was to determine the growth potential of Pseudomonas sp. CY in the presence of atrazine and additional carbon (sodium citrate) and nitrogen (ammonium-nitrate) sources. The experiment was performed with five treatments: i) 100 mg/L atrazine (control); ii) One hundred mg/L atrazine + sodium citrate (0.3 %,w/v); iii) One hundred mg/L atrazine + sodium citrate (0.3 %, w/v) + ammonium nitrate (0.6 %, w/v);iv) Atrazine (300 mg/L) + sodium citrate (0.3 %, w/v) and v) Atrazine (500 mg/L) + sodium citrate (0.3 %, w/v). The bacterial count was determined after incubation (7 days at 30°C) using the agar plate method, while atrazine degradation was determined by measuring the optical density at 221 nm. Pseudomonas sp. CY can partially utilize atrazine as the sole source of carbon and energy. The highest values of the bacterial count were determined at the highest initial atrazine concentrations; however, bacterial growth was not detected in these treatments. A significant impact of citrate on bacterial growth and atrazine degradation was observed, while the addition of nitrate decreased the atrazine degradation rate. This study confirmed that Pseudomonas sp. CY can be used as a prominent candidate for the remediation of atrazine-affected environments.

After the vkorc1 gene was first identified, changes occurring in the gene have been considered one of the main reasons of reduced susceptibility of house mice to anticoagulants. A no-choice feeding test was conducted according to standard EPPO (2004) methodology. Animals were fed for 21 days on baits containing difenacoum 0.005%. All animals were bromadiolone-resistant. Seven months earlier, all test animals had survived a 21-day bromadiolone (0.005%) no-choice feeding test, and sequencing of their vkorc1 gene had revealed the presence of Tyr139Cys and Leu1258Ser/Tyr139Cys VKOR variant. There were no survivors in the no-choice difenacoum feeding test. Consumption was not affected by VKOR variant, sex or genotype. A higher lethal dose was confirmed for Leu128Ser/Tyr139Cys than Tyr139Cys carriers, for females than males, and for homozygotes than heterozygotes. Our research showed that difenacoum 0.005% was effective against house mice carrying the Tyr139Cys VKOR variant, whether it occurred independently or in combination with the Leu128Ser variant in the Vkorc1 gene.

Na komercijalnim faramama svinja, zdravstvena zaštita pojedinačnih životinja sve više gubi na značaju. U današnjim uslovima, kada je prusutna velika koncentracija životinja na relativno malom prostoru, takvo stanje zahteva zdravstvenu zaštitu na nivou cele farme. Poznata je važnost biosigurnosnih mera u svinjarstvu, koje imaju za cilj da spreče unošenje patogena na farmu i širenje infekcije unutar same farme. Naime, prisutnost različitih uzgojnih bolesti, baketrijske ili virusne etiologije, dovodi do pada proizvodnih rezultata i zahteva dodatni napor zaposlenih na farmi, uz povećan utrošak lekova, što posledično umanjuje ekonomsku dobit farme. Prihvaćeno je da ključni element, u sprovođenju biosigurnosnih mera, predstavlja spremnost zaposlenih na farmi da sprovedu mere koje će sa visokom sigurnošću obezbediti zaštitu od unošenja i širenja patogena na farmi. Sprovođenje ovih mera zahteva poznavanje zdravstvenog statusa svinja. Jedan od najčešćih faktora rizika je kupovina nerastova, nazimica ili odlučene prasadi nepoznatog zdravstvenog statusa. Stabilizovanju zdravstvenog statusa svinja, pored već pomenutih mera, doprinose i programi vakcinacije. Promocija dobrog zdravlja svinja na komercijalnim farmama obuhvata primenu sistema profilaktičkih mera, pored dobrog odabira rase, osmišljenosti veličine zapata i načina primene biotehnoloških mera u procesu proizvodnje., On commercial pig farms, the health care of individual animals is losing importance. In today’s production conditions, a large concentration of animals is relatively present in a small area. This situation requires health care at the farm level. It is well known that biosecurity measures in pig farming are necessary and aimed to prevent introduction of pathogens on a commercial farm and also for preventing spreading the infection within the farm itself. Namely, the presence of different breeding diseases of bacterial or viral etiology leads to a decrease in production. That requires additional efforts of farm employees and the use of medicines, and this situation ultimately reduces the economic profit of the farm. It is recognized that key elements in implementing biosecurity are the willingness of farm employees to implement measures that will provide high security with protection against the introduction and spread of pathogens on the farm. Implementation of the measures requires knowledge of the pigs’ health status on the farm. One of the most common risk factors on the farm is purchasing boars, sows or piglets raised with unknown health status. The promotion of good pig health on commercial farms involves usage of different prophylactic measures, in addition to the good breeding selection, the sense of the size of plot, and the way how biotechnological measures are applied in the pig production process.

Risk assessment on pig farms aims to determine the presence, spreading and influence of Rattus norvegicus on pig health, identifying certain important points in the technological process and on different locations designated as CCPs. Thresholds in assessment criteria are defined for these points, considering animal welfare and initial rodent control data. Gray rat (Rattus norvegicus), is a synanthropic rodent species and a regular inhabitant of pig housing facilities. The present study assessed animal health risks, and identified critical control points (CCPs) in production facilities. The criteria for risk assessment were: pig feeding and watering, maintenance, animal health, behaviour and risk assessment records. The results show a close association between the number of identified CCPs and the number of trapped animals (20 CCPs and 29 trapped rats in facility A, and 9 CCPs and 7 rats in facility B).

Prekomerna i nekontrolisana primena antikoagulanata rezultirala je pojavom rezistentnosti glodara. Ovo je dovelo do niza problema u redukciji broja glodara, a što dalje implicira velike ekonomske gubitke i veliku opasnost po zdravlje ljudi i domaćih životinja. Trenutno popularan trend u suzbijanju glodara u svetu je da se brojnost glodara reguliše uz što manju primenu hemijskih mera, što sa druge strane podrazumeva primenu više udruženih alternativnih mera s ciljem da se glodari dovedu na ekonomski prihvatljiv nivo brojnosti. Takođe, poznavanje genetičke strukture populacije glodara postaje jedna od važnih informacija koju je poželjno imati na raspolaganju pre nego što se krene u primenu rodenticida na terenu kako bi se sprečila primena neefikasnih rodenticida i sprečilo dalje širenje rezistentnih populacija glodara. Novi trend primene kombinacije antikoagulanata sa smanjenom dozom zahteva potvrdu kroz buduća istraživanja, s obzirom da je njihov uticaj na osetljive populacije poznat, ali je nejasno kakav uticaj ima na rezistentne jedinke., Unrestricted use of anticoagulants has resulted in rodents developing resistance to them. This has caused a series of problems regarding reduction in rodent populations, which has further implicated great economic losses and a serious threat to the health of people and domestic animals. The popular global trend currently is to control rodent populations by applying the least possible amounts of chemicals, which on the other hand implies that several coactive alternative measures need to be applied in an eff ort to reduce rodent numbers to an acceptable economic level. On the other hand, knowledge of the genetic structure of rodent populations has become an important set of information desirable to have before setting off to apply rodenticides in practice, so as to prevent ineffective use of rodenticides and prevent further spreading of resistant rodent populations. The latest trend of using combinations of low-dose anticoagulant baits requires further research as their effects on susceptible populations are known but their impact on resistant animals is still not clear.

Human need to produce and store healthy food is associated with a need to protection it from various field and commensal rodents. Special attention is necessary for meeting the required standards set for the production and storage of organic food. Numerous laboratory and field experiments have so far focused on different plant products with an ultimate goal of assessing their possible applications for commodity protection from rodent pests. Research results have shown that their effective impact on rodent feeding manifests either as repelling or attracting. Both fungicidal and fungistatic properties of specific plant metabolites are important for improving current rodent pest management programmes. Our recent research focused on testing the effects of lemon balm, Melissa officinalis, on the feeding of house mouse, Mus musculus, as well as on the effects of common walnut, Juglans regia, on brown rat, Rattus norvegicus. The experiments were conducted using the standard EPPO method for choice feeding trials. Acceptability and palatability of lemon balm essential oil to house mice were 7.02% and 0.079, respectively, while the same parameters of walnut extract for brown rats were 27.28% and 0.40, respectively.

Mechanisms promoting the control of food safety, the environment, working conditions and wellbeing of farm animals are provided in prerequisite programmes for livestock production and other areas of agricultural production. Good agricultural practices (GAP), good manufacturing practices (GMP) and sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOP) constitute the preconditions of proper functioning of a HACCP programme. These programmes prevent food contamination by various pathogens and constitute a basis for an analysis of hazards and identification of critical control points (CCP). One of the most important SSOP points is rodent control, i.e. the control of potential hazards caused by their activities. Rodent control companies need all to be acquainted with the rodent integrated pest management (IPM), HACCP programmes and COSSA requirements for safe use of chemicals. Rodent control operators need to have sanitary certificates to ensure product safety. Still, rodent control companies have often been found in the past to breach the provisioned standards and procedures, despite the many years of implementation of IPM programmes. Records are often incomplete. This paper describes the significance of prerequisite programmes for food safety and the HACCP programme in technological production processes. The interaction of rodent control technology, damage and possibiliites are assessed based on the prerequisites of rodent control, mode of control and effects of poor HACCP programme implementation. The importance of rodent control is stressed and a need is assumed for adjustments according to advancing food production technologies., Mehanizmi koji doprinose kontroli bezbednosti hrane, životnoj sredini, radnim uslovima za zaposlene i dobrobiti farmskih životinja su preduslovni programi u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, odnosno stočarskoj. Dobra poljoprivredna praksa (GAP), dobra proizvođačka praksa (GMP) i sanitarna operativa (SSOP) su preduslovi HACCP programa. Primena ovih programa sprečava kontaminaciju hrane različitim patogenima i čini osnovu za analizu opasnosti i kritične kontrolne tačke. Jedna od najvažnijih tačaka (SSOP) je kontrola glodara, odnosno kontrola potencijalnih rizika koji mogu biti prouzrokovani njihovom aktivnošću. Sve kompanije za kontrolu glodara moraju biti dobri poznavaoci IPM (integralni menađment glodara), HACCP programa i zahteva COSSA (bezbedna upotreba hemikalija). Operateri kontrole glodara poseduju sertifikat o akreditaciji higijene, kojim se omogućava bezbednost proizvoda. Mada iskustva pokazuju da kompanije za kontrolu glodara ne poštuju propisane standarde i procedure uprkos dugogodišnjem postojanju IPM. Podaci koji se vode su često nepotpuni. Ovaj rad opisuje značenje preduslovnih programa za bezbednost hrane i HACCP program u tehnološkim procesima proizvodnje. Procenjuje interakciju tehnologije kontrole glodara, štete i mogućnosti kroz preduslove kontrole glodara, karaktera kontrole i posledice loše implementacije HACCP programa. Naglašava se važnost kontrole glodara i zaključujemo da je potrebno usaglasiti promene kao rezultat napretka u tehnologiji hrane.

Utvrđivan je uticaj etarskih ulja cimeta (Cinnamomi zeylanicum) i karanfilića (Eugenia caryophyllata) na prihvatljivost mamaka na bazi žita za domaćeg miša u skladišnim uslovima. U ciju optimizacije sadržaja etarskog ulja, ispitivan je efekat tri različite koncentracije, 0.5, 0.75 i 1 %. Eksperimenti su izvedeni u skladišnim objektima mlina i objektima za skladištenje semenskog i sadnog materijala. Atraktantno delovanje ispitivanih koncentracija etarskih ulja cimeta i karanfilića u odnosu na placebo mamac bilo je statistički značajno od početka pa do sedmog dana eksperimenta. Sedmog dana, u objektima mlina, prosečna konzumacija mamaca sa sadržajem etarskog ulja cimeta u koncentracijama od 0.75 % i 1 % bila je do 46 %, odnosno 35.5 % viša u odnosu na placebo mamac. Četrnaestog dana nije zabeležena statistički značajna razlika u konzumaciji ponuđenih mamaca u objektima mlina. U skladišnim objektima semenskog i sadnog materijala, zabeležena je statistički značajna razlika u konzumaciji ispitivanih mamaca. Prosečna konzumacija mamaka sa sadržajem od 0.75 % i 1 % etarskog ulja cimeta, četrnaestog dana od početka eksperimenta bila je za 47 %, odnosno 51 % viša u odnosu na placebo mamac. U odnosu na druge ispitivane mamce, mamci sa sadržajem etarskog ulja cimeta u koncentracijama od 0.75 % i 1 % ispoljili su atraktantnije delovanje u odnosu na druge mamce i međusobno se nisu statistički značajno razlikovali., The effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomi zeylanicum) and clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oils on the acceptibility of cereal-based baits to house mice in storage facilities was examined. The effects of three concentrations, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 %, were tested for optimization purposes. The experiments were performed in a mill storage, and in another storage for seeds and seedlings. Attractiveness of the examined concentrations of cinnamon and clove essential oils was statistically significant, compared to placebo bait, within seven days of the experiment. On the seventh day, the average consumption of baits containing 0.75 % and 1 % concentrations of cinnamon oil was 46 % in the mill storage, i.e. 35.5 % more than placebo baits were consumed. Fourteen days after the beginning of the experiment, no significant difference was detected in the consumption of baits offered in the mill storage. On the other hand, a significant difference was revealed regarding the consumption of examined baits in the seed and seedling storage. The average consumption of baits containing 0.75 % and 1 % cinnamon oil was 47 % and 51 % higher after 14 days than the consumption of placebo bait. Compared to the other test baits, those containing cinnamon essential oil at 0.75 % and 1 % concentration demonstrated better attractiveness without mutual statistically significant differences.

Suzbijanje puževa golaća je otežano jer je u toku suženje spektra i obima dozvoljene primene tradicionalnih moluskocida, dok se istovremno nove aktivne supstance sporo razvijaju ili su u primeni ali sa značajnim ograničenjima. Najefikasniji tradicionalni moluskocid je metiokarb, masovno primenjivan u Evropi od kraja 1960-ih, ali su moluskocidne pelete metiokarba zbog toksičnog delovanja na neciljne organizme trajno povučene iz primene u EU septembra 2015. Mamci na bazi metiokarba su povučeni iz primene i u našoj zemlji, ali smo metiokarb zadržali u prometu bar do kraja 2019, kao insekticid za tretiranje semena i repelent za ptice. Metiokarb ima dugu istoriju primene kao repelent i zoocid širokog spektra, pa se koristi u tretmanima semena, da zaštiti biljke u osetljivim fazama klijanja i nicanja. U deklaracijama preparata navodi se zaštitno delovanje filma metiokarba na površini semena na razne štetne grupe, uključujući i puževe, ali nema konkretnih literaturnih podataka. Naše istraživanje je jedno od retkih koje pokušava da ispita delovanje metiokarba na semenu kukuruza na golaće. Provera efikasnosti moluskocida obavljena je u vivarijumu Pojoprivrednog fakulteta. Laboratorijske testove efikasnosti moluskocida obavili smo 03-10.07.2018. godine, na 120 jedinki A. lusitanicus, poreklom iz rasadnika JKP Zelenilo Beograd, na Bežanijskoj kosi. Težina jedinki bila je u intervalu 3,00-7,99 g; prosečna težina jedinki (±SD) iznosila je 5,00±1,18 g. Golaći su pojedinačno gajeni u arenama sa perforiranim poklopcem, zapremine 1700 cm3 (d × š × v = 17 cm × 8 cm ×12,5 cm), na navlaženim papirnim ubrusima od svetlo smeđe reciklirane hartije. Golaći su dve nedelje pre ogleda naizmenično hranjeni tikvicama, krompirom i kruškama da bi se izbeglo navikavanje na hranu. Hrana i podloga menjani su dvodnevno, a tri dana pred ogled nisu hranjeni. Zatim im je ponuđeno seme kukuruza sa moluskocidnom zaštitom u četiri tretmana: A – 10 mg a.s./kg, B – 8 mg a.s./kg, C – 6 mg a.s./kg, K – kontrol

Laboratory tests were conducted to estimate the efficacy of brodifacoum in controlling bromadiolone-resistant Tyr139Cys and Leu128Ser/Tyr139Cys house mice in no-choice feeding tests with two short exposure times of 24 and 48 h. The mortality of bromadioloneresistant house mice in brodifacoum tests was similar 90 and 100% in the respective 24 and 48 h intervals. There were neither differences in survival rates between the genders nor between the VKOR variants, but consumption was higher in females than in males. Brodifacoum was effective against bromadioloneresistant house mice in the short exposure test, offering a sound practical alternative for rodent control in situations when bromadiolone is no longer a satisfactory solution. Whether a short-term use of brodifacoum after bromadiolone application reduces environmental risks, compared to using brodifacoum only, needs a further confirmation. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Utvrđen je uticaj etarskog ulja cimeta, u koncentraciji 0.75 %, na ispoljavanje atraktivnosti mamaca, kao i ukupna biološka efikasnost aktivnih materija bromadiolona i difenakuma za domaćeg miša u praktičnim uslovima primene. Eksperimenti su izvedeni u skladišnim objektima, sa stabilnim populacijama domaćeg miša, za koje nije bila utvrđena rezistentnost na antikoagulantne rodenticide. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između ispitivanih mamaca na bazi bromadiolona i ispitivanih mamaca na bazi difenakuma. Mamci na bazi bromadiolona, sa sadržajem etarskog ulja cimeta, prosečno su bili konzumirani za 74 % više od mamaca na bazi bromadiolona u kojima nije bilo dodatka ulja. Prosečna ukupna efikasnost ovih mamaca u suzbijanju domaćeg miša bila je 96 %. Povećanje konzumacije mamaca na bazi difenakuma sa dodatim eteričnim uljem cimeta u ovom eksperimentu bila je za 39 %, odnosno 119 % viša u odnosu na mamce bez dodatka eteričnog ulja. Prosečna ukupna efikasnost ovih mamaca bila je 99,5 % u suzbijanju domaćeg miša., The effects of 0.75 % concentration of cinnamon essential oil on bait attractiveness and total biological efficacy of bromadiolone and difenacoum rodenticides to the house mouse were tested in practice. The experiments were conducted in storages with stable house mouse populations for which no resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides had been previously reported. A statistically significant difference was detected between bromadiolone and difenacoum baits. Consumption of bromadiolone baits supplemented with cinnamon essential oil was 74 % higher than the consumption of bromadiolone baits without cinnamon oil. The average efficacy of bromadiolone baits in controlling house mice was 96 %. Cinnamon essential oil added to difenacoum baits increased bait consumption by 39 %, i.e. it was 119 % higher than the consumption of oil-free baits. The average efficacy of difenacoum baits in controlling house mice was 99.5 %.

Analysis of biosecurity indicators at critical control points intend to prevent undesirable infections in technological chains of production. Product quality is the basis for defining a biosecurity plan under the HACCP concept. General and specific biosecurity measures developed to prevent introductions of infective materials have been at the focus of attention in Serbia in recent years. The house mouse (Mus musculus L.) is usually accused for transferring pathogens into objects. The possibility of internal infections can be reduced by removing food sources and discovering their hiding places. The adaptability of Mus musculus to various conditions has affected the search for alternatives of their control. The objective of our research was to analyse the most important indicators of biosecurity and presence of Mus musculus, the ’cause-and-consequence’ characteristics and mice control by environmentally safe substances in facilities with different technological processes. Method of questionnaire was used to define written biosecurity plan, isolation of objects, control of movement and for traffic visitors. Hygiene evaluation, i.e. mechanized cleaning, sanitary washing, facility disinfection, ventilation and facility sanitation, was performed visually. The biosecurity and wellbeing of animals were evaluated by the parameters: animal hygienic conditions of rearing, forage stocks, animal biosecurity and removal of animal carcasses. Longworth traps were used for mice trapping and determination of critical control points. The efficacy of sodium selenite was found in our study to range from 71.4% to 88.8% and it provided a good alternative for Mus musculus control in different production units because it does not interfere with technological production processes within facilities or cause animal resistance. Biosecurity measures need to be implemented using clear instructions in order to reduce biorisks and increase product safety., Analiza indikatora biosigurnosti na kritičnim kontrolnim tačkama je namenjena sprečavanju neželjenih infekcija u tehnološkom lancu proizvodnje. Kvalitet proizvoda je osnov definisanja plana biosigurnosti po HACCP konceptu. Opšte i posebne mere biosigurnosti kojim se sprečava unošenje infektivnog materijala su teme prezentacija poslednjih godina u našoj zemlji. Za prenosioce patogena u objekte često se smatra domaći miš (Mus musculus L.). Uklanjanjem izvora hrane i otkrivanjem skloništa smanjiće se mogućnost infekcija unutar objekta. Sposobnost prilagođavanja različitim uslovima uticala je na pronalaženje alternativa kontrole Mus musculus. Cilj naših istraživanja su analize najznačajnijih indikatora biosigurnosti i prisustva Mus musculus, uzročno-posledične karakteristike i kontrola ekološkim materijama u objektima različitih tehnoloških procesa proizvodnje. Postavke pisanog plana biosigurnosti, izolacija, kontrola kretanja i promet posetioca utvrđivana je metodom upitnika. Ocene higijenskih uslova: mehaničko čišćenje, sanitarno pranje, dezinfekcija objekta, ventilacija i sanitacija objekta prikazane su vizuelnom metodom. Metodama biosigurnosti i dobrobiti životinja ocenjeni su parametri: higijenski uslovi odgoja životinja, zaliha hrane za životinje, biosigurnost životinja, uklanjanje uginulih leševa.Izlovljavanje jedinki Mus musculus i utvrđivanje kritičnih kontrolnih tačaka vršeno je klopkama tipa Longworth. . Istraživanjima smo utvrdili da je efikasnost preparata na bazi natrijum selenita od 70,6% do 100% i da je dobra alternativa u kontroli Mus musculus u objektima različitih proizvodnih jedinica, jer ne ostavlja posledice na tehnološke procese proizvodnje i pojavu rezistentnosti. Potrebno je sprovoditi biosigurnosne mere po jasno definisanim uputstvima kako bi se smanjio biorizik i povećala bezbednost proizvoda.

Analiza indikatora biosigurnosti na kritičnim kontrolnim tačkama je namenjena sprečavanju neželjenih infekcija u tehnološkom lancu proizvodnje. Kvalitet proizvoda je osnov definisanja plana biosigurnosti po HACCP konceptu. Opšte i posebne mere biosigurnosti kojim se sprečava unošenje infektivnog materijala su teme prezentacija poslednjih godina u našoj zemlji. Za prenosioce patogena u objekte često se smatra domaći miš (Mus musculus L.). Uklanjanjem izvora hrane i otkrivanjem skloništa smanjiće se mogućnost infekcija unutar objekta. Sposobnost prilagođavanja različitim uslovima uticala je na pronalaženje alternativa kontrole Mus musculus. Cilj naših istraživanja su analize najznačajnijih indikatora biosigurnosti i prisustva Mus musculus, uzročno-posledične karakteristike i kontrola ekološkim materijama u objektima različitih tehnoloških procesa proizvodnje. Postavke pisanog plana biosigurnosti, izolacija, kontrola kretanja i promet posetioca utvrđivana je metodom upitnika. Ocene higijenskih uslova: mehaničko čišćenje, sanitarno pranje, dezinfekcija objekta, ventilacija i sanitacija objekta prikazane su vizuelnom metodom. Metodama biosigurnosti i dobrobiti životinja ocenjeni su parametri: higijenski uslovi odgoja životinja, zaliha hrane za životinje, biosigurnost životinja, uklanjanje uginulih leševa.Izlovljavanje jedinki Mus musculus i utvrđivanje kritičnih kontrolnih tačaka vršeno je klopkama tipa Longworth. . Istraživanjima smo utvrdili da je efikasnost preparata na bazi natrijum selenita od 70,6% do 100% i da je dobra alternativa u kontroli Mus musculus u objektima različitih proizvodnih jedinica, jer ne ostavlja posledice na tehnološke procese proizvodnje i pojavu rezistentnosti. Potrebno je sprovoditi biosigurnosne mere po jasno definisanim uputstvima kako bi se smanjio biorizik i povećala bezbednost proizvoda., Analysis of biosecurity indicators at critical control points intend to prevent undesirable infections in technological chains of production. Product quality is the basis for defining a biosecurity plan under the HACCP concept. General and specific biosecurity measures developed to prevent introductions of infective materials have been at the focus of attention in Serbia in recent years. The house mouse (Mus musculus L.) is usually accused for transferring pathogens into objects. The possibility of internal infections can be reduced by removing food sources and discovering their hiding places. The adaptability of Mus musculus to various conditions has affected the search for alternatives of their control. The objective of our research was to analyze the most important indicators of biosecurity and presence of Mus musculus, the 'cause-andconsequence' characteristics and mice control by environmentally safe substances in facilities with different technological processes. Method of questionnaire was used to define written biosecurity plan, isolation of objects, control of movement and for traffic visitors. Hygiene evaluation, i.e. mechanized cleaning, sanitary washing, facility disinfection, ventilation and facility sanitation, was performed visually. The biosecurity and wellbeing of animals were evaluated by the parameters: animal hygienic conditions of rearing, forage stocks, animal biosecurity and removal of animal carcasses. Longworth traps were used for mice trapping and determination of critical control points. The efficacy of sodium selenite was found in our study to range from 71.4% to 88.8% and it provided a good alternative for Mus musculus control in different production units because it does not interfere with technological production processes within facilities or cause animal resistance. Biosecurity measures need to be implemented using clear instructions in order to reduce biorisks and increase product safety.

Upravljanje komensalnim glodarima ekološkim metodama je danas aktuelno u naučnoj javnosti. Podaci Svetske zdravstvene organizacije i higijensko-epidemioloških službi pokazuju da štetni glodari svojim aktivnostima unište 33 miliona tona hrane namenjene ljudskoj ishrani. Utvrđeno je da višegodišnja primena rodenticida hemijskog porekla dovodi do pojave rezistentnosti, zadesnih trovanja životinja i ljudi i zagađenja životne sredine. Zbog toga u što kraćem periodu treba preći na primenu raspoloživih ekoloških mogućnosti kojima bi se sprečile ovakve pojave. Naša višegodišnja istraživanja efikasnosti različitih formulacija ekološkog preparata na bazi aktivne materije Na-selenita (0,1%), u objektima za smeštaj stoke i u skladištima hrane daju smernice za ekološko upravljanje komensalnim glodarima. Testiranja su izvršena na populacijama sivog pacova (Rattus norvegicus) i domaćeg miša (Mus musculus). Brojnost glodara procenjivana je u skladu sa metodama EPPO standarda. Preparati su izlagani u kutijama za izlaganje mamaka u količinama od 10-30 g za miša i u 50-100 g za pacova. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju da je najviši nivo efikasnosti u suzbijanju Mus musculus i Rattus norvegicus od 99%, odnosno 96,5%, zabeležen u eksperimentima sa formulacijom RB, rasuti mamac. Takođe, u pojedinim eksperimentima zabeležena je i nedovoljna efikasnost mamaka na bazi natrijum selenita. Tokom svih ispitivanja nisu zabeležena akcidentalna trovanja neciljanih organizama. Rezultati ovih istraživanja doprinose sagledavanju mogućnosti upotrebe ekološki prihvatljivijeg rodenticida, natrijum selenita, u objektima za smeštaj stoke i u skladištima hrane., Management of commensal rodents using environmentally safe methods is a current trend in the scientific community. Data provided by the World Health Organization and various sanitation and epidemiological services have shown that rodents destroy around 33 million tons of food intended for human nourishment every year. Continued use of chemical rodenticides over a number of years is known to provoke resistance and cause non-target poisoning of animals and people, as well as environmental pollution. This should be prevented by timely redirection to the available methods that are environmentally safe. Several years of our research of the efficacy of different formulations of an environmentally safe product based on sodium selenite (0.1%) in various livestock facilities and food storages have traced a path for environmentally safe management of commensal rodents. Tests have been conducted on populations of brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) and house mouse (Mus musculus). Rodent numbers were assessed according to EPPO methodology. Product rations of 10-30 g for the mouse and 50-100 g for the rat were offered to rodents in bait boxes. Our data show that baits ready for use (RB) had the highest efficacy of 99% and 96.5% in controlling Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus, respectively. In some experiments, however, sodium selenite baits had unsatisfactory efficacy. No accidental poisoning of non-target organisms was recorded in any trial. The results of this research give us a better insight into possibilities for using sodium selenite as an environmentally safe rodenticide on livestock farms and in food storages.

Management of commensal rodents using environmentally safe methods is a current trend in the scientific community. Data provided by the World Health Orgnization and various sanitation and epidemiological services have shown that rodents destroy around 33 million tonnes of food intended for human nourishment every year. Continued use of chemical rodenticides over a number of years is known to provoke resistance and cause non-target poisoning of animals and people, as well as environmental pollution. This should be prevented by timely redirection to the available methods that are environmentally safe. Several years of our research of the efficacy of different formulations of an environmentally safe product based on sodium selenite (0.1%) in various livestock facilities and food storages have traced a path for environmentally safe management of commensal rodents. Tests have been conducted on populations of brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) and house mouse (Mus musculus). Rodent numbers were assessed according to EPPO methodology. Product rations of 10-30 g for the mouse and 50-100 g for the rat were offered to rodents in bait boxes. Our data show that baits ready for use (RB) had the highest efficacy of 99% and 96.5% in controlling Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus, respectively. In some experiments, however, sodium selenite baits had unsatisfactory efficacy. No accidental poisoning of non-target organisms was recorded in any trial. The results of this research give us a better insight into possibilities for using sodium selenite as an environmentally safe rodenticide on livestock farms and in food storages., Upravljanje komensalnim glodarima ekološkim metodama je danas aktuelno u naučnoj javnosti. Podaci Svetske zdravstvene organizacije i higijensko-epidemioloških službi pokazuju da štetni glodari svojim aktivnostima unište 33 miliona tona hrane namenjene ljudskoj ishrani. Utvrđeno je da višegodišnja primena rodenticida hemijskog porekla dovodi do pojave rezistentnosti, zadesnih trovanja životinja i ljudi i zagađenja životne sredine. Zbog toga u što kraćem periodu treba preći na primenu raspoloživih ekoloških mogućnosti kojima bi se sprečile ovakve pojave. Naša višegodišnja istraživanja efikasnosti različitih formulacija ekološkog preparata na bazi aktivne materije Na-selenita (0,1%), u objektima za smeštaj stoke i u skladištima hrane daju smernice za ekološko upravljanje komensalnim glodarima. Testiranja su izvršena na populacijama sivog pacova (Rattus norvegicus) i domaćeg miša (Mus musculus). Brojnost glodara procenjivana je u skladu sa metodama EPPO standarda. Preparati su izlagani u kutijama za izlaganje mamaka u količinama od 10-30 g za miša i u 50-100 g za pacova. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju da je najviši nivo efikasnosti u suzbijanju Mus musculus i Rattus norvegicus od 99%, odnosno 96,5%, zabeležen u eksperimentima sa formulacijom RB, rasuti mamac. Takođe, u pojedinim eksperimentima zabeležena je i nedovoljna efikasnost mamaka na bazi natrijum selenita. Tokom svih ispitivanja nisu zabeležena akcidentalna trovanja neciljanih organizama. Rezultati ovih istraživanja doprinose sagledavanju mogućnosti upotrebe ekološki prihvatljivijeg rodenticida, natrijum selenita, u objektima za smeštaj stoke i u skladištima hrane

Rattus norvegicus gotovo uvek živi u objektima namenjenim za gajenje domaćih životinja i kao sinanotropna vrsta prisutan je u čovekovoj najbližoj okolini. Predmet naših trogodišnjih istraživanja je alternativa smanjenja ekonomskih šteta koju pričinjava ovaj glodar u stajama farmi visoko-mlečnih krava, primenom preparata na bazi aktivnih materija različitog porekla. U eksperimentima je korišćen ekološko prihvatljivi preparat na bazi natrijum-selenita (0,1%), preparat prirodnog porekla na bazi holekalciferola (0,75%) i antikoagulantni rodenticidi na bazi bromadiolona (0,005%) i brodifakuma (0,005%). Primenjeni preparati su formulisani u obliku granula, obloženog i zrnastog mamka. Ekološko prihvatljivi preparat na bazi natrijum-selenita je ispoljio efikasnost od 76,2% u prvoj godini istraživanja, u drugoj 70% i u trećoj godini 67,5%. Sintetisani preparati na bazi bromadiolona i brodifakuma pokazali su visoku efikasnost u sve tri godine ispitivanja za sve tri navedene formulacije. Rodenticid na bazi holekalciferola je ispoljio efikasnost od 71,4% u prvoj godini, u drugoj 68% i u trećoj 67,7 %. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da je zbog velike brojnosti glodara i neadekvatnih epidemioloških uslova na farmi visoko-mlečnih krava ispoljena slabija efikasnost ekološko prihvatljivog preparata dok su preparati na bazi bromadiolona i brodifakuma ispoljili visoku efikasnost., Rattus norvegicus is a synanthropic species living almost exclusively around facilities for keeping domestic animals. This three-year research focused on options for reducing economic damage caused by this rodent species in stables for heavy milking cows by testing preparations with active substances of various origin. It involved an environmentally friendly product based on sodium selenite 0.1%, a cholecalciferol-based natural product 0.75%, as well as anticoagulant rodenticides containing the active substances bromadiolone 0.005% and brodifacoum 0.005%. These preparations were formulated as granules, plate bait or grain bait. The environmentally friendly sodium selenite product achieved 76.2% efficacy in the first year of research, 70% in the second, and 67.5% in the third. The synthetic products based on bromadiolone and brodifacoum demonstrated high efficacy in all of the three experimental years and in all three formulations. The cholecalciferol rodenticide had 71.4% efficacy in the first year, 68% in the second, and 67.7% in the third. The data show that the environmentally safe product had a lower efficacy due to high rodent abundance and inadequate epidemiological conditions existing on the farm of heavy milking cows, while the bromadiolone and brodifacoum-based products achieved high efficacy.

Lusitanski puž golać, Arion lusitanicus Mabille, prouzrokuje velika oštećenja u radasnicima ukrasnih biljaka nakon vlažnog proleća i u jesen. Zbog invazivnog delovanja i dominacije u odnosu na autohtone vrste, značajno ugrožava biljnu proizvodnju. Ova istraživanja predstavljaju analizu kontrole lusitanskog golaća preparatima različitog porekla i mehanizma delovanja na našim prostorima. Preparati čija je efikasnost ispitivana u višegodišnjim istraživanjima su hemijskog porekla, na bazi metiokarba (4 %) i metaldehida (5 %) i ekološki prihvatljiv preparat na bazi Fe pirofosfat hidrata (0,4 %). Razlika u mehanizmu delovanja aktivnih supstanci se nije značajno odrazila na brzinu delovanja preparata. Po unošenju ovih preparata puževi ubrzo prestaju sa uzimanjem hrane, dolazi do njihovog sušenja i uginjavanja. Posebno povoljni za očuvanje životne sredine su ekološki prihvatljivi preparati, biodegradabilni do Fe i fosfata, analoga prirodnih produkata i konstituenata biljaka, zemljišnih mikroorganizama i životinja. Preparat Carakol, na bazi metaldehida, postigao je visoku efikasnost odmah po primeni (84,4 %) i zadržao toksičnost u svakom narednom kontrolnom periodu (96,9 %, 97,2 % i 98,4 %). Naša višegodišnja istraživanja ukazuju da svi testirani preparati ispoljavaju visoku efikasnost u kontroli brojnosti lusitanskog puža i mogu se preporučiti proizvođačima ukrasnih biljaka u zaštićenom i otvorenom prostoru, sa napomenom da je suzbijanje ove štetočine potrebno vršiti pri prvoj pojavi bez obzira na trenutnu gustinu populacije., Arion lusitanicus Mabille causes the highest damage in nurseries of ornamental plants after humid springs and autumns. It is a serious threat to plant production and a dominant pest compared to other autochthonous species. Due to the invasive character of Lusitanian slug, we analysed methods of its control in our region based on products with different modes of activity. The products that we investigated over a period of several years included chemical products based on methiocarb (4 %) and metaldehyde (5 %), and the environ- mentally friendly iron pyrophosphate hydrate (0.4 %). Different mechanisms of activity of the active ingredients were not found to determine the products speed of action. Immediately after uptake, slugs stopped feeding, dehydrated and died. The products breaking down to Fe and phosphates, analogous to natural products, plant constituents, soil microorganisms and animals, were found to be especially friendly to the environment. The metaldehyde-based product Carakol achieved a high efficacy of 84.4 % soon after application and retained its toxic properties in each subsequent control period (96.9 %, 97.2 % and 98.4 %). Several years of investigation have shown that all tested products were highly effective and can be recommended to growers of in protected environments and open fields, but control should be conducted at the first sighting of slugs regardless of their current population size.

Organoleptičkim svojstvima rodenticidnih mamaka se posvećuje malo pažnje u oceni efikasnosti preparata i smanjenju šteta koje glodari čine u poljoprivrednim objektima. U ovom radu istraživane su mogućnosti poboljšavanja organoleptičkih svojstva mamaka u smislu njihove prihvatljivosti i unapređenja efikasnosti suzbijanja kućnog miša (Mus musculus L.) do ekonomski prihvatljive brojnosti. Testirani su preparati koji se razlikuju po vrsti atraktanta (parmezan, anis, jabuka, slanina i lešnik). Eksperimenti su izvedeni po standardnim metodama OEPP/EPPO, u poljoprivrednim objektima Starog Tamiša, površine po 400 m2 za svaku vrstu atraktanta. U skladištu površine 1100 m2, postavljeni su mamci sa izborom svih raspoloživih atraktanata. Brojnost glodara je izračunata na osnovu ukupno pojedene količine preparata i odnosa najmanje i najveće količine dnevno pojedene hrane podeljene sa dnevnim potrebama miša. Efikasnost je izračunata po Abott-ovoj formuli. Utvrđeno je da od hranljive podloge, atraktanta i tipa formulacije preparata zavisi efikasnost suzbijanja Mus musculus, na šta posebno utiče konzumiranje mamka. Preparatom na bazi bromadiolona sa podlogom od jabuke postignuta je 100% efikasnost, kako u objektu gde je mamak izložen kao jedini, tako i u objektu gde su izloženi mamci sa svim raspoloživim atraktantima. To ukazuje na potrebu da se preparati sa organoleptičkim svojstvima jabuke dalje istražuju u smislu standardizacije i efikasnijeg korišćenja. ., Issues of attractiveness and organoleptic properties of rodenticidal baits are little involved in efforts to improve products efficacy and to reduce damage caused by rodents in agricultural facilities. The aim of our investigation in the current, as well as in the period to come, is to improve organoleptic properties of baits in terms of their easier and more efficient acceptability, and therefore to reduce the abundance of Mus musculus to economic threshold level. These investigations suggest which nutrient medium, attractant and product formulation achieve the best control of Mus musculus. The tested products differ in the attractant type they contain: parmesan, anise, apple, bacon and hazelnut. Experiments were conducted according to standard OEPP/EPPO methods in agricultural facilities of Stari Tamiš, on 400 m2 plots for each attractant type. In 1100 m2 storage, the baits with all available attractants were set. Rodent abundance was calculated based on the total amount of bait consumed and ratio between the lowest and the highest amount of daily consumed food divided by mice daily needs. Efficacy was calculated using the Abbot's formula. The results suggest that the bait based on apple attractive medium was the most consumed and had efficacy of 100% in a facility where it was exposed as the only bait, as well as in a facility with all other available baits. We take the stand that it is necessary to standardize the product with organoleptic properties of apple and to expand investigations in terms of universal product. .

Radi očuvanja životne sredine postoji težnja da se hemijska sredstva u zaštiti bilja zamenjuju ekološki prihvatljivijim supstancama. Kad su u pitanju rodenticidi i glodari malo se čini na unapređenju suzbijanja ovih štetočina na stočarskim farmama i ratarskim objektima. U ovom radu ispitivan je preparat na bazi selena, koji je zbog načina delovanja prihvatljiviji od hemijskih preparata. Efekat uginjavanja glodara postiže se jednokratnim unošenjem i ne postoji opasnost od trovanja neciljnih organizama. Simptomi trovanja ovom supstancom nisu vidljivi pre smrti jedinke. Nije poznata ni mogućnost razvoja rezistentnosti jer se mehanizam delovanja ove supstance zasniva na izazivanju smrti ćelija, zamenom S-H grupa funkcionalnih ćelija S-S vezama. Eksperimenti su izvođeni prema standardnoj metodi EPPO. Parafinski mamci su postavljeni u kutijama na mestima gde su primećena najveća oštećenja od glodara. Korišćeno je za miševe 20 g, a za pacove 50-100 g. Svakodnevno je praćena dinamika unošenja mamaka i dodavana nova količina tokom trajanja ogleda. Brojnost glodara procenjena je na osnovu najmanje i najveće dnevno pojedene količine mamka u periodu trajanja eksperimenta i odnosa dnevne potrebe za hranom. Prisustvo glodara je praćeno narednih 20 dana. Efikasnost testiranih parafinskih preparata izračunata je po Abbott-ovoj formuli. Poređena je efikasnost ovog preparata sa brzodelujućim preparatima na bazi vitamina D3 i sporodelujućim antikoagulantima na bazi bromadiolona u eksperimentima sa Mus musculus i Rattus norvegicus. Ekološko prihvatljivi preparat na bazi natrijum-selenita je ispoljio efikasnost od 87,5% za kućnog miša i 88,1% za sivog pacova. Bio je efikasniji od ostalih preparata u eksperimentu., In the function of environment preservation, chemical product used in plant protection are being substituted by environmentally friendly substances. When it comes to rodenticides and rodents not much is done for improvement of the control of these pests on cattle farms and in field crops facilities. A selenium based product, which for its mode of action is more acceptable than chemical products, was investigated in this paper. Rodent death is achieved with a single ingestion and there is no risk of intoxication of non-target organisms. Symptoms of intoxication with this substance are not visible before the death of an individual. The possibility of resistance development is not known as the mode of action of this substance is based on cell death caused by switch of S-H groups in functional cells by S-S bonds. Experiments were conducted according to standard EPPO method. Paraffin baits in boxes were placed at points where the greatest damage caused by rodents was observed. For mice was used 20 g, and for rats 50-100 g. Dynamics of bait ingestion was monitored daily and new quantities were added during the experiment. The abundance of rodents was estimated by dividing the ratio of the minimum and maximum amounts of daily eaten bait during the experiment by daily food needs. The presence of rodents was monitored the following 20 days. The efficacy of tested paraffin products was calculated using Abbott's formula. The efficacy of this product was compared to the fast acting products based on vitamin D3 and to slow acting bromadiolone based anticoagulants in the experiments with Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus. Eco-friendly sodium-selenite based product expressed efficacy of 87,5% for house mouse and 88,1% for the gray rat. It had higher efficacy than other products in the experiment.

Extreme environmental conditions, i.e. high humidity and temperature, rapidly degrade baits, which results in failed eradication programmes. The present study aimed to determine the time period over which grain maintains freshness after exposure to detrimental environmental conditions, and acceptability of such baits to house mice and brown rats. Ten wild-born house mice (Mus musculus) and eight wild-born brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used in a choice-test. Placebo and challenge baits were offered daily. Broken wheat was used in placebo bait, while challenge bait had the same component but was pre-exposed to 32º C temperature and 80–95% humidity. Challenge bait pre-treated for 24 h with high temperature and humidity was offered on the first day, while pre-treatment of baits laid on each consecutive day was successively 24 h older. The average acceptability of baits offered to house mice and rats in the first four days ranged from 23.69% to 72.23 %, and from 75.94% to 82%, respectively. Acceptability by mice was merely 4.66% on the fifth day, and decreased further to 0.44% on the following day, while the consumption was terminated on the seventh day. Acceptability by rats on the fifth day was 12.38% and consumption of the bait ceased on the sixth day. Additives suppressing mold and decay will significantly improve effectiveness of baits used in control programs, but the issue requires further research.

Strong-smelling plant extracts, such as essential oils, have a variety of feeding effects on mammals. Considering current concerns over long-term health issues and environmental effects of chemicals, plant-based products with repellent or antifungal activities may represent good solutions for improvement of rodent pest control programs. The present study was therefore focused on examining the effects of bergamot, lavender, and thyme essential oils as additional bait components on daily intakes of cereal-based baits by wild house mice. Lavender essential oil, containing linalool and linalyl acetate as main components, and thyme essential oil with a prevailing thymol component had no effects on house mice diet. Bergamot essential oil, whose main components were linalool, limonene, and linalyl acetate, showed a repellent effect on house mouse diet.

Forests are complex ecosystems rich in a variety of plant and animal life. Ecological characteristics of oak forests undergoing reforestation make them appropriate for colonization of different rodent species. Oak?s specific growing technology requires a variety of activities to secure a sufficient number of trees for a period of planned thinning. From the moment of sowing to fully stabilized ecosystem, rodent activities may cause significant losses in replanted oak forests. By damaging roots, root collars or trunks of oak saplings, which is especially evident and visible in early spring, rodents cause unwanted thinning out of oak stands and expansion of clearings. Data obtained so far indicate that the most expansive damage is caused in plantations up to five years old. Sporadic damage has also been observed in seven or eight years old stands. In order to maximize effects in preventing economic losses through the expansion of clearings in oak forests under reforestation it is essential to know the population size and species of rodents affecting them. Presence of small rodent species were monitored for three years in oak plantings of various age. The data revealed the presence of common voles (Microtus arvalis), striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius), wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) and yellow-necked field mice (Apodemus flavicolis). The age of oak stands was found to affect the numbers of small rodent species. In the first and second years of oak plantation, common voles were dominant over other rodent species. Striped field mice populations expanded and took over the lead in the succeeding years. Acceptable protection of oak forests from harmful rodent species preceding any protective treatment should therefore include an inventory of present species, knowledge of their biology and competition. Protection measures based on such information should then be prepared and conducted as either preventive or immediately implemented.

Produkti različitih biljnih vrsta, bogati mirisnim materijama, mogu uticati na ishranu ili ponašanje različitih vrsta glodara. Različita istraživanja su pokazala delovanje biljnih produkata na ishranu najznačajnijih granivornih glodara. U skladu sa metodama EPPO standarda, u testovima sa izborom hrane ispitivan je uticaj biljnih produkata na ishranu i ponašanje domaćeg miša. Utvrđeno je da biljni produkti sa visokim sadržajem terpena ispoljavaju značajno repelentno delovanje na ishranu i ponašanje domaćeg miša. Različitim načinima primene, na potpuno ekološki prihvatljiv način omogućeno je narušavanje povoljnih uslova životne sredine za domaćeg miša. Mirisnim materijama, izraženog repelentnog delovanja, negativno se utiče na njegovu ishranu, onemogućava se ili otežava boravak u blizini čuvanih proizvoda. U našim istraživanjima, najznačajnije repelentno delovanje za domaćeg miša, ispoljili su biljni produkti bergamota (Citrus aurantium ssp. bergamia), jele (Abies alba), Gaultheria fragrantissima, čajnog drveta (Melaleuca alternifolia) i Cymbopogon martiniii. Biljni produkti, koji ispoljavaju fungicidno ili fungistatično delovanje na prouzrokovače plesni značajno mogu produžiti upotrebnu vrednost rodenticidnih mamaca. Do sada je ispitivan veći broj eteričnih ulja za koje je dokazano da deluju na prouzrokovače plesni, uključujući lavandu, timijan, cimet. Eterično ulje cimeta je u odnosu na druga ispitivana ulja ispoljilo najbolji efekat, odnosno uticalo na sprečavanje razvoja plesni. U eksperimentu sa domaćim mišem, vreme za koje mamci zadržavaju palatabilnost i prihvatljivost za domaćeg miša je produženo za 80-100% u odnosu na mamce koji nisu imali dodatak ulja cimeta.

Puževi su veoma važne štetočine gajenih biljaka. Poslednjih godina dolazi do znatnog povećanja njihove brojnosti, te se sve više pesticida koristi za njihovo suzbijanje. Međutim, kao i u zaštiti bilja uopšte, velika pažnja se posvećuje i integralnim merama suzbijanja puževa. Pored ranije prisutnih vrsta (Deroceras agreste, Helix pomatia) poslednjih godina velike ekonomske štete, posebno povrtnjacima, pričinjava i veliki puž golać (Arion lusitanicus Mabille). Eksperimenti su obavljeni po standardima metoda EPPO (1999a) i EPPO (1999b). Ispitivanja su izvedena na lokalitetu Slanci – Veliko Selo, u usevu salate sorte Iceberg i puterica. Ogledi su postavljeni po slučajnom blok sistemu u četiri ponavljanja, a mamci su primenjeni u količini propisanoj od strane proizvođača i to u trake na dve parcele i u gomilice na dve parcele: (100-300 g/100 m2) u trake ili 30 peleta u gomilice. Ocena efekta (uginuće puževa) vršena je nakon 1, 3, 5 i 7 dana od primene preparata. Obrada podataka je obavljena standardnim statističkim metodama (OEPP, 1999). Efikasnost moluskocida je izračunata po metodi Henderson-Tilton. Niža efikasnost (13-14,1%) preparata sa 3% a.s. u odnosu na preparat sa 5% a.s. (13,7 do 15,5%) utvrđena je u inicijalnoj fazi, ali je bila približna efikasnosti standardnog preparata GARDENE (14,9%). U narednim ocenama efikasnost je bila znatno veća, 73,1% za preparat sa 3% a.s. i 88,7% za preparat sa 5% a.s. metaldehida. Rezultati pokazuju da su oba primenjena preparata ispoljila dobru efikasnost u suzbijanju puževa golaća (Arion lusitanicus, Deroceras agreste i Deroceras reticulatum) u salati, naročito nakon 5 i 7 dana od primene.

During any forest renewal process, human activity disturbs forest ecosystems and creates conditions for development of certain species of rodents. At the beginning of recovery process in forest areas, sources of seed material or herbaceous plant cover rich in nutrients are readily available, favoring populations of small rodents, especially mice and voles. We tested the effectiveness of a preparation based on the active ingredient difenacoum for applications in forests under rodent infestation category four. The rodenticide Ratak Forst, difenacoum (0.005%), a granular bait GB, was tested in comparison with a pellet formulation of BRODISAN-A, bromadiolone (0.005%). The experiments were performed according to EPPO Standards (2004) methodology, in a randomized complete block design with four replications at two locations. Plot size was 20x20 m2. Baits were laid in amount of 30 g (one bag) per commercial plastic box. One hundred and five boxes were installed per plot, i.e. a total of 420 boxes per preparation. The results show that the tested Ratak Forst (76.46%) and the standard preparation BRODISAN-A (79.85%) had very good efficacy in controlling rodents.

Upotreba rodenticida predstavlja najviše primenjivan način suzbijanja štetnih glodara. Pojava rezistentnosti u populacijama glodara je najčešći uzrok smanjene efikasnosti suzbijanja. Antikoagulanti, na koje je razvijena rezistentnost, deluju selektivno prouzrokujući uginuće osetljivih jedinki pri čemu utiču na širenje rezistentnih alela u populacijama glodara. Isključivanje antikoagulanata iz primene, na koje je rezistentnost već razvijena, ima veliki značaj za gubitak rezistentnih alela u populaciji. Međutim, potpuno isključivanje antikoagulanata na duži vremenski period uglavnom nije ekonomski prihvatljivo s obzirom na nedovoljnu efikasnost samostalno primenjenih nehemijskih metoda suzbijanja i ekonomske gubitke koje u tom slučaju mogu naneti komensalne vrste glodara kao što su domaći miš (Mus musculus) i sivi pacov (Rattus norvegicus) usled oštećenja i zagađenja uskladištenih proizvoda kao i negativnog uticaja na zdravlje ljudi i domaćih životinja. Do gubitka rezistentnih alela u populacijama glodara može doći ukoliko se u primenu uvedu druge efikasnije metode, uključujući i primenu rodenticida na koje nije razvijena rezistentnost. Stalnim monitoringom kao i kombinovanjem hemijskih i nehemijskih metoda suzbijanja značajno će se doprineti smanjenju širenja rezistentnih alela unutar populacije što predstavlja značajan doprinos u suzbijanju rezistentnih jedinki na lokalitetima gde to primenom određenih rodenticida više nije moguće.

U radu su izloženi prvi podaci o nalazima plućnih grinja Riccardoella (Riccardoella) limacum (Schrank) i R. (Proriccardoella) oudemansiThor (Acari: Ereynetidae), koje su zabeležene u Srbiji na sedam vrsta puževa i golaća (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). Riccardoella (R.) limacum, koja je parazit puževa sa ljušturom, nađena je na vrstama familije Helicidae, Helixpomatia L. i H. lucorum L. Nasuprot tome, vrsta R. (P.) oudemansi nalažena je isključivo na golaćima, na vrstama: Arion lusitanicus Mabille (Arionidae), Tandonia budapestensis (Hazay) (Milacidae), Limacus flavus (L.), Limax maximus L. i L. cinereoniger Wolf (Limacidae)., The paper presents the first data on slug mites Riccardoella (Riccardoella) limacum (Schrank) and R. (Proriccardoella) oudemansiThor (Acari: Ereynetidae) in Serbia. The two parasitic species were detected on seven species of snails and slugs (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) in Serbia. Riccardoella limacum, which is a specialized snail parasite, was found in Helixpomatia L. and H. lucorum L species of the family Helicidae. Riccardoella oudemansi was found exclusively on slug species: Arion lusitanicus Mabille (Arionidae), Tandonia budapestensis (Hazay) (Milacidae), Limacus flavus (L.), Limax maximus L. and L. cinereoniger Wolf (Limacidae).

BACKGROUNDAfter reports of management problems in practice, a survey was conducted to determine the presence of bromadiolone-resistant animals in different house mouse (Mus musculus L.) populations in Serbia. A 21 day no-choice feeding test was carried out to examine the resistance of house mice to bromadiolone. Eighty house mice collected from four locations (ten males and ten females per location) were tested for bromadiolone tolerance. Surviving animals and their F-1 offspring were screened for mutations. The influence of VKOR variant, zygosity and sex on bromadiolone tolerance was analysed. RESULTSBait intake and changes in body weight revealed different animal responses regarding susceptibility or resistance. Leu128Ser, Tyr139Cys and a new Ala21Thr polymorphism were detected in wild-born survivors and their F-1 generation. However, not every individual with the polymorphisms Leu128Ser and Tyr139Cys survived the feeding test. VKOR variants and sex caused variations in bromadiolone tolerance. CONCLUSIONFor the first time it was shown that the VKOR variant, along with sex, is responsible for bromadiolone tolerance in house mice. Other factors influencing bromadiolone tolerance, including sex-specific factors, cannot be excluded. The tolerance levels of VKOR variants should be determined in further studies in order to evaluate the effectiveness of bromadiolone in sustainable management. (c) 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

In this paper we have presented the results of research on the health status of pigs of different age and production categories conducted on commercial farms. The concept of modern industrial pig production is based on the implementation of biosecurity measures and solving of problems on protecting and preserving the environment which greatly burden the production. The goal of intensive pig production on commercial farms is the production of large number of weaned pigs or fattening pigs per saw per year. It is well known that good health of pigs is a prerequisite for high reproductive performance and therefore successful profitable productions. The health status of the herd depends on many factors such as a technology of breeding care, nutrition, the organization of production, the level of training of personnel as well as continuous and proper implementation of health protection. Today we are witnessing the fact that a large number of diseases caused by bacteria and viruses as well as certain types of parasites seriously affect the production of pigs in intensive breeding. Technological disease can be kept under control by applying prophylactic and therapeutic measures as well as increased supervision of professional services. On the farms covered by our research projects the health control of boars, sows, weaned piglets and fatteners was done. In boars and sows the most common disease is the disease of locomotor system and in weaned piglets it is the respiratory system of multifactorial etiology. In suckling piglets it is hypoglycemia. In conclusion, high reproductive efficiency of breeding animals in industrial pig production is an attainable goal.

The house mouse, a worldwide commensal rodent pest, can produce high damage on properties, as well as to crops during vegetation and to agricultural commodities after harvest. By now, the influence of some derivates isolated from coniferous trees on small rodent species diets has been confirmed. In this study we tried to determine the effects of thuja (Fam. Cupressaceae) and fir (Fam. Pinaceae) essential oils as natural sources of strongsmelling organic compounds on house mice diet. Essential oils of the tested plants were isolated by hydrodistillation using a Clevengertype device. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the obtained oils showed a predominant presence of terpenoid compounds, especially alpha-pinene (in thuja oil) and p-mentha-2,4(8) diene (in fir oil). Under standard laboratory conditions, the effects of essential oils of thuja (isolated from needles and seeds, separately) and fir (isolated from needles) on house mice diet were examined. The tested baits were prepared following an EPPO/OEPP standard method (2004) by mixing placebo and 1 ml of essential oil previously diluted in 20 ml of alcohol. Over a period of four days, wild-born house mice chose between placebo and tested bait. Water was available ad lib. The fir essential oil had a repellent effect in house mice diet (bait acceptance and palatability were 24.07 and 0.3170, respectively), while thuja oil (both plant organs) showed neutral or slightly attractive activity (maximum bait acceptance and palatability were 35.15 and 0.5421, respectively). Considering the composition of essential oils, we concluded that p-mentha-2,4(8) diene had a repellent effect in house mice diet. However, the conclusion requires a check in additional trials.

Common vole Microtus arvalis is the most frequent and most harmful Eurasian vole. It is an herbivorous species with considerable needs for high-protein food. Its pronounced environmental adaptability is responsible for its spreading from places of its original habitation (non-agricultural areas, clearings and pastures) into agricultural fields, especially wheat and alfalfa crops. There is a tendency of its cyclic overpopulation. The last common vole overpopulation event in agricultural areas of Vojvodina Province in Serbia occurred in the mid-1980s. A number of factors, including climate as the most decisive one, initiated in 2012 and 2013 a strong selection pressure on common voles. At the beginning of 2014, high frequency of common voles was reported on nearly 300,000 ha of arable fields, while overpopulation (more than 50 000 animals/ha) was detected on some 3,000 ha. Overpopulation area was located in central parts of the Vojvodina, Banat region. Initial significant increase in their frequency was found in alfalfa and all winter cereals (wheat, barley and oat) during the early spring. As the summer months approached, significantly higher vole numbers were detected also in soybean, maize, sunflower and sugarbeet crops. Yields of grain and fresh green biomass of all cultivated crops sustained ensuing economic losses, reaching as much as 100% in fields with confirmed vole overpopulation. Besides the damage caused to field crops, which was most evident during vegetation, increased vole frequency was also observed in orchards, in which damage will be assessed during the 2015 vegetation season.

The VKOR-variants Leu128Ser and Tyr139Cys are the chief cause of anticoagulant resistance occurring in house mice. Recent studies have revealed that the two polymorphisms occur simultaneously in the vkorc1 gene exon 3. Difenacoum efficacy against animals with that type of VKOR-variant had not been determined in house mice before the present study. Fifteen house mice were used in a no-choice feeding test, according to standard EPPO (2004) methodology. The animals were fed for 21 days on baits that contained difenacoum 0.005%. Seven months earlier, all animals had survived a 21-day long bromadiolone (0.005%) no-choice feeding test, and sequencing of their vkorc1 gene had revealed the presence of Tyr139Cys in eight and Leu1258Ser/Tyr139Cys VKOR-variant in seven animals. In our present study, all animals were given daily fresh baits and their daily consumption was measured. Water was available ad lib. None of the animals survived the no-choice feeding test. All animals carrying Leu128Ser/Tyr139Cys died after eight days, and all carrying Tyr139Cys died after twelve days. Animals with the combination Leu128Ser/Tyr139Cys had a greater tolerance to difenacoum than Tyr139Cys-carrying animals as the former had 0.74 gg-1 bw average sum bait consumption and the latter 0.63 gg-1 bw. Our preliminary tests showed that difenacoum 0.005% was effective against house mice carrying Tyr139Cys and Leu128Ser/Tyr139Cys. Tests involving more animals are planned to clarify the level of tolerance of house mice to difenacoum and the effect of the former treatment with bromadiolone.