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Namen dela je bil ugotoviti znanje s področja dobre higienske prakse (DHP) pri zaposlenih (58) v izbranem živilskem obratu. Za zaposlene smo s področja DHP izvedli tudi izobraževanje. Znanje smo ocenili z anketo, ki smo jo izvedli pred izobraževanjem in po njem. Vrednotili smo pravilne odgovore. Rezultati kažejo, da je delež pravilnih odgovorov bistveno (p ≤ 0,001) večji po izobraževanju. Stopnja znanja anketirancev pred izvedenim izobraževanjem je bila 62,3 ± 25,9 % pravilnih odgovorov, po njem pa je odstotek pravilnih odgovorov znašal 91,0 ± 6,6 %. Ugotovili smo, da so anketiranci, ki so se v preteklosti že udeležili izobraževanja (86,2 %) s področja DHP, dosegli bistveno boljši (p ≤ 0,001) rezultat (68,4 % pravilnih odgovorov pred izobraževanjem in 92,2 % pravilnih odgovorov po izobraževanju), kot anketiranci, ki se še nikoli niso udeležili izobraževanja (13,8 %) (45,9 % pravilnih odgovorov pred izobraževanjem in 82,3 % pravilnih odgovorov po izobraževanju). Pomemben vpliv so pokazale delovne izkušnje (p ≤ 0,001), saj so največ znanja pokazali zaposleni z več kot 15 let delovnih izkušenj. Velik vpliv (p ≤ 0,001) ima tudi pridobljeno izobraževanje anketirancev, saj so tisti, ki imajo končano vsaj poklicno izobraževanje s področja živilstva, najboljše znanje s področja DHP. Pozitiven učinek izobraževanja se je pokazal tudi na spremembi mnenj anketirancev po usposabljanju, ker se je zmanjšal delež anketirancev, ki jim je bila udeležba na usposabljanjih v breme, povečal pa se je delež oseb, ki so menile, da je usposabljanje koristno za njihovo delo, pridobljeno znanje pa lahko uporabijo pri svojem delu. The aim of work was to determine the level of knowledge in field of good hygiene practice (GHP) among employees (58) in selected food plant. We also conducted training sessions for employees in the area of GHP. Knowledge was determined using a survey before and after the training. We evaluated the correct responses. The results showed that the percentage of correct answers was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) after the training. The knowledge level before training was 62.3 ± 25.9 % of correct answers, and after it the percentage of correct answers was 91.0 ± 6.6 %. It was found that the respondents who had participated in GHP training in the past (86.2 %) had significantly better (P ≤ 0.001) result (68.4 % correct answers before training and 92.2 % correct answers after training) than respondents who had never participated in training (13.8 %) (45.9 % correct answers before training and 82.3 % correct answers after training). Work experience showed a significant effect (P ≤ 0.001), as employees with more than 15 years of work experience showed the most knowledge in food industry. Respondents' acquired education also has a significant effect (P ≤ 0.001), as those who received training in food science had the best knowledge of GHP. The positive effect of the training was also reflected in the change of respondents' opinions after the training as burden decreased, while the percentage of people who perceived the training was useful in their work increased and they can use the knowledge in their work.

Uljarice i uljarske kulture su industrijske biljke koje se uzgajaju radi dobivanja sjemenki i koštica bogate uljem, a posebice za dobivanje jestivih biljnih ulja. U svijetu se koristi više od 20 vrsta uljarica, a najveći udio u proizvodnji ulja se postiže iz sirovina poput soje, uljane repice, suncokreta, masline i sličnih kultura bogatih uljem. Zadatak ovog završnog rada je prikazati važnost proizvodnje uljarica kao i postupke pripreme uljarica za skladištenje. Priprema uljarica za skladištenje obuhvaća nekoliko tehnoloških faza: žetva, transport uljarica, čišćenje, sušenje i skladištenje. Čišćenje i sušenje uljarica se provodi kako bi imali sigurno skladištenje sirovina tijekom cijele godine tj. do početka iduće žetve. Također, udio vlage u osušenim uljaricama treba osigurati i najbolje iskorištenje sirovine tijekom prešanja ili ekstrakcije s organskih otapalima kod proizvodnje sirovog ulja. Skladištenje uljarica se danas provodi isključivo u podnim skladištima i silosima raznih kapaciteta ovisno od vrste uljarica. Oil plants and oil crops are industrial plants that are grown to obtain oil-rich seeds and pits, and especially to obtain edible vegetable oils. More than 20 types of oilseeds are used in the world, and the largest share of oil production is obtained from raw materials such as soy, rapeseed, sunflower, olive and similar crops rich in oil. The task of this final paper is to show the importance of oilseed production as well as the procedures for preparing oilseeds for storage. The preparation of oilseeds for storage includes several technological stages: harvesting, transportation of oilseeds, cleaning, drying and storage. Cleaning and drying of oilseeds is carried out in order to have safe storage of raw materials throughout the year, i.e. until the beginning of the next harvest. Also, the moisture content in dried oilseeds should ensure the best utilization of the raw material during pressing or extraction with organic solvents in the production of crude oil. Today, oilseeds are stored exclusively in floor warehouses and silos of various capacities depending on the type of oilseed.

Voda je človekova osnovna dobrina potrebna za preživetje. Zato človeštvo že od začetka svojega obstoja stremi k vse bolj naprednim postopkom pridobivanja pitne vode. Začelo se je že v davnih Perzijskih deželah, ko so vodo po speljanih jarkih vodili do mest, kjer so jo uporabljali predvsem v agrarne namene. Kasneje v Antiki so za gradbeno velesilo veljali Rimljani, znani predvsem po svojih akvaduktih, mogočnih kanalih po katerih se je pretakala voda. Danes pa se srečujemo s problemom hitre rasti populacije, ki vodi do vprašanja o zadostni količini pitne vode na Zemlji. S problemom se ukvarjajo strokovnjaki z vseh področij in iščejo rešitev. Ena izmed možnosti je uporaba deževnice, ki jo do sedaj še nismo izkoristili. Namen dela je raziskati razpoložljive možnosti in tehnologije, ki bi omogočale boljši izkoristek deževnice za potrebe prebivalstva. V svojem delu sem skušal predstaviti pot deževnice od njenega nastanka, zbiranja in obdelave do končne uporabe v gospodinjske namene. Ob tem sem se vprašal tudi o sami smiselnosti zbiranja in problematikah, ki otežujejo samo načrtovanje in izdelavo sistema za zbiranje deževnice. Water is a basic need for human survival. Therefore since the beginning of mankind's existence, it has been striving for more sophisticated methods for obtaining drinking water. It began in the ancient Persian lands, when water was channelled through ditches to cities, where it was used mainly for agricultural purposes. Later in Antiquity, the Romans were considered as a construction superpower and they were known for their aqueducts, mighty canals through which water flowed. Today, we face the problem of rapid population growth, which leads to the question of how much drinking water we have on Earth. Experts from all fields are working on this problem and searching for a solution. One of the possibilities is the use of rainwater, which has not been extensively used so far. The aim of this work is to explore the options and available technologies to use rainwater for drinking water to meet the needs of the population. In my work, I presented the path of rainwater from its origin, collection and processing to the end use for household purposes. I also discussed the issues that make rainwater difficult to capture and treat for the final usage.

Temperature-dependent aqueous micellar two-phase systems (AMTPSs) have recently been gaining attention in the isolation of high-added-value biomolecules from their natural sources. Despite their sustainability, aqueous two-phase systems, and particularly AMTPSs, have not been extensively applied in the industry, which might be changed by applying process integration and continuous manufacturing. Here, we report for the first time on an integrated microfluidic platform for fast and low-material-consuming development of continuous protein purification using an AMTPS. A system comprised of a microchannel incubated at high temperature, enabling instantaneous triggering of a two-phase system formation, and a microsettler, allowing complete phase separation at the outlets, is reported here. The separation of phycobiliproteins and particularly the purification of R-phycoerythrin from the contaminant proteins present in the aqueous crude extract obtained from fresh cells of Gracilaria gracilis were thereby achieved. The results from the developed microfluidic system revealed that the fractionation performance was maintained while reducing the processing time more than 20-fold when compared with the conventional lab-scale batch process. Furthermore, the integration of a miniaturized ultrafiltration module resulted in the complete removal of the surfactant from the bottom phase containing R-phycoerythrin, as well as in nearly twofold target protein concentration. The process setup successfully exploits the benefits of process intensification along with the integration of various downstream processes. Further transfer to a meso-scale integrated system would make such a system appropriate for the separation and purification of biomolecules with high commercial interest., Development of an integrated microfluidic system using an AMPTS enabled very fast and sustainable purification of R-phycoerythrin from an algal crude extract.

Kmetijstvo je panoga, ki zahteva največja vlaganja na enoto delovne sile, zato je smiselno obstoječe delovne principe posodobiti in avtomatizirati, kolikor je le mogoče, da si olajšamo delo. Takšni posegi morajo biti izvedeni premišljeno in ne smejo vplivati na varnost človeka in živali. Zato smo se odločili razviti napravo, ki bo avtomatizirano izvajala krmljenje, primikanje in čiščenje na krmilnih mizah v hlevih za govedo. Raziskali smo obstoječe izdelke na tržišču, z orodji za razvoj izdelka določili najboljši koncept in izdelali 3D model prototipa. Na osnovi 3D modela smo pripravili tehnično dokumentacijo in izdelali prototip. Izvedli smo teste delovanja prototipa ter predstavili opažene pomanjkljivosti. Naloga je zaključena z izdelavo dokumentacije revizije primikala in prikazom končnega produkta. Agriculture is the industry that requires the largest investment per unit of labor. To make work easier, we want to update and automate existing work principles as much as possible. Such interventions must be carried out carefully and must not affect the safety of humans or animals. Therefore, we decided to develop a device that will automatically perform feeding, feed pushing and cleaning of the feedlot in cattle stables. We researched existing products on the market, determined the best concept with product development tools and created a 3D prototype model. Based on the 3D model, we prepared technical documentation and made a prototype. We performed tests on the prototype, and presented the observed shortcomings. The thesis is finished with the preparation of the feed pusher audit documentation and the presentation of the final product.

Pri pakiranju izdelkov v blistre s postopkom varjenja z vročim orodjem prihaja do prenosa barve in drugih nečistoč iz pokrivne folije blistra na varilni valj, zaradi česar se postopoma znižuje kvaliteta zvara vse do mere, ko ta ni več ustrezen. Za razrešitev tega problema smo razvili optični sistem za spremljanje nabiranja nečistoč na varilnem valju, ki zajame slike in jih obdela. Rezultati obdelave so natančno prikazali proces nabiranja nečistoč, kar je razvidno iz standardne deviacije povprečne svetlosti. Iz rezultatov raziskave ugotavljamo tri možne rešitve. Zastoje pakiranja lahko zmanjšamo z nadzornim sistemom nabiranja nečistoč, ki določi kdaj je čiščenje varilnih valjev potrebno. Zastoje pakiranja prav tako lahko zmanjšamo z izboljšanim čistilnim sistemom, razvitim na osnovi rezultatov optičnega sistema. V največji meri pa bi k odpravi zastojev prispevalo procesu prilagojeno oblikovanje napisa na pokrivni foliji blistra. In blister packaging using the hot tool welding procedure, ink and other impurities transfer from the lidding material to the welding roller, degrading the weld quality to the point where the weld is no longer acceptable. In order to resolve this problem, we developed an optical system for monitoring accumulation of impurities on the welding roller, which captures and processes images. The results were tested and showed a low standard deviation of average brightness. The research identifies three possible solutions. Packaging delays can be reduced by monitoring the accumulation of impurities on the welding roller and determining when cleaning is required. Packaging delays can also be reduced by using the improved cleaning system developed on the basis of the results of the optical system. The greatest reduction in packaging delays would be possible by using the process-adapted label design on the lidding material.

Tema ovog završnog rada je Organizacija radnog okruženja primjenom 5S metode u odabranom poduzeću. Završni rad se sastoji od teorijskog i praktičnog dijela. U teorijskom dijelu su opisane metode i faze kojih se treba pridržavati prikilom implementacije. Faze prilikom implementacije 5S metode su: Sortiranje, Stavljanje u red, Čišćenje, Standardizacija i Održavanje. Praktični dio se temelji na primjeru iz prakse u tvrtki Lepoglavec d.o.o. Također, navedeni su rezultati koje je tvrtka postigla implementacijom. The topic of this final paper is the organization of the workplace environment using the 5S method in the selected company. The final paper consists of a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part describes the methods and phases that should be followed when implementing. The phases during the implementation of the 5S method are: Sorting, Putting in the order, Cleaning, Standardization and Maintenance. The practical part is based on an example from practice in the company Lepoglavec d.o.o. Also, the results that the company has achieved through implementation are listed.

Diplomska naloga obravnava konserviranje-restavriranje lesenega polikromiranega kipa Vstali Kristus iz zbirke Posavskega muzeja Brežice, ki je datiran v 18. stoletje. Naloga se osredotoča na tri večja poglavja: dokumentiranje, utrjevanje slikovnega sloja in čiščenje (čiščenje površine ter odstranjevanje površinskega premaza). V prvem delu sem opisala kip in ga postavila v umetnostno zgodovinsko obdobje. Večji del je namenjen dokumentiranju stanja kipa. Poškodbe in spremembe so prikazane grafično, navedeni so najverjetnejši razlogi za njihov nastanek. Opisala sem številne predhodne posege na kipu, izhajajoč iz pregleda umetnine, fotografiranja pri vidni in ultravijolični svetlobi ter analiz vzorcev slikovnih plasti. Najbolj kritično je bila poškodovana slikovna plast, ki je odstopala in se luščila z nosilca, s čimer je bilo ogroženo njeno stanje. Iskali smo najustreznejši material za utrjevanje površine in zožili nabor primernih materialov. Na površini smo testirali hladen ribji klej in akrilno disperzijo Medium for consolidation (Lascaux). Za končno utrjevanje sta bila uporabljena oba materiala, ki sta bila izbrana glede na potrebe. V zadnjem delu smo se soočali z odstranjevanjem potemnelega in porumenelega premaza neznane sestave. Glede na dane informacije – vodotopnost premaza, smo se odločili za poskuse odstranjevanja s pomočjo vodnih metod. Testirali smo različne pufrske raztopine po metodologiji, ki jo je uveljavil Richard Wolbers. Premaz smo uspešno odstranili s citratnim pufrom (citronska kislina, NaOH) s pH-vrednostjo 5,5, ki smo ga gelirali z etrom celuloze Klucel G. Diplomska naloga se zaključi s predlogi za nadaljnje konservatorsko-restavratorske posege. The bachelor’s thesis addresses the conservation-restoration treatment of the wooden polychrome sculpture, Risen Christ, from the collection of the Posavski muzej Brežice, which dates back to the 18th century. The thesis focuses on three major topics: documentation, consolidation of the paint layer, and cleaning (surface cleaning and removal of surface coating). In the first part, I described the statue and its art-historical period. Most of it is dedicated to the condition assessment and documentation. Damages are also shown graphically. The most probable reasons for their deterioration are stated. I described multiple previous treatments on the statue which are based on the examination, photography in visible and ultraviolet light, and stratigraphic analyses. The cleavage of the paint layer which is separated from the wooden support to such an extent that it was endangered the most critical damage on the statue. We searched for the most suitable material for the consolidation of the paint layers and narrowed the set of suitable materials. On the surface, we tested cold fish glue and acrylic dispersion Medium for consolidation (Lascaux). In the end, we used both materials for consolidation according to the need. Lastly, we faced the removal of the darkened yellow coating of unknown composition. Based on the information, the water solubility of the coating, we decided to remove it using water methods. We tested a variety of buffer solutions according to the methodology established by Richard Wolbers. We successfully removed the coating with a citrate buffer (citric acid, NaOH) with a pH value of 5.5, gelled with cellulose ether Klucel G. The bachelor’s thesis ends with the proposal for further conservation-restoration procedures.

Namen diplomske naloge je najti učinkovite metode za odstranjevanje grafitov z arhitekturne dediščine mesta Ljubljana. Raziskava temelji na praktičnem preizkušanju metod odstranjevanja grafitov z mineralnih površin. Med preizkušenimi površinami so bili upoštevani najpogostejši materiali, ki so gradniki kulturne dediščine v Ljubljani, in sicer omet, kamen in beton. Glede na podatke, pridobljene iz opazovanja z grafiti popisanih stavb v Ljubljani in informacij, prejetih od uradnega distributerja podjetja Graffiti Slovenija, smo določili najpogostejši barvi, ki se uporabljata za napise – to sta črna in rdeča. Preizkusi odstranjevanja grafitov, ki so obravnavani v nalogi, so vključevali omenjeni grafitni barvi v razpršilcih z različnimi vezivi: akril, akril na vodni osnovi in alkid ter dve vrsti markerjev – alkoholnega in akrilnega. Metode odstranjevanja grafitov, med katerimi lahko izbira konservator-restavrator, vključujejo več možnosti: mehansko, kemično in lasersko odstranjevanje. Rezultati metod odstranjevanja grafitov so razvrščeni glede na učinkovitost v smislu časa, stroškov in stopnje varnosti metode za površino z grafiti popisanega objekta. This work is aimed at finding effective methods for graffiti removal from the architectural heritage of the city of Ljubljana. The research is based on practical testing of methods for removing graffiti from mineral surfaces. The most common materials on objects of cultural heritage in the city of Ljubljana were considered for the removal tests: plaster, stone, and concrete. According to the data obtained from the observation of graffiti vandalized buildings in Ljubljana, as well as the information received from the official distributor of Graffiti Slovenia, we determined that the most common colors used for inscriptions are black and red. Graffiti removal tests discussed in the bachelor’s thesis included graffiti spray paints of those two colors with different binders: acrylic, water-based acrylic, and alkyd, and two types of markers – alcoholic and acrylic. Graffiti removal methods from which a conservator-restorer can choose include a wide range of options: mechanical, chemical, and laser removal methods are considered. The results for each method are ranked according to efficiency in terms of time, cost, and degree of safety of the method for the surface of the original.

Diplomsko delo z naslovom Konserviranje-restavriranje polihromiranega lesenega Putta iz Narodne galerije obravnava konservatorsko-restavratorski poseg na umetnini, ki je bil opravljen na konservatorsko-restavratorskem oddelku Narodne galerije. Kipec Putto je bil v celoti prekrit s plastmi prahu in večkrat preslikan, zato je bil cilj konservatorsko-restavratorskega posega izboljšati estetiko umetnine in jo predstaviti v podobi, ki bi bila bližje prvotni. Ker je bila slikovna plast kipca zelo krhka, ji je bilo treba najprej zagotoviti stabilnost in nato na varen način dokončati ostale postopke. Ti so vključevali preiskovanje originalnih plasti, utrjevanje, čiščenje, odstranjevanje sekundarnih barvnih plasti, kitanje in retuširanje. Pri sprejemanju odločitev o postopkih in materialih smo spoštovali etične principe. Materiale, nanesene v preteklosti, smo uspešno in varno odstranili. Kljub obsežnim poškodbam smo manjkajočo barvno plast uspešno dopolnili z retušo. S postopkom je kipec Putto estetsko precej pridobil ter dosegel stanje, ki omogoča varno hranjenje in razstavljanje. The BA thesis titled Conservation-Restoration of Polychromed Wooden Sculpture Putto from the National Gallery of Slovenia deals with the conservation-restoration treatment performed at the Conservation-restoration department of the National Gallery of Slovenia. The statue of Putto was completely covered with layers of dust and it was overpainted several times, so the aim of the conservation-restoration treatment was to improve the aesthetics of the artwork and to present it in the condition closest to the original. After investigating the original paint layers, we first stabilized the very fragile paint layer so that the following steps could be completed safely. We consolidated, cleaned, removed secondary paint layers, filled the missing gesso ground and retouched it. When making decisions on each procedure and materials, we followed ethical principles. We successfully removed materials applied to the surface in the past. Despite extensive damage, we successfully retouched the missing paint layer. We achieved the goals of the conservation-restoration treatment, improved the artwork aesthetics and established a condition that allows safe storage and display.

Namen diplomskega dela je snovanje nove čistilne naprave za čiščenje zrnja. Konstruirana naprava v diplomskem delu je namenjena čiščenju zrnja mnogocvetne ljuljke, lahko pa je uporabljena tudi za čiščenje zrnja drugih vrst trav in žit. Najprej smo obravnavali teoretične osnove in pregledali literaturo, za temeljito razumevanje procesa ločevanja in čiščenja zrnja od primesi. Proces konstruiranja naprave smo začeli s pregledom že obstoječih konstrukcijskih izvedb naprav, ki so na trgu. Po postavljenih zahtevah in željah smo predpostavili, kakšen tehnološki proces bo naprava opravljala. Izdelali smo funkcijsko strukturo in morfološko matriko, kar nam je omogočilo izdelavo dveh konceptov, ki smo ju nato tudi ocenili in na podlagi tega izbrali boljši koncept. Za izbrani koncept smo izbrali in dimenzionirali strojne elemente potrebne za delovanje naprave. Napravo smo s pomočjo 3D modelirnika tudi narisali. The purpose of the final thesis is to design a new seed cleaning device for the separation of seeds and grains. The device constructed is primarily intended for cleaning the grains of italian ryegrass, but it can also be used for cleaning the grains from other types of grasses and cereals. Firstly we discussed the theoretical foundations and reviewed literature, for a thorough understanding of the process of separating and cleaning grains from impurities. We started the process of constructing the new device by reviewing the already existing types of cleaning devices on the market. According to the set requirements and wishes, we assumed what tehnological process the device is going to perform. We created a functional structure and a morphological matrix, which enabled us to create two concepts. We evaluated the concepts and based on that we chose a concept with a higher overall grade. For the selected concept, we selected and dimensioned the machine parts required for the operation of the device. We also modelled the device with a 3D-modelling program.

Protein O GlcNAc transferaza OGT je edini encim, ki katalizira pripenjanje beta N acetilglukozamina na hidroksilno skupino aminokislinskih ostankov serina in treonina znotrajceličnih proteinov. N acetilglukozaminilacija je obsežna dinamična posttranslacijska modifikacija, ki se močno prepleta s signalnimi potmi fosforilacije proteinov. Modificirani proteini so vključeni v mnoge celične procese, motnje v njihovi homeostazi pa so povezane s številnimi kroničnimi boleznimi. Zaradi biološkega pomena OGT predstavljajo zaviralci ključno orodje za razumevanje mehanizmov modifikacije, odkrivanje njenih neznanih vlog ter validiranje OGT kot terapevtske tarče. Učinkovita proizvodnja funkcionalnih proteinov v heterolognih gostiteljskih sistemih je eden izmed glavnih temeljev sodobne biotehnologije. V magistrski nalogi smo se posvetili optimizaciji izražanja in čiščenja rekombinantnega proteina OGT. Namen naloge je bil pridobiti aktiven in kromatografsko čist protein ustrezne koncentracije z uporabo ekspresijskega sistema E. coli. V prvem delu naloge smo protein testno izražali pri različnih koncentracijah induktorja v treh bakterijskih sevih NiCo21DE3, Rosetta gami2DE3pLysS in SHuffle T7 Express lysY. Za izboljšanje izražanja smo ekspresijska sistema NiCo21DE3 ter SHuffle T7 Express lysY transformirali s plazmidom pRARE2, ki vsebuje sedem tRNA za prepoznavo redkih kodonov. Analiza celičnih lizatov s poliakrilamidno gelsko elektroforezo v prisotnosti natrijevega dodecilsulfata je pokazala, da ima OGT najvišjo stopnjo izražanja v bakterijskem sevu NiCo21DE3 z vstavljenim pRARE2 pri koncentraciji induktorja 0,2 mM. Drugi del magistrske naloge zajema večstopenjsko čiščenje proteina, pridobljenega z izražanjem v povečanem obsegu. Preskušali smo vplive načina celične lize na ustrezno strukturo proteina, način odstranjevanja nativnih proteinov E. coli ter tehnike koncentriranja proteina za dosego želene količine in čistote. Za najuspešnejše se je izkazala liza bakterijskih celic s soniciranjem, kombinacija izolacije in čiščenja s kovinsko kelatno kromatografijo in gelsko filtracijo ter končno koncentriranje z ultrafiltracijo. V vse pufre smo dodali 0,1 odstotek Tweena 20. Doseženo ustrezno koncentracijo smo potrdili spektrofotometrično, čistoto z vizualizacijo lise pravilne velikosti na poliakrilamidnem gelu, aktivnost pa s kvantitativnim encimskim testom na osnovi fluorescence. Protein O GlcNAc transferase OGT is the sole enzyme to catalyse the attachment of beta N acetylglucosamine to the hydroxyl group of serine and threonine residues of intracellular proteins. N acetylglucosamination is an abundant dynamic post translational modification that shows extensive crosstalk with protein phosphorylation. Modified proteins are involved in a number of important cell processes and the disruption of homeostasis has been reported to be associated with many human diseases. Considering its biological importance, OGT inhibitors are a convenient tool for understanding the mechanisms of modification, discovering its unknown functions and validating OGT as a therapeutic target. The efficient production of functional proteins in heterologous host systems plays a crucial role in modern biotechnology. In the master s thesis, we focused on the optimization of OGT expression and purification. Our aim was to isolate an active and chromatographically pure protein of optimal concentration using the E. coli expression system. In the first part of the task we screened the expression at different inducer concentrations in three bacterial strains NiCo21DE3, Rosetta gami2DE3 pLysS and SHuffle T7 Express lysY. To improve protein expression, NiCo21DE3 and SHuffle T7 Express lysY expression systems were transformed with the plasmid pRARE2 harboring seven rare codon tRNAs. Analysis of cell lysates by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that OGT had the highest expression levels in the bacterial strain NiCo21DE3 transformed with pRARE2 and in the presence of 0.2 mM inducer. The second part represented a multistep purification of the protein obtained by optimized scale up expression. We probed the effects of the cell lysis methods on the correct protein structure, the removal of native E. coli proteins and techniques for concentrating proteins to achieve the desired amount and purity. We discovered that the purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography led to the recombinant product of highest purity. Prior to that, bacterial cells were lysed by sonication. The recombinant enzyme was concentrated by ultrafiltration. All buffers were supplemented with 0.1 percent Tween 20. Finally, the concentration of protein was determined spectrophotometrically, and its purity was confirmed by polyacrilamide gel visualization. Enzyme s activity was assessed by a direct fluorescent activity assay.

Veliki problem u očuvanju kulturnih dobara u urbanim sredinama je kontaminiranost istih grafitima. Za uspješno uklanjanje grafita potrebno je identificirati vrstu materijala i vrstu boje kojom je materijal kontaminiran te poznavati njihova kemijska i fizička svojstva kako bi potencijalnom metodom uklanjanja boje što manje utjecali na izvornost materijala. Rad je podijeljen u tri dijela. U prvom dijelu su opisana svojstva materijala koji su najčešće kontaminirani grafitima. Naglasak prilikom istraživanja je stavljen na kamen karbonatnog podrijetla jer je to najčešći materijal koji je kontaminiran grafitima u Dalmaciji, geografskom području na kojem je ovo istraživanje provedeno. Sve ove informacije su prikupljene u svrhu nastavka istraživanja koje se proširilo na pronalaženje informacija o međusobnom djelovanju materijala, boje korištene za izradu grafita te potencijalne metode za uklanjanje iste u svrhu pronalaska najučinkovitije metode za uklanjanje grafita. U drugom dijelu, na temelju istraživanja Photo-oxidative stability of paraloid acrylic protective polymers autora O. Chiantore, M. Lazzari u kojem je dokazano da kod interakcije UV zračenja i akrilne boje dolazi do raspada veza unutar molekule iste, napravljena je proba u kojoj su uzorci boje u spreju, koja je također na bazi akrila izloženi djelovanju UV zračenja pomoću UV lampe uz očekivanja da će se veze unutar molekule boje početi kidati te da će se boja moći lakše ukloniti. Uzorci su nakon djelovanja UV zračenja snimljeni pomoću FT-IR-a te je na snimkama vidljivo kidanje međumolekulskih veza i djelomično uklanjanje boje, no vremenski interval ove metode nije zadovoljavajuća. S obzirom na to da metoda čišćenja pomoću UV nije dala zadovoljavajuće rezultate u trećem dijelu napravljene su probe čišćenja kamena kontaminiranog grafitima koristeći dostupna komercijalna sredstva za uklanjanje premaza u kombinaciji s već poznatim metodama čišćenja. Većina probi je napravljena na kamenu lokalnog podrijetla, a napravljene su i probe na žbuci koja je također materijal često izložen grafitima. Dobivene rezultate bi mogli primjenjivati stručnjaci kako bi skratili vrijeme kod odabiranja prikladnog sredstva, načina njegovog nanošenja, vremenskog intervala djelovanja, načina čišćenja te u odabiru prema financijskoj pristupačnosti. Ovakvo rješenje bi smanjilo rizik od oštećenja samog materijala jer korištena komercijalna sredstva djeluju samo na sloj boje ali ne i na sam materijal te njegovu patinu što je bio slučaj kod dosadašnjihmetoda kao što je pjeskarenje. Također smanjili bi se troškovi procesa uklanjanja grafita koji su za sada dosta veliki zbog metoda koje iziskuju korištenje raznih strojeva i njihov transport. A major problem in the preservation of cultural assets in urban areas is the contamination of the same with graffiti. For successful graffiti removal is necessary to identify the type of material and the type of paint with which the material is contaminated and know their chemical and physical properties in order to minimize the impact on the originality of the material with a potential paint removal method. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part describes the properties of materials that are most often contaminated with graffiti. The emphasis in the research has been placed on the stone of carbonate origin because it is the most common material contaminated with graffiti in Dalmatia, the geographical area in which this research was conducted. All this information has been collected for the purpose of continuing research that expanded to find information about the interaction of materials, paints used to make graffiti and potential methods for removing the same for the purpose of finding the most effective method for removing graffiti. In the second part, based on the research Photo-oxidative stability of paraloid acrylic protective polymers by O. Chiantore, M. Lazzari, in which it was proven that the interaction of UV radiation and acrylic paint breaks the bonds within the molecule, a test has been made in which the spray paint samples, which is also acrylic-based, have been exposed to UV radiation using a UV lamp with the expectation that the bonds within the paint molecule will begin to break and that the paint will be easier to remove. The samples have been taken by FT-IR after the action of UV radiation, and the images show the breaking of intermolecular bonds and partial removal of color, but the time interval of this method is not satisfactory. Since the UV cleaning method did not give satisfactory results in the third part, tests have been made to clean the graffiti-contaminated stone using available commercial coating removers in combination with already known cleaning methods. Most of the tests have been made on stone of local origin, and the tests have also been made on plaster which is also a material often exposed to graffiti. The obtained results could be applied by experts in order to shorten the time when choosing a suitable agent, the method of its application, the time interval of action, the method of cleaning and in the selection according to financial affordability. Such a solution would reduce the risk of damage to the material itself, because used commercial agents act only on the paint layer, but not on the material itself and its patina, which has been the case with previous methods suchas sandblasting. It would also reduce the cost of the graffiti removal process which is quite high for now due to the methods that require the use of various machines and their transport.

U Pećinskom parku Grabovača je 22.-25. srpnja 2021. održana radionica o čišćenju grafita za volontere u sklopu europskog projekta financiranog od strane Agencije za mobilnost i programe EU, kroz program Europske snage solidarnosti. Radionica je obuhvaćala predavanja i praktični rad u spilji Samograd gdje su sa stijena i siga čišćeni grafiti. Kao partneri su je, u sklopu manifestacije Međunarodne godine speleoloških objekata i krša 2021., organizirali JU Pećinski park Grabovača, Geografski odsjek Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i Speleološki klub Samobor.

Uvod: Število otrok v vrtcih nenehno narašča, pri čemer se posledično poveča izpostavljenost mikroorganizmom in nalezljivim boleznim. Generalno gledano vrtci predstavljajo okolje, ki je idealno za širjenje nalezljivih bolezni, saj je tam povečana gostota otrok in ti hkrati preživijo daljši čas v skupini. Namen: Z odkritim opazovanjem strokovnih delavk in otrok v delovnem procesu želimo analizirati higiensko stanje površin, opreme, igrač in rok strokovnih delavk ter ugotoviti higienske navade glede umivanja rok pri otrocih prvega starostnega obdobja. Z odvzemom mokrih brisov na snažnost želimo preveriti učinkovitost programov čiščenja in razkuževanja površin, opreme in igrač v izbranih vrtcih na prisotnost bakterije Staphylococus aureus, enterobakterij, streptokokov in skupnega števila mikroorganizmov (SŠMO) pred in po izvedenem čiščenju in morebitnem razkuževanju.Metode dela: S pomočjo opazovalne liste smo izvedli opazovanje strokovnih delavk, kako si med delovnim procesom umivajo in po potrebi razkužujejo roke. Istočasno smo pri otrocih prvega starostnega obdobja opazovali, kako izvajajo umivanje rok med bivanjem v vrtcu. V izbranih vrtcih smo z odvzemom vzorcev brisov na snažnost iz vnaprej določenih vzorčnih mest ugotavljali prisotnost bakterij Staphylococus aureus, streptokokov, enterobakterij in SŠMO pred in po izvedenem čiščenju ter morebitnem razkuževanju. Rezultati: Z odkritim opazovanjem smo ugotovili, da strokovne delavke ustrezno skrbijo za higiensko prakso, prav tako so v veliko pomoč pri umivanju rok otrok. Iz rezultatov brisov rok vzgojiteljic in pomočnic vzgojiteljic je razvidno, da je bila bakterija Staphylococcus aureus poleg streptokokov in enterobakterij najpogosteje prisotna na rokah vzgojiteljic in v enem primeru pri pomočnici vzgojiteljice. Na določenih površinah so bili po čiščenju največkrat najdeni streptokoki, sledile so bakterija Staphylococcus aureus in enterobakterije. Razprava in zaključek: V vrtcih je vzdrževanje higiene površin, opreme in igrač zelo pomembno, vključno z doslednim umivanjem in po potrebi razkuževanjem rok strokovnih delavk in umivanjem rok otrok. Tako strokovne delavke kot otroci bi za dosego učinkovito umitih rok morali podaljšati čas umivanja rok. Obstoječa načrta čiščenja in razkuževanja površin, opreme ter igrač sta v izbranih vrtcih ustrezno tehnično pripravljena, vendar izvedba čiščenja v enem vrtcu ni bila dovolj učinkovita. Introduction: The number of children in kindergarten is growing constantly, which consequently increases the exposure to microorganisms and contagious diseases. As a rule, kindergartens are the ideal environment to spread contagious diseases due to number of children spending time together in a closed group. Purpose: Through observation of educational workers and children in their working process, we aim to establish their hygienic habits regarding handwashing in early childhood years. Using pre-wet swabs on surfaces, equipment and toys before and after the cleaning and disinfection process, we aim to validate the efficiency of the cleaning and disinfection process against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus and all microorganisms combined. Methods: Using the observation form, we carried out many classroom observations of the teachers to monitor their process of handwashing and, if necessary, disinfection. At the same time, we were able to observe young children, how they wash their hands during their time in kindergarten. Having swabbed pre-determined surfaces, we were able to establish the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus and all microorganisms combined before and after the cleaning and disinfection process. Results: Through observation, we were able to see the educational workers use the proper hygiene practice, in addition, they proved of great help in washing the children’s hands. Swab tests of kindergarten teachers and assistants have showed the bacterium was the most widely present on the hands of the teachers, as well as one assistant. On certain surfaces, Streptococcus were most frequently found after cleaning, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae. Discussion and conclusion: Maintaining hygiene on the surfaces, equipment and toys proved of vital importance in kindergartens. Furthermore, the paper was able to establish the necessity to wash and, if needed, disinfect hands of teachers and children consistently. The paper concludes that to achieve effective cleanliness, the educational workers and children ought to prolong the time of washing. The cleaning and disinfection plans are appropriate in all the kindergartens however, the procedure was not carried out effectively enough in one of the kindergartens.

Cilj ovog završnog rada je prikazati postupke održavanja higijene i sanitacije u proizvodnji vina. Higijena i sanitacija u proizvodnji vina specifična je budući da su za preradu grožđa karakteristične infestacije vinskim mušicama, a u proizvodnji se koriste različiti uređaji i spremnici, izrađeni od različitih materijala (drvo, nehrđajući čelik, staklo - boce) i volumena. Osim toga, potrebno je osigurati rast poželjnih, a inhibirati nepoželjne mikroorganizme. Uređaji nisu pogodan medij za rast mikroorganizama, no tijekom prerade dolazi do nakupljanja organskog materijala koji je izuzetno dobar medij za njihov razvoj. Dobrom higijenom moguće je spriječiti nastanak bolesti vina. Kako bi zadovoljili zahtjeve tržišta i prije svega osigurali zdravstveno ispravno vino za ljudsku upotrebu od velike je važnosti ne samo higijena sirovine, prostora, uređaja nego i velika odgovornost radnika bez koje je nemoguće dobiti kvalitetno vino. Dobra higijenska praksa za proizvodnju vina omogućuje nam nastanak izuzetno kvalitetne komine koja osigurava rad kozmetičke industrije, industrije ulja itd. The aim of this final paper is to present the procedures of maintaining hygiene and sanitation in wine production. Hygiene and sanitation in wine production is specific because grape processing is characterized by infestation with wine flies, and different devices and containers, made of different materials (wood, stainless steel, glass bottles) and volumes are used. In addition, it is necessary to ensure the growth of desirable and inhibit undesirable microorganisms. The devices are not a suitable material for the growth of microorganisms, but during processing there is an accumulation of organic material that is extremely good for their development. In order to meet the demands of the market and, above all, to ensure safe wine for human consumption, not only the hygiene of raw materials, facility, devices are of great importance, but the great responsibility of workers without which it is impossible to get quality wine, as well. Good hygienic practice for wine production allows us to create a high quality wine-pomace that ensures the work of the cosmetics industry, the oil industry etc.

Introduction/Objective The application of nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments in cleaning and shaping of the root canal system is a standard and a precondition for the success of endodontic treatment. The objective of this study was to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis in order to examine the efficiency of cleaning the apical third of the root canal system using two different NiTi systems with reciprocating movements. Methods The study included 20 single-rooted teeth (premolars) divided into two groups. In group 1, the canal preparation was realized with a single file UNICONE with reciprocating movements (MEDIN, Inc., Nové Město na Moravě, Czech Republic), and in group 2, with a RECIPROC BLUE instrument with reciprocating movements (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany). The same quantities of 2% NaOCl solution and 17% EDTA solution were used as irrigation solutions. The samples prepared for SEM analysis of the smear layer in the apical third were evaluated on a scale of 1-5 and at a magnification of 1,000×. Results SEM analysis pointed to mostly clean canal walls in the apical segment in both tested groups. Slightly cleaner walls were observed after the application of the UNICONE file (78%) compared to the samples of the second group, where the instrumentation was realized by the RECIPROC BLUE file (76%), but without statistically significant differences. Conclusion Single-file reciprocating systems do not remove the smear layer completely, but provide efficient cleaning of the apical region of the canal., Uvod/Cilj Primena instrumenata od legure nikl-titanijum (NiTi) u čišćenju i oblikovanju kanala je standard i preduslov za uspeh endodontskog tretmana. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se analizom skenirajućim elektronskim mikroskopom (SEM) proveri efikasnost čišćenja apikalne trećine kanala primenom dva različita NiTi sistema sa recipročnim pokretima. Metode U istraživanje je uključeno 20 jednokorenih zuba (pretkutnjaka) podeljenih u dve grupe. Preparacija kanala u prvoj grupi je realizovana jednom turpijom sa recipročnim pokretima UNICONE (MEDIN, Nove Mjesto u Moravskoj, Češka), a u drugoj instrumentom sa recipročnim pokretima RECIPROC BLUE (VDW Gmbh, Minhen, Nemačka). Kao rastvori za irigaciju korišćene su iste količine 2% rastvora NaOCl i 17% rastvor EDTA. Uzorci pripremljeni za analizu SEM razmaznog sloja u apikalnoj trećini su evoluirani prema skali 1-5 i na uveličanju od 1000×. Rezultati Analiza SEM je ukazala na uglavnom čiste zidove kanala u apeksnom segmentu u obe testirane grupe. Nešto čistiji zidovi uočeni su posle primene turpije UNICON (78%) u odnosu na uzorke druge grupe, gde je instrumentacija realizovana turpijom RECIPROC BLUE (76%), ali bez statistički značajnih razlika. Zaključak Recipročni sistemi sa jednom turpijom ne uklanjaju potpuno razmazni sloj, ali obezbeđuju efikasno čišćenje apikalne regije kanala.

Mak je uvriježeni zajednički naziv za nekoliko vrsta iz roda Papaver, porodice Papaveraceae, od kojih je komercijalno najvažnija Papaver somniferum L. koja se uzgaja radi proizvodnje opijuma, ulja i sjemenki. Upravo visoki sadržaj ulja u sjemenkama maka čini ga jako kvarljivim, stoga sjemenke nakon berbe treba odmah očistiti i osušiti iz razloga što se sjeme maka može skladištiti s najviše 8 % vlage. Skladišta u kojima se čuva sjeme moraju biti suha, prozračna i bez stranih mirisa, a sjeme zdravo, uniformne boje, veličine i oblika. Također je moguća i dodatna dorada maka mljevenjem, kondicioniranjem i prešanjem.

Uljarice i uljarske kulture su industrijske biljke koje se uzgajaju radi dobivanja sjemenki i koštica bogatim uljem, a posebice za dobivanje jestivih biljnih ulja. U svijetu se koristi više od 20 vrsta uljarica, a najveći udio u proizvodnji ulja se postiže iz sirovina poput soje, uljane repice, suncokreta i sličnih kultura bogatih uljem. Veliki značaj za proizvodnju jestivih biljnih ulja predstavlja pravovremena žetva uljarica kojom utječemo na pripremu uljarica za skladištenje, uspješnost skladištenja te kvalitetu proizvedenog ulja i nusprodukata prešanja. Sam proces pripreme sjemenki uljarica za skladištenje obuhvaća nekoliko tehnoloških faza, a najvažnije su čišćenje i sušenje sjemenki. Kod čišćenja sjemenki uljarica potrebno je što efikasnije ukloniti primjese ili nečistoće (organskog i anorganskog podrijetla) kako bi olakšali i osigurali efikasno sušenje. Procesom sušenja iz sjemenki se odstranjuje voda, to je važna faza pripreme sirovine za preradu jer se osušena uljarica može duže i kvalitetnije skladištiti (skladištenje vlažne sirovine pogoduje razvoju plijesni), a osim toga suha sirovina se bolje prerađuje i samim time omogućava se veće iskorištenje ulja tijekom prešanja jer količina dobivenog ulja ovisi o udjelu vode u sirovini. Cilj ovog rada je opisati karakteristike sjemenki uljarica i uvjete skladištenja, način transportiranja sirovina, a naročito proces pripreme sjemenki za daljnju preradu te njihovo skladištenje.

Pri izdelavi elektromotorjev, se lamele statorja in rotorja izdeluje iz lakirane pločevine. Pločevina najprej potuje skozi izravnalne valje in gre nato v stiskalnico. Problem nastane, ko se nekaj laka prilepi na valje, čez nekaj časa pa se nabere skupaj in odpade na pločevino. Zato je potrebno pločevino čistiti. Uporabili smo princip krtačenja, ki odstranjuje odvečni lak s pločevine. Celotno napravo smo skonstruirali, določili potrebne elektronske komponente in krmilnik naprave na koncu še sprogramirali. Napravo se bo nato izdelalo in uporabljalo za izboljšanje kakovosti pločevine pred vstopom v stiskalnico. In the manufacture of electric motors, stator and rotor lamels are made from lacquered sheet metal. The sheet metal first goes throught the straighthening rollers and then to the press. The problem occurs, when some of the lacquer stick, to the rollers and after a while stacks together and fall, on the sheet metal. Therefore, the sheet metal must be cleaned. We used, brushing principle, which removes excess lacquer, from the sheet metal. The entire device was designed, necessary electric componenets were defined and device controller was programmed. The device will be manufactured and used for improving the quality of sheet metal, before entering the press.

Diplomsko delo se osredotoča na kamnine, njihove osnovne gradnike, strukturo in teksturo ter osnovne fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti. Površinske lastnosti kamnin so povezane s pridobivanjem kamna, čiščenjem, impregnacijo, nego in obnovo kamnitih površin, ki so podrobneje predstavljeni v tem delu. Opisani so postopki tretiranja kamnin, izpostavljeni so pomembni koraki teh postopkov, predstavljena pa so tudi čistilna sredstva, ki se običajno pri tem uporabljajo. Opisali smo sredstva Akemi Steinreiniger, Akemi Anti-Green Power in impregacije Akemi Natura, Akepox 2015 in Akemi Anti-Fleck Nano. Diplomsko delo je bilo izdelano v sodelovanju s podjetjem Prosen com d.o.o. in Akemi GbmH. The thesis focuses on stones, its basic building blocks, the structure and texture, and their basic physicochemical properties. The surface properties of stone are related to the extraction of stone, cleaning, impregnation, care and restoration of stone surfaces, which are presented in detail in this work. Furthermore, the cleaning agents Akemi Steinreiniger, Akemi Anti-Green Power and impregnating agents Akemi Natura, Akepox 2015 and Akemi Anti-Fleck Nano are presented. This work was done in cooperation with Prosen com d.o.o. and Akemi GmbH.

Diplomsko delo predstavlja celostno zasnovo komore za čiščenje in pregledovanje plinovodov od preučevanja zakonodaje, konstruiranja, preračuna, izdelave risb do priprave zvarnih robov, varjenja in pregledovanja ter testiranja komore. Komora je zasnovana na podlagi lastnih izkušenj, izkušenj podjetja Nafta Strojna d.o.o., dobrih praks in standardov navedenih v poglavju Zakonodaja. Konstruirana je tako, da predstavlja nizko tveganje za izvajalce čiščenja ali vzdrževanja in ima nizek vpliv na okolje in okolico. Glavni namen čistilne komore je redno čiščenje plinovoda. Čiščenje je potrebno zaradi visoke vsebnosti nečistoč v metanu in posledičnih nanosov na stenah ter zardi čiščenja kondenzata, ki se pojavlja na najnižjih točkah plinovoda. This diploma represents the complete design of a Pig launcher/receiver for cleaning, maintenance and testing purposes on gas pipelines. Thesis is a study of legislations, construction, welding, inspection and testing of chamber. The design for chamber is based on my own experience, experience of Nafta Strojna d.o.o., good practice and standards/ directives stated in the Legislations section. It is designed to impose a low risk for cleaning and maintenance of the pipeline and has a low impact on the surroundings and the environment. The main purpose of the launcher /receiver is regular cleaning of the main pipeline. Cleaning is primary necessary because of the high content of impurities in methane and consequential deposits on the walls, and secondary to remove the condensate that occurs at the lowest points of the pipeline.

Priprema čarter plovila za turističku sezonu započinje vađenjem plovila iz mora pomoću obalne dizalice. Nakon vađenja popravljaju se svi kvarovi i oštećenja te se plovilu vraća stari sjaj koji se izgubio nakon mjeseci provedenih na zimskom vezu. Priprema započinje nanošenjem protuobraštajnog premaza, a propeler i pramčani potisnik se servisiraju. Bokovi, kokpit i svi dijelovi koji su od inoxa čiste se i poliraju, postavljaju se jedra te se pregledava užad. Ako se na plovilu nalazi tikovina tretira se posebnim sredstvima. Servis motora uključuje izmjenu ulja, filtera, kontrolu svih crijeva, zamjenu brtvi i provjeru pumpi. Akumulatorske baterije se čiste i pune te se provjeravaju sva svjetla i prekidači. Posebna pažnja posvećuje se navigacijskim svjetlima i sigurnosnim aparatima kao što su aparati za gašenje požara. Oprema za spašavanje mora biti ispravna i postavljena na mjestima koja su za to predviđena. Nakon što su svi radovi završeni, plovilo se čisti te se postavljaju madraci, posteljina i ručnici i ostale stvari koje su uključene u paket koji čarter nudi. Preparation of the charter vessel for the next season begins with the vessel being extracted on shore using a crane. When the vessel is out of the water, we start to fix and service everything on the vessel. Antifouling is applied, we service propeller and bow thrusters. Gelcoat above the waterline is being cleaned and polished. All parts made of stainless steel are also getting polished. Teak is treated with special cleaner and oil. We are working on the engine service that includes oli change, filter change, all the hoses are being controlled. We are replacing the seals, also cheking the pumps. We set the sails and all rope on deck is being cheked. Rescue equipment must be in working order and at places which are intended for emergency equipment. After all the work was completed, we clean the vessel inside out and is put clean mattresses, bed linen and towels and other items that are included in the package that charter offers.

Naloga obravnava čiščenje farmacevtskih posod z uporabo statičnih pralnih glav. Ustrezna izbira geometrije pralne glave in procesnih parametrov lahko znatno vpliva na višino stroškov in ekološki vpliv čiščenja. S pomočjo eksperimentalne postaje analiziramo pretočno karakteristiko pralne glave, trajektorijo curka in trk curka ob steno posode. Postavili smo model za izračun trajektorije curka, generiranega v pralni glavi, v odvisnosti od geometrije pralne glave in procesnih parametrov. Izmerili smo velikost omočene površine pri trku curka ob steno posode v odvisnosti od geometrije pralne glave in procesnih parametrov. This thesis is dealing with cleaning of pharmaceutical vessels with the use of static spray balls. Appropriate use of spray ball geometry and process parameters can significantly impact cost and environmental impact of cleaning. Using an experimental station, we analyze the flow characteristic of the spray ball, the trajectory of the jet and the collision of the jet against the wall of the vessel. We set up a model to calculate the trajectory of the jet generated in the spray ball, depending on the geometry of the spray ball and the process parameters. We measured the size of the wetted surface at the collision of the jet against the wall of the vessel, depending on the geometry of the spray ball and the process parameters.

U radu je objašnjen način funkcioniranja metode čišćenja cleaning in place te prednosti korištenja te metode za pranje pivovare. Opisana je stanica za pranje varionice (engl. Cleaning in place brewhouse). Sastoji se od spremnika povratne vode, spremnika kiseline i dva spremnika lužine. Cijelom varionicom i CIP stanicom upravlja jedan programirljivi logički kontroler. Upravljački algoritam pisan je u programskom okruženju SIMATIC Step 7 tvrtke Siemens na standardnom softveru tvrtke Montelektro d.o.o. Kako bi se što jednostavnije i brže isprogramirala funkcionalnost CIP stanice prvo se popunjavaju pomoćni dokumenti iz kojih se generiraju razne funkcije i podatkovni blokovi. Opisani su ti dokumenti i njihove uloge. Objašnjen je upravljački algoritam pisan u koracima. Od tih koraka stvara se recept koji određuje točan redoslijed koraka za ispravan rad CIP stanice. Funkcionalnost CIP stanice testirana je pomoću izrađenog recepta i SCADA sustava. This paper explains the method cleaning in place and the advantages of using it for cleaning a brewery. A station for cleaning the brewhouse (CIP brewhouse) is described. It consists of a return water tank, acid tank and two caustic tanks. One programable logic controller is used for the whole brewhouse and the CIP station. The control algorithm was made in Siemens SIMATIC Step7 program environment using Montelektro’s standard software. In order to simplify and speed up the development of a program for controlling the CIP station, a few auxiliary documents are filled. They generate various functions and data blocks. Those documents and their role are described. The steps of the control algorithm are explained. From these steps a recipe is created, and it determines the exact sequence of those steps for the correct behaviour of the CIP station. CIP station functionality is tested with the prepared recipe in the SCADA system.

Higijena pogona ali i osobna higijena radnika smatraju se najvažnijim čimbenicima koji vode do zdravstvene ispravnosti proizvoda. Kako bi sa zdravstvenog pogleda proizvod odgovarao propisanim parametrima potrebno je krenuti od osnova. Kod same konstrukcije pogona valja voditi računa o otpadnim vodama i njivom zbrinjavanju, osvjetljenju pogona ali i o samom smještaju građevine, nadalje, kada se govori o održavanju higijene radnih strojeva također se poduzimaju stroge mjere kod pravilnog čišćenja ali i održavanja istih. Radnici također daju veliki doprinos kod proizvodnje proizvoda kako bi oni zadovoljili zahtjeve tržišta u svakom pogledu. Radnici moraju biti pod stalnim nadzorom kako bi se poštivala pravila odijevanja te pranja ruku ali i sami moraju biti svjesni kolika je njihova odgovornost i koliko doprinose radnom mjestu svojim pravilnim ponašanjem u vidu higijene. Zadatak ovog završnog rada bio je ispitivanje higijenskih navika radnika u proizvodnji prehrambenih proizvoda te higijena samog pogona. Zadatak obuhvaća upitnik koji je kroz svoja pitanja saznao odgovore o higijeni radnika na radnom mjestu, o osobnoj higijeni ali i o tome koje mjere oni sami poduzimaju kako bi im okruženje u kojem rade bilo čisto i uredno. Također, analizirani su rezultati briseva ruku radnika te briseva radnih površina u pogonu kako bi se potkrijepili rezultati dobiveni u upitniku. Hygiene of food factories and personal hygiene of workers are prime factors which lead to health correctness of product. Fundamentals need to be taken in count if factories want satisfy parameters. When we talk about construction of factory we need to take care of waste waters, lightning and about location of bulding itself, further, when we talk about maintenance of working machinery there are also strict measures for proper cleaning and maintenance. Workers also have big influence in contribution while producing. They need to be under supervision at alt times in favour of following the rules of working chlotes and washing hands on proper way, they also need to be aware of the amount of responsibility and how much they contribute to their work place by right behavior. The task of this final paper was to test hygienic practice of workers in production of food products and hygiene of factory itself. The task includes questionnaire which gave us, through his questions, answers about hygiene of workers on their work place, personal hygiene and about actions that they take in favour of clean and neat work place. Also, results of smear, from hands and work surfaces had been taken and analyzed in favour of confirmation of results from questionnaire.

Tema ovog diplomskog rada je koncipiranje i konstrukcijska razrada stroja za topljenje snijega. U uvodnom dijelu rada predstavljeni su osnovni tipovi strojeva za uklanjanje snijega. Nadalje, napravljena je analiza tržišta i prikaz postojećih rješenja strojeva za čišćenje snijega. Funkcijskom dekompozicijom razrađene su osnovne funkcije uređaja, dok u morfološkoj matrici prikazane neke od mogućnosti rješenja tih funkcija. Na temelju toga osmišljena su tri koncepta pomoću temeljem kojih su donijete odluke za konstrukcijsku razradu. Proračunom su dimenzionirani svi ključni dijelovi uređaja, provjerene sigurnosti te odabrani standardni dijelovi prema važećim normama. Rezultat konstrukcijske razrade je oblikovani 3D model s odgovarajućom tehničkom dokumentacijom u 3D CAD softveru (Solidworks).

Raziskave v okviru diplomskega dela so bile narejene v sodelovanju s podjetjem Cafelier d.o.o., ki je inovativno podjetje na področju kavne industrije. Ekipa je že razvila protitip izdelka, ki odpravi potrebo po ročnem čiščenju, sedaj pa se je pojavila potreba po dodatni čistilni moči. Ob razvoju čistilnega sredstva pa je smiselno razmišljati tudi o povečanem tržnem potencialu blagovne znamke Cafelier. Opravili smo analizo trga in preverili katere kemikalije uporabljajo pri izdelavi čistilnih sredstev, ki se uporabljajo za ročno pranje. Že na tej točki smo ugotovil, da bo potrebna usmeritev v določen tip nečistoče, saj gre za široko področje. Predstavljen izbor smo opravili na podlagi želja podjetja Cafelier d.o.o., lastnega razmišljanja, tipa nečistoč, tržnega potenciala in obratovalnih pogojev. Skozi raziskavo smo prišli do zaključka, da bomo potrebovali nekatere precej specialne komponente. Za pomoč smo prosili več podjetij, ki se ukvarjajo z dobavo in svetovanjem na tem področju. Bili so nam v pomoč, poslali so nam tudi nekaj vzorcev, katere smo uporabili pri analizi. Raziskave vključujejo sestavo čistilnega sredstva. Ker gre za inovativen produkt na področju čiščenja kavnih aparatov, je obseg razvojnega dela precejšen. Opisali in predstavili smo dosedanje delo, kako smo se projekta lotili in kam bi ga rado peljali. Prikazali smo način izbora kemikalij, ter analize opravljene z njimi. Vključili smo področje trženja, zakonodajo, ki jo je potrebno upoštevati ob tem, ter razmišljanja za nadaljnji razvoj produkta in znamke Cafelier. Research made in this paper is a cooperation with Cafelier d.o.o., an inovative company from the field of coffee industry. The team has already developed a prototype of a product that eliminates the need to clean your coffee maschine by hand, but the need for higher cleaning power was shown. Developing a cleaning agent also makes sense from economic point of view as it will further improve market value of the company. Market and chemical analysis were made as to see which components are mostly in use in cleaning agents made by other companies. The decision was made to center our focus on one type of impurities as the entire field of cleaning is enormous. Components were chosen based on company desires, our own thoughts, types of impurities, economic calculations and operating conditions of coffee maschines. Right away it was clear that some special components will be needed. We have gotten help from a few companies that handle sales and advise on the topics that concerned us. They sent us a few samples which were used in our analysis. Research includes the cleaning product's composition. As this is an inovative product in the field of coffee maschine cleaning, the amount of development is extensive. Future of the product, first stages of developement and work done so far, will be shown in this paper. Selection of main components and analysis is shown and so is bussines aspect of the product. This includes marketing plan, legislation and future developement, also of other products.

Polietilen tereftalat v tekstilni industriji poznamo tudi pod imenom poliester. Količina odpadnega poliestrnega tekstilnega materiala narašča, zato je potrebno poiskati primerne načine za njegovo recikliranje in ponovno uporabo. Kot uspešni postopki kemijske razgradnje so se izkazal različni postopki hidrolize. Diplomsko delo je namenjeno analizi razgradnih produktov poliestrnih tekstilnih materialov po alkalni in nevtralni hidrolizi ter čiščenju nastalega trdega produkta. Čiščenje smo izvedli s postopki kristalizacije, sublimacije, vroče filtracije in kislinsko bazne ekstrakcije. Rezultati so bili ovrednoteni s pomočjo IR spektroskopije in potenciometričnih titracij v nevodnem mediju. Ugotovili smo, da se nobeden od postopkov čiščenja ni izkazal za zelo uspešnega, v neki meri sta učinkovita le postopka kristalizacije in sublimacije. Polyethylene terephthalate in the textile industry is also known as polyester. The amount of waste polyester textile material is increasing, so it is necessary to find suitable ways for its recycling and reuse. Various hydrolysis procedures have been proven as successful methods of chemical degradation. The diploma work presented analysis of degradation products of polyester textile materials after alkaline and neutral hydrolysis and purification of the resulting solid product. The purification was carried out by crystallization, sublimation, hot filtration and acid base extraction processes. The results were evaluated by IR spectroscopy and potentiometric titrations in a non-aqueous medium. We found that none of the purification processes proved to be very successful, to some extent only the crystallization and sublimation processes are effective.

Nesreće na moru su se kroz povijest događale nebrojeno puta što se nastavlja i u danas. S brodova koji sudjeluju u nesrećama se u more izlijeva ulje koje može biti teret ili se služi za pogon brodskog motora. Izliveno ulje onečišćuje more i obalu što može dovesti do katastrofalnih posljedica za morski život i gospodarske djelatnosti koje se odvijaju tim područjem. Da bi se ovakve situacije spriječile potrebno je što prije krenuti s čišćenjem ulja s morske površine. Kako bi akcija čišćenja bila što brže i učinkovitije provedena potrebno je da država u čijim se vodama to dogodilo ima plan kako postupiti u takvim situacijama tj. da posjeduje vlastiti Plan intervencija u slučaju onečišćenja mora. Accidents on sea were happening through history and are still happening today. The oil which is used like a fuel for ships engines or it is being transported is being spilled from the ships that were involved in these accidents. The leaked oil pollutes the sea and seacoast which can lead to catastrophic consequences for sea life and economic activities taking place in this area. The way to stop these situations to happen is to start clean up of leaked oil from the sea surface as soon as possible. And also to make this more efficient it is important that country in which this is happening has a plan which says how to deal with these type of situations that is the country has its own Contingency plan for accidental marine pollution.

Uvod: Preprečevanje okužb, povezanih z zdravstvom, je del vsakdanjih prizadevanj vseh zdravstvenih delavcev in sodelavcev v vseh zdravstvenih ustanovah. Bolnišnično okolje je lahko vzrok okužb, ki so povezane z zdravstvom. Z nadgradnjo čistilnih postopkov, na primer uporabo aerosolnega razkuževanja, smo lahko pri preprečevanju prenosa okužb, povzročenih z večkratno odpornimi mikroorganizmi bolj učinkoviti. Namen: Ugotoviti, ali je tveganje za pridobitev okužbe, povezane z zdravstvom pri pacientu, ki ga namestimo v sobo, v kateri je predhodno ležal pacient, ki je bil koloniziran ali okužen z večkratno odpornimi mikroorganizmi večje, če sobo samo končno očistimo, kot tveganje, če čiščenje sobe nadgradimo z aerosolnim razkuževanjem. Metode dela: Z uporabo seta GlowCheck, ki temelji na zaznavanju fluorescentnih oznak, in seta 3M™ Clean-Trace™ ATP, s katerim smo izmerili ostanke organskih nečistoč, smo nadzirali učinkovitost postopkov čiščenja. Postopke čiščenja smo nadzirali tudi z mikrobiološkimi brisi površin ter vzorčenjem zraka. Postopke ročnega čiščenja smo nadgradili z aerosolnim razkuževanjem in primerjali rezultate meritev pred in po izvedenih dogovorjenih postopkih. V petih izbranih bolniških sobah za izolacijo je bilo v obdobju petih mesecev odvzetih 80 brisov površin in 10 vzorcev zraka. Rezultati: Nadzor čiščenja bolniških sob za izolacijo s fluorescentnimi oznakami v primerjavi z nadzorom, ki temelji na merjenju vrednosti ATP bioluminiscence, ni zanesljiv način, saj dopušča možnosti za pristranskost in hkrati za lažno negativne rezultate. Merjenje ATP bioluminiscence na površinah poda jasen rezultat uspešnosti čiščenja– vrednost, za katero vemo, ali je ustrezna ali ne. Aerosolno razkuževanje z vodikovim peroksidom kot nadgradnja ročnega čiščenja površin, se ni izkazalo za nujno potrebno metodo. Mikrobiološke preiskave odvzetih vzorcev površin so potrdile, da so bili že ročni postopki čiščenja ustrezni v 96 %, stanje se po aerosolnem razkuževanju ni spremenilo. Mikrobiološke preiskave odvzetih vzorcev zraka pa so pokazale, da se je kakovost zraka po izvedenem aerosolnem razkuževanju izboljšala s 96 % na 100 %. Razprava in sklepi: Ugotovili smo, da aerosolno razkuževanje prostorov in površin kot nadgradnja končnega čiščenja bolniških sob za izolacijo, zmanjša stopnjo kontaminacije. Zdi se, da aerosolno razkuževanje vpliva na kakovost zraka v bolniški sobi, saj po izvedenem aerosolnem razkuževanju v zraku ni bilo prisotnih gliv, kot enega izmed pokazateljev učinkovitosti tega razkuževanja. Mikrobiološke preiskave so stroškovno manj sprejemljive, na rezultate je potrebno čakati dalj časa, še vedno pa predstavljajo najbolj natančno metodo nadzora, s katero preverjamo učinkovitost postopkov čiščenja, zato se za rutinske nadzore nad postopki čiščenja pogosto uporabljajo hitre metode, s katerimi okvirno ocenimo kakovost postopkov čiščenja. Hitre metode za nadzor nad postopki čiščenja so motivacijsko bolj učinkovite kot mikrobiološki nadzor. Kot hitra metoda za nadzor čistosti se je v naši raziskovalni nalogi za boljšo pokazala metoda z merjenjem vrednosti ATP, saj lahko rezultate primerjamo s priporočenimi vrednostmi za posamezne kontrolne točke, medtem ko je nadzor s pomočjo fluorescentnih označevalcev lahko zelo subjektivna metoda oziroma lahko poda tudi lažno pozitivne rezultate, ker je fluorescentna oznaka sicer fizično odstranjena, vendar ni pa nujno, da so odstranjene tudi nečistoče. Introduction: The prevention of hospital-acquired infections should be everyone’s concern in hospital. There is evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital-acquired infections. Vapour aerial decontamination is being introduced to lower the possibility of transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms onto the next room occupant. Aim: The purpose of this master’s thesis is to confirm that environmental cleaning is essential in reducing hospital-acquired infections. Furthermore to determine the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide vapour as an aerial decontamination system as supplementation of manual techniques for terminal cleaning in hospital rooms, especially in those occupied by patients colonised with multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Method: Terminal cleaning was evaluated with GlowCheck fluorescent markers and 3M™ Clean-Trace™ ATP bioluminiscence method. We gathered 80 samples of different surfaces and 10 samples of air from 5 different rooms. The most important method for evaluating terminal cleaning was the growth of bacterial cultures. We assessed pre- and post-aerial decontamination measurements. Results: Assesment of terminal cleaning in isolation rooms with adenosine triphosphate bioluminscence assay showed to be a more reliable method than using fluorescent markers. Gaseous decontamination with hydrogen peroxide as supplementation of terminal cleaning of surfaces in the isolation room did not show the best results. The overall adequacy defined by fluorescent markers, aerobic colony count and ATP bioluminiscence control was 96% after the terminal cleaning was performed. After the gaseous decontamination with hydrogen peroxide the results did not change. We have found that gaseous decontamination with hydrogen peroxide has some positive impact on air quality in isolation rooms. Adequacy changed from 96% to 100% before and after gaseous decontamination. Discussion and conclusions: We have established that gaseous disinfection as supplementation of traditional cleaning of hospital isolation rooms reduces the contamination of surfaces. There is evidence that hospital environment, if cleaned insufficiently, contributes to the acquisition of multidrug-resistant infection. It seems that gaseous disinfection with hydrogen peroxide also influences on quality of air in a hospital room, because we managed to prove that after gaseous disinfection was performed there were no fungi or yeast present in the air samples, but we aren't able to confirm this with certainty. Aerobic colony counts is an extremly expensive method of evaluating cleanliness in hospitals and, while time consuming, we must acknowledge that it is the most accurate one. Therefore we are implementing some other methods for inspection of environmental cleaning in hospitals which are easier to perform and provide us with immediate information about the efficiency of the cleaning procedure. That is the reason why these methods are more frequently used as routine supervision. In our study the measurement of organic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on surfaces was showed as a more sensitive, objective and rapid tool than the method based on fluorescent markers removal. We think that ATP bioluminiscence assay is better because we have determined the cutoff ATP values which define what a clean surface is. We think that evaluation of terminal cleaning with fluorescent markers may not provide accurate or objective information about the levels of cleanliness achieved.

Magistrsko delo obravnava pregled stanja kakovosti vode v Sloveniji in metodologije za načrtovanje ultrafiltracijskih procesnih sistemov za pripravo vode. V načrtovanju ultrafiltracijskih sistemov stremimo k čim višji učinkovitosti in čim manjši porabi kemičnih sredstev v procesu filtracije. Kot izhodiščno vodo smo upoštevali površinsko vodo na področju Dolenjske. Izdelali smo zasnovo membranskega ultrafiltracijskega sistema za pripravo tehnološke vode z osnovnimi elementi sistema in njegovega nadzora. Obravnavani procesni membranski sistem smo stroškovno ovrednotili. Master thesis deals with overview of the current water status of quality in Slovenia and methodology for planning the membrane ultrafiltration systems. Generally, the filtration process should strive towards greater efficiency and lesser consumption of chemicals during the filtration process. As the input water the surface water in the Dolenjska area is taken into a consideration. The membrane ultrafiltration system for the preparation of technological water, which contains all the key elements for quality preparation and control of the operation is designed. Treated membrane process is assessed concerning costs.

Cilj diplomskega dela je poiskati najprimernejši način odvajanja in čiščenja odpadnih vod na območjih z razpršeno poselitvijo. Opisali smo različne vzorce poselitve in statistiko poselitve države in občine Gornja Radgona. Nazorno je predstavljeno, da v celotni državi, vključno z občino Gornja Radgona, večji del prebivalstva živi na podeželju. Opisani bodo štirje načini odvajanja vod na podeželju, prav tako pa tudi primeri čiščenja z uporabo osrednje in male čistilne naprave. Podane bodo delitve čistilnih naprav po tipologiji čiščenja. V zadnjem poglavju bodo obravnavane rešitve odvajanja in čiščenja odpadnih vod na podeželju v primeru razpršene poselitve. The aim of the graduation thesis is to find the most suitable way of drainage and wastewater treatment in the areas of dispersed settlement. We described different settlement patterns and the statistics of the settlement in the country and the Municipality of Gornja Radgona. It is clearly presented that in the entire country, including the Municipality of Gornja Radgona, the larger part of the population lives in the countryside. Four ways of water drainage in the countryside will be described, as well as the examples of treatment with the use of a medium or small treatment plant. The division of treatment plants will be introduced according to the treatment typology. The solutions of the drainage and wastewater treatment in the countryside in the event of dispersed settlement will be discussed in the last chapter.