Search

Copyright of Právník is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The guild reforms introduced from the 1730s to the 1750s comprise various regulatory documents issued by Charles VI and his daughter Maria Theresa, the most obvious manifestation of which was the issuance of the General Guild Patent of 1731 and the General Guild Order of 1739. In the Czech and Austrian lands, the reforms in the mid-18th century were conceived primarily as a means of „liberalizing“ economic legislation, with an emphasis on restricting the power of the guilds. At least for the reign of Charles VI and his successor Maria Theresa, however, the opposite is true. While the feudal decrees certainly mention the need to purge the guild system of various abuses and faults, this does not mean that the aim of the reforms was to significantly weaken the economic and, in particular, the social role of these guild organizations. Rather, craftsmen in the Czech lands welcomed the issuance of the general guild patent and the subsequent general guild rules, especially in the question of non-guild craftsmen and the discipline of journeymen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrigation facilities represent one of the segments of water management. The need for water distribution to the landscape has a long tradition and specific irrigation projects can be assessed not only in terms of technological development of the company but also changes in its approach to water management in the landscape in general. Sophisticated systems of local and supraregional dimensions, which often combine several functions (irrigation, flood control, land reclamation), are an integral part of cultural (industrial) heritage. The development of irrigation was strongly influenced by the turbulent 20th century, at the end of which they found themselves outside the field of view of society. Currently, the current problem of drought and a fundamental change in the perception of the role of water in the landscape have revived interest in this phenomenon. In the study, historians and water managers offer an interdisciplinary documentation and reconstruction on the example of several important historical irrigation sites of various types in the Czech Republic, also from the perspective of potential cultural heritage protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular music scholars generally agree that the popular music studies discipline emerged between the mid-1970s and the early 1980s in Western Europe and North America, mainly on the initiative of young sociologists, and that it focuses primarily on modern pop-rock music. Many academics from the former Eastern bloc countries share this narrative. Consequently, the history of popular music's systematic exploration in this region remains largely unknown. Recent years, however, have witnessed growing interest in the history of popular music research in East-Central Europe, as shown by a few (Czech, Slovakian, Polish, and Hungarian) texts, albeit focusing exclusively on local issues. The present study is the first to deal with the history of popular music research between 1918 and 1998 in a wider Central European context, and the Czech lands and Hungary in particular. It provides a detailed analysis of an extensive collection of Czech and Hungarian sources (archival materials and published texts of both an academic and non-academic nature - monographs, individual studies, articles in popular music magazines, and so on). It aims to show the specifics of theoretical reflection on popular music in both states and the manner and extent of the contacts between the respective scholarly communities in light of developments in popular music and cultural policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The varied and contradictory perception of the personality and work of Bohuslav of Lobkowicz and Hassenstein in the early modern period was symbolically crowned in the Enlightenment by Ignaz Cornova’s biography, which is still the most comprehensive work dedicated to Hassenstein. After a brief recapitulation of research and the state of knowledge before Cornova, the study examines his approach to the material and the main substantive and formal features of his biography. Older Latin literature dealing with humanism plays an important role, as do contemporary models from the European literatures of the Enlightenment. Cornova’s work partly follows the traditional chronological approach, but several timeless chapters emerge from it, driven both by an interest in Bohuslav as an individual and by a desire to make a purposeful pedagogical impact on the reader. His aim was to present a rounded and engaging picture of Hassenstein’s life and literary output, based on his surviving works, especially his poems and correspondence, tastefully and without distracting remarks and comments. Ludwig Schubart, for example, with his biography of the German humanist Ulrich von Hutten, could have been a model for him in this respect. Brief mention is also made of the critical reviews of Cornova’s work, which he himself deals with in the preface to Hassenstein’s biography. A separate section is devoted to a comparison of the selection of poems translated by Cornova and his contemporaries Thám, Vinařický and Budík. Although the biography was considered Cornova’s most important work in his lifetime, was cited and received positive feedback, it is not very useful for contemporary research, unlike the works of Josef Truhlář, who was a few decades younger. From a scholarly point of view it falls short of contemporary demands and as a literary work is even more outdated, although (or perhaps because) it reflected the literary trends of the time. ▨ Keywords: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archaeologia Historica is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deals with the personality and the work of the noble, writer and intellectual Maximilian count Lamberg (1729–1792) which was already examined by several Czech historians (Polišenský, Kroupa, Cerman). Firstly, the paper evaluates the current state of research to show that despite of the attention of researchers focused on this personality, there are still lot of contexts and details which remain unknown. Secondly, the paper analyses the question of the relevance and the historical value of Lamberg’s conserved works which are situated between memories, essays and autobiographical fiction. In the main part of the paper, the thesis of Jiří Kroupa, which assumes the appurtenance of Maxmilian Lamberg both to the Moravian milieu and to the European Republic of letters, is examined. Lamberg’s accessible works, not only the most famous Mémorial d’un mondain but also the other books, are used as a base of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a response to the preceding discussion on the original essay on the concept of enlightenment. It examines the relationship between enlightenment, national revival and Romanticism, issues of popular enlightenment, and the role of the Catholic clergy in the Enlightenment, with further remarks on the phases and specific features of the Czech Enlightenment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of art historians have noted how in around 1800 the social function of the visual arts in the Czech Lands fundamentally changed and a new ideal of bourgeois vizuality emerged. At the same time, visual culture in the Age of Enlightenment came to be seen as a ‘movement of knowledge’ through different cultural spheres. Reacting to the discussion of Daniela Tinková’s view of the Enlightenment as a process of spreading and democratizing knowledge and extending information networks, the present text develops these ideas and considers other ways in which art in the Czech Lands during the Enlightenment could be conceptualized. We point out that new centres of culture and broad-based social penetration brought not only changes in the way information on the visual arts was disseminated, but a new situation in which the exchange of knowledge across a variety of social and educational fields was no longer restricted to the hitherto clearly defined professions that had established the prevailing terminology and methodology in their own domains. For example, professional artists might now explore all sorts of fields of knowledge, while traditional humanistic art-theoretical discourse began to attract not only dilettante ‘amateurs’ but also a new class of professional art experts and critics with no formal artistic training. The study of art thus became an independent branch of knowledge, a component of education, a source of cultural and historical memory, and a badge of patriotism and personal identity. A similar shift can be observed in modes of visual perception, which in the Enlightenment were moulded by an endeavour to extend the traditional range of art consumers and recipients by means of aesthetically oriented education and training. There was also a clear attempt to fulfil the ideal of public art based on modern criteria of ‘taste’, aimed at eliminating persisting social barriers and the cultural monopoly of established aristocratic elites and creating a template for a bourgeois visual culture (sensibility, reappraisal of hierarchy of genres, instruction in drawing, growth of graphic art, etc.). This movement of knowledge also made it far easier for recipients to find their bearings in the art market (exhibitions, reviews, advertisements) by providing them with criteria for judging the quality of artworks and, more generally, promoting the visuality of the dawning industrial age (public access to art collections, industrial exhibitions, the first museums, etc.), and hence to a hitherto unseen extent opening up the world of visual art to the wider public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response to Daniela Tinková’s study Enlightenment as ‘vernacularization of knowledge’. In the first part we comment on the positive aspects of Tinková’s conception of the history of the Enlightenment, but also on the lack of clarity concerning the nature of knowledge as both a component of cultural transfer and the outcome of that process. The second part changes perspective, focussing on ‘the transfer of Enlightenment’ and the ‘radiation’ of Enlightenment from the Czech Lands to surrounding regions of the Habsburg monarchy, especially Galicia. For this reason the Czech Lands assumed a regional hegemony in many areas of administration and economic and intellectual life. We also attempt to explain the motivations for accepting ‘Enlightenment knowledge’ while relativizing the power asymmetries in these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, in the form of an essay or first draft of opening remarks delivered at an international conference on Culture in the Age of Enlightenment, presents one of many possible models for the conceptualization of the Enlightenment in the Czech Lands. Here Enlightenment is conceived as a process whereby ‘knowledge’ (information) is disseminated and gradually democratized and information networks are expanded. This conception draws primarily on theories of vernacularization and cultural transfer. In view of the directional dynamic, we have focussed mainly on ‘unidirectional’ flow in the sense of dispersal from (informational/cultural) centres to the (informational/cultural) periphery – both socioeconomically (transfer to lower social classes) and geographically (transfer to rural areas remote from major urban and educational centres). In this model, the process of vernacularization and democratization of knowledge was divided into three periods: the early formation of educated elites; the ‘acculturation’ of the middle classes; and the extension of information networks to the petty intelligentsia – and through them to the wider rural population. This last phase, carried out as part of a ‘programme’ of popular enlightenment around the turn of the 19th century, more or less coincided, in the theory Miroslav Hroch, with the first and second phases of the Czech National Revival and relied on the same media (Czech-language newspapers, ‘popular’ literature) and authors (Kramerius, Tomsa, Rulík, et al.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologia Technica is the property of Technical Museum in Brno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to explain the transformation of accounting with reference to two Moravian cities, Olomouc and Uničov, between the mid-18th and 19th centuries. The article summarizes the concept of cameralism, the practical reasons for accounting reforms at the central level of the monarchy, and the beginnings of cameral accounting in the second half of the 18th century. The first legislation on the introduction of cameral accounting in municipal government dates from 1768; however, even after that year and indeed until 1922, individual cities continued to have a major influence on the specific form of accounting they used. Although sources from the end of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century are preserved only fragmentally, the main change in Olomouc and Uničov, as well as in towns in the Czech borderland studied by Petr Cais, happened around 1850, when the cities started accepting printed forms that remained in use for almost a century. In 1922, binding rules for accounting and cash desk service were published, but this had little effect on the accounting records of Olomouc and Uničov. Their journals and main accounting books maintained approximately the same form and structure regardless of this turning point. Neither did they reflect the various changes in the political system of the Czech state, up until the end of World War II. From this point of view, the cameral accounting technique designed by Enlightenment economists can be seen as a fundamental contribution to the modernization of accounting in our territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented study The Changes in the Bishop Posts in the Czech Lands in the Period of the First World War deals with the assignment of bishop posts in Czech lands during the period of the First World War in the years 1914-1918. Vienna in war hardship and under the pressure from Berlin vigorously influenced ecclesial issues, which arrangement strengthen the centralistic and absolutistic character of the Habsburg estate. A visible proof of such influence were the interventions during the assignment of archbishops in the Czech lands in the middle of the war -- L. Skrbensky was assigned in Olomouc, P. Huyn in Prague and N. Klein in Brno. The study deals with the given changes and its circumstances, while it analysis the causes and the consequences of the decisions, which by its decisive assertion of the Vienna candidates Lev Skrbensky from Hřiště and Pavel Huyn distinctively infringed free election of ordinaries. The study proceeded from vast material in Historical archive of the State secretariat section for international relations in Vatican, Secret Vatican archive, Domestic, courtly and state archive in Vienna, State archive in Opava (Olomouc's branch), and National Archive in Prague and vast Czech, English, German and Italian literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pubs have long served as places of interpersonal communication, developed not only by by-passers, but mainly by regular houseguests. Such communication included political discussions and disputes, frequently on the position of the Czech nationality in Central Europe and its historical role in it. Disputes on this topic were strictly forbidden during World War I and would be conducted illegally; their content became gradually radicalised until it acquired a revolutionary character, directing the insurgent expressions of the debaters towards their active involvement in the attempts to achieve the leaving of Czech lands (together with Slovakia) from the Habsburg monarchy. This process culminated with the relatively spontaneous declaration of state independence at the end of October 1918, in which pubs played a special role as centres - though considerably restricted - of social life: from common pubs up to fancy club houses of the middle-class elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cílem příspěvku je pokus o shrnutí a hodnocení dosavadního vývoje archeologického zájmu o novověká bojiště a novověké vojenství na území České republiky. Chronologický rámec přehledu vychází z aktuálního, historického vymezení novověku do širokého rozpětí od 2. poloviny 15.–16. století do 2. poloviny 18. až prvých desetiletí 19. století. Historii archeologického studia novověkého vojenství můžeme sledovat od počátku 20. století. Od samého počátku je výzkum zaměřen přednostně na bojiště a relikty polních vojenských opevnění. Zpočátku se jednalo o jednorázové izolované výzkumy. Od 80. let 20. století probíhají též dlouhodobé, systematické a široce mezioborově koncipované projekty. K rozvoji výzkumu v posledních letech významně přispívají aplikace moderních technologií: letecké snímkování, laserové skenování zemského povrchu a prospekce pomocí detektorů kovů.

Copyright of Právník is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study deals with the analysis and comparison of the struggle for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom and the Czech lands in the years 1848-1920, more precisely in 1928 (the timeline reflects the adoption of the universal suffrage bill for women aged 21 years). It analyses the history of both movements since their factual beginnings in the 50s of the 19th century, through a gradual shifttowards political activities, to a fundamental division due to diametrically opposite course (in the UK related to the activities of militant Women's Social and Political Union, founded in 1903). The study mentions their most important representatives and through detailed analysis of the phenomenon of hunger strikes reflects subversive activities of suffragettes, as in this context illustrates the procedures of British judicial, governmental and medical components. The contribution also aims to answer the questions to what extent the direction of the British and Czech emancipation movement differed from each other, what was The reason for mutual differentiation and if there was cooperation despite these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our ideas regarding the origins of humanism in the Czech lands are based on Kristeller's now classic "narrow" view of this school as a philological and philosophical trend. At the turn of the 16th century an active role in the literary scene was taken (with only some exceptions) by Utraquist priests, who with the aid of translations inter alia were endeavouring to reform the declining post-Hussite society. Emphasis was placed on religious education and the cultivation of morality in accordance with the early Christian church. This trend, which we have described with the new term proto-Reoioal, has for the most part nothing to do with scholarly humanism either at the level of translation or in occasional original works - but this does not detract from its exceptional importance. Religious rigorism and linguistic patriotism were not unique to conservative Utraquism, but can also be found in non-conformist religious communities. These small churches, motivated by confessional priorities, also rejected non-religious education and the tuition of foreign languages (Greek and Hebrew), while their leaders' activities were incompatible with humanist interests. Only the religiously syncretic centre in Nám욻 aimed to keep pace with the rest of Europe. It was here for the first time, if only very briefly between 1533 and 1535, that the potential for undiluted humanism emerged, thanks to Erasmus's critically reformed method of translating, as well as to the domestic scholarly interest in the Czech language. At the level of Biblical translation the Unity of Brethren did not emerge from their Czech isolation until relatively late in comparison with the German reformation in the early 1560s. During the post-Hussite period, the substantial minority of Catholics came closest to the antique tradition and humanist thinking thanks to their studies at universities abroad, while the needs and readership skills of the primarily Utraquist society were not suitable, so that those individuals capable of literary expression had to rely on publishing in Latin abroad. However, while they performed their sacerdotal service in the Catholic church, the pluralist religious model in the Czech lands outwardly muted their humanist orientation and actually bolstered their active anti-Reformation stance. Members of humanist circles in Olomouc and Plzeň only published abroad to a very minimum extent, as the predominant form of creative activity had come to be unpublished correspondence with the character of private but not open literary letters; whence the modern-age aphoristic designation "writers without literature". The post-1547 political changes did not just provide the literary and book-printing sphere with a new censorship model, as is often pointed out, but it also accelerated and deepened positive-acting phenomena that occasionally appeared after several decades. Religious-educational and moral cultivation of society started to be more motivated by an interest in enlightenment, language education and economic growth. New knowledge, passed down from classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, was disseminated among the burghers and aristocrats in the form of translations, or more frequently by means of adaptations of German originals, or less frequently by means of original Czech or Latin texts. The intervention by the authorities in the status of the towns, and so by extension in the mentality of their inhabitants, brought about one more change in the literary sphere after 1547, temporarily relieved of its religious controversies, creating a space for the promotion of Renaissance Latin poetry. Here antiquity was truly of constitutive importance, although primarily as a source of imitations of classical pre-texts. In this regard an indisputably important catalyst was Collin's reform of pedagogical procedures at Prague University. Of course, the presentation of Latin poetry by Bohemian and Moravian printing houses would not have been possible without antiqua. This previously unknown association might appear strange to paleo-Bohemists and neo-Latinists, but it also shows that literary and book culture cannot be separated in modern-era studies. The belated arrival of antiqua, brought about by disapproving confessional standpoints, came to act as another yardstick for assessing relations between the Czech lands and European cultural trends until 1536. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In time of Oldrich of Hardegg († 1536), three small silver denominations copying different coins were produced in Kłodzko. While the pfennigs of the Austrian type are known mainly from hoards in the Austrian territory, the hellers of the Silesian type and the coins of the Bohemian type are documented mostly in the Czech Lands. White coins struck under Vladislaus II Jagiellon (1471-1516) served as prototypes for the copies of the Bohemian type. Issuers of the coins of the Bohemian type in Kłodzko can be easily identified from their marginal legends: there is the name of Oldrich with his title the Count of Hardegg or the Count of Kłodzko legible there. Based on iconographical analysis, analysis of hoards and information from the written sources, it is possible to judge that these coins were struck perhaps in 1512/1513-1514. Because of their extraordinary similarity with official coins, the ruler banned their production starting with March 17, 1514. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archaeologia Historica is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to approach non-Catholic rural writers (písmáci) during Counter-Reformation period in Czech lands with the stress on 18th century relating to the questions of literacy and education. My study consists of two halves. The first half contains enumeration of the characteristics of the scribe archetype, acquired by analysis of popular publication of the church historian František Bednář Jiskry v temnu. Obrazy ze zápasů českého člověka (Sparkles in the dark. Pictures from the struggles of a Czech man. Prague 1938). The results of the work with such a type of a source material make a picture of a “second life“ of the literacy available, in such a form, as it was perceived by the protestant society of 19th and 20th centuries and partly remained actual till the present. Characteristic features attributed to the scribes – often idealised and actualised according to the actual “social demand” are in the second part of the presentation confronted with the actual state of research in the topic introduced on the aspects of the biographs of two writers from Bohemian-Moravian Highlands – Řehoř Jakubec (1726 – 1786) and Tomáš Juren (1750 – 1829). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]