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This book explains divergent media system trajectories in the countries in southeast Europe, and challenges the presumption that the common socialist experience critically influences a common outcome in media development after democratic transformations, by showing different remote and proximate configuration of conditions that influence their contemporary shape. Applying an innovative longitudinal set- theoretical methodological approach, the book contributes to the theory of media systems with a novel theoretical framework for the comparative analysis of post-socialist media systems. This theory builds on the theory of historical institutionalism and the notion of critical junctures and path dependency in searching for an explanation for similarities or differences among media systems in the Eastern European region. Extending the understanding of media systems beyond a political journalism focus, this book is a valuable contribution to the literature on comparative media systems in the areas of media systems studies, political science, Southeast and Central European studies, post-socialist studies and communication studies.

Rad se temelji na pretpostavci da razlike među medijskim generacijama odražavaju razlike u medijskim krajolicima s kojima su se suočavale različite generacije u svojim formativnim godinama. Oslanjajući se na sociološko razumijevanje pojma generacije, pokazuje se da se rezultat procesa oblikovanja medijskih generacija očituje u karakterističnim medijskim repertoarima. Ti su repertoari u određenoj mjeri u obliku neizravnog skupa (fuzzy set) povezani s dobi, društvenom lokacijom i tehnološkim promjenama. Rezultati se temelje na prvom znanstvenom nacionalnoreprezentativnom istraživanju hrvatskih medijskih publika provedenom u lipnju i srpnju 2014. godine. Istraživanje je provedeno anketnim istraživanjem na višeetapnom stratificiranom klasterskom uzorku od 800 ispitanica i ispitanika starijih od 14 godina. Uzorak je reprezentativan po dobi, spolu i regiji te je naknadno ponderiran kako bi se postigla reprezentativnost po obrazovanju. Analizom latentnih klasa identificirane su četiri medijske generacije: ona najstarija, generacija tradicionalnih korisnika medija, zatim generacija digitalnih imigranata te dvije najmlađe, digitalne, generacije – pripadnici digitalne generacije neskloni čitanju novina i pripadnici digitalne generacije skloni čitanju novina. Sve četiri generacije u određenoj su mjeri multimedijske i za sve je karakteristično da televizija predstavlja važan element medijskog repertoara. Neočekivano, repertoar digitalnih korisnika sklonih čitanju novina zabilježen je među najmlađim korisnicima medija, što otvara nova pitanja za buduća istraživanja. Iako je mnoštvo informacija o najranijim publikama u Hrvatskoj možda zauvijek izgubljeno s prvom generacijom medijskih korisnika rođenom početkom 20. stoljeća, ovo istraživanje pruža temelj koji omogućuje prve uvide u sličnosti i razlike među hrvatskim medijskim generacijama., The article draws on the assumption that the differences among media generations reflect the differences among mediascapes that different generations encounter during their formative years. Building upon the sociological understanding of the notion of a generation, the article shows that the result of the process of shaping media generations are manifested in the specific media repertoires. These repertoires are in a fuzzy relation with age, social location and technological changes. The study is based on the first academic nationally representative survey of Croatian media audiences conducted in June and July of 2014. The interviews were conducted on a multi-stage stratified cluster sample of 800 respondents older than 14 years. The sample was representative by age, gender and region and it was weighted to achieve representativeness by education. By means of the latent class analysis, four classes of the Croatian media generations were identified: the oldest one, the generation of traditional users, followed by the generation of digital immigrants and the two youngest digital generations – digital newspaper seekers and digital newspaper avoiders. All four identified generations were multimedial to a certain extent and for all of them television represented an important element of their repertoire. Unexpectedly, the repertoire of digital newspaper seekers was registered among the youngest media users, which opens up new questions for further research. Although a lot of information about the earliest period of media audiences in Croatia is maybe forever lost with the first generation of media users born at the beginning of the 20th century, this study provides the basis for the first insights into the similarities and differences among Croatian media generations.

Rad analizira sličnosti i razlike republičkih medijskih sustava u SFRJ primjenom kategorija analize medijskih sustava Hallina i Mancinija (2004).

Rad se bavi pojmom medijatiziranog habitusa i pokazuje kako se manifesteria u žanrovima svakodnevne upotrebe medija u multimedijskom okolišu.

Rad se bavi konceptom medijatiziranog habitusa i žanrova medijskih upotreba kao analitičkog alata za analizu svakodnevice u suvremenom medijatiziranom okruženju.

Predavanje predstavlja rezultate istraživanja informativnih repertoara publika u Hrvatskoj kontekstu komparativnog istraživanja europskih publika pomoću q-metode.

Iako je sudbina neprofitnih medija u posljednje vrijeme vruća tema, ne znamo skoro ništa o publikama neprofitnih medija u Hrvatskoj ili o njihovom odno- su prema demokratskoj politici i političkim institucijama. Nakon rasprave o očekivanoj ulozi neprofitnih medija u demokraciji, u radu se empirijski istra- žuje opseg i karakter publika neprofitnih medija u Hrvatskoj te njihov politič- ki interes, informiranje, povjerenje u medije, osjećaj političke djelotvornosti te politička participacija u odnosu na publike matičnih (mainstream) medija. Analiza je provedena na podacima prikupljenim anketnim istraživanjem na reprezentativnom uzorku korisnika interneta u Hrvatskoj (N=1208). Deskrip- tivna, regresijska i latentna klasna analiza pokazale su da četvrtina korisnika interneta u Hrvatskoj prati neprofitne medije i da publike neprofitnih medija imaju jači politički interes, osjećaj unutarnje političke djelotvornosti, infor- miranije su i više politički participiraju od publika matičnih medija. Publike neprofitnih i matičnih medija ne razlikuju se značajno u ukupnom korištenju medija, stupnju povjerenja u medijski sustav te u osjećaju vanjske djelotvor- nosti. Rezultati idu u prilog pozitivnom doprinosu neprofitnih medija demo- kratskom potencijalu medijskih publika, a daju naznake i o mogućem obliku polarizacije online medijskih publika.

The normative expectation of the ‘virtuous circle’ (Norris &Inglehart, 2009), in which democracy is served by informed citizens via the media, motivates our examination of audience understandings of their news consumption in relation to its different possible public and personal uses. Audience research being the least developed area of communications study in Croatia (Peruško & Vozab, 2014), we have few insights into motivations of media users or the uses they make of any media genre, including news. This study, part of an ongoing comparative project conducted in 12 European countries and beyond, conducted at the Centre for Media and Communication Research, Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb, is thus pioneering the insight into cross-media news repertoires of Croatian audiences and their possible democratic repercussions. 36 Qmethodological interviews were conducted in December 2014. The study shows that six news repertoires describe different types of cross-media news consumption habits of Croatian audiences, offering preliminary insights for understanding the news-democracy connection.

Rad analizira promjene regulatornog okvira i uredničke promjene na regionalnim televizijama na temelju rezultata komparativnog istraživanja programskog sadržaja televizija državama nastalim nakon raspada SFRJ.

U radu se na temelju kvantitativne analize televizijskog programa na uzorku iz 1979. godine analiziraju sličnosti i razlike u TV programima između jugoslavenskih republika.

Rad nudi pregled Zakonskog okvira u Hrvatskoj vezano uz medije civilnog društva ili neprofitne medije, izvore financiranja, rezultate istraživanja publika neprofitnih medija i prikaz slučaja izrade medijske strategije Ministarstva kulture.

This article explores patterns and sources of influence on professional practices of European journalists and the way they differ across different media systems, in a multilevel, cross-national comparative research design. The research is more broadly framed within mediatization theory and aims to explore the relationship of increased media logic in journalistic practices (Kammer 2013 ; Kunelius 2014) with specific digital mediascapes. Journalism is known to be culturally specific in historical terms (Chalaby 1996), and cross- country studies show differences in journalistic milieus in different political regimes (Hanitzch 2011). In this article, we posit that journalistic practices are influenced by the structural framework of the media system, as are audience practices (AUTHORS 2015). The institutional framework of media system expands the AUTHORS (2015) model of digital mediascapes, and defines media systems in terms of contemporary multimedia markets, globalization processes, cultural industry framework as well as in relation to the level of institutional inclusiveness. The data on journalistic values and practices are from the surveys conducted in 27 west, central and east European countries included in the 2012-2015 Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS). Cluster analysis produced four clusters of digital media systems. Six dimensions of influences were uncovered by factor analysis. Hierarchical multiple regression confirms the predominant influence of the structural levels of the perceptions of influences on journalism - the mezzo organizational level and the macro level of the digital media system additionally explain the variance of contextual influences on journalistic practices beyond individual differences. The study also opens up new question regarding mediatization of journalism and the mediatized condition.

Predavanje je izložilo rezultate istraživanja medijskih publika neprofitnih medija u Hrvatskoj.

Predavanje predstavlja rezultate doktorskoga istraživanja i koncept žanrova medijske upotrebe.

The text is a brief research report of the Worlds of Journalism study in Croatia.

In contemporary societies, characterized by the pervasiveness of media and mobile devices, space is crucial to understand the media experience (Meyrowitz 1989 ; Couldry and Mc Carthy 2004). “Where people use the media” is a relevant question in order to understand both the daily routines of media usage and the meaning-making processes they are able to sustain. Furthermore the differences and connections between “domesticity” and “mobility” of media use contribute in the understanding of the configuration of public and private spaces in contemporary societies. The paper will describe how these changes are occurring in Europe on the basis of a cross- country survey carried on in 2013 in 9 countries. The paper will present five different patterns of media use across social spaces and will point out sociodemographic and cross- national differences in this regard. The cross-national differences will be explained by relating the spaces of media use with digital mediascapes as macro- structural explanatory frameworks.

Contry report on the empirical news media repertoires identified by the means of the Q method as a part of cross cultural study conducted in Denmark, Israel, Portugal, Spain, Croatia and Estonia coordinated byHanna Adoni, Kim Schroeder, Hillel Nossek

U radu prezentiram rezultate Studije o neprofitnim medijima i njihovoj publici koju je Centar za istraživanje medija proveo za Nacionalnu zakladu za razvoj civilnog društva 2013. godine.

Proceedings of the CEECOM2015 8th Central and Eastern European Media and Communication Conference: The Digital Media Challenge

The paper explores the ways 'media savvy' youth use multimedia environment in different everyday spatial practices and the simultaneous process of 'dailiness' (Scannell 1996) construction through interaction with different communication media.. Theoretical framework which is applied combines theory of media practice and the media phenomenology (Scannell 1996), with the concept of media use genres as the interpretative conceptual tool (Bakardjieva 2005, Ito et al. 2013). Findings are based on the qualitative interpretative analysis of the diaries and autobiographical reflections on media use written by 64 students of the first year of the graduate study of journalism on the Faculty of Political Science in Zagreb (intensity sample). The results show how the construction of everyday time-spaces in multimedia and increasingly mobile environment takes place through the interaction with communication media as an integral part of different everyday practices. Different media use genres of spatial orientations are identified (safety spaces, atmosphere management, intimate spaces, and augmented spaces) together with related media use genres of typical temporal and social orientation. The study show active construction of multiple spatialities through media use by young media users in the course of their everyday movement through different kind of spaces: public (streets, public institutions), privatized (cafes, shopping malls) private (houses, apartments, rooms) or public and private transportation (trams, buses, cars).

The paper explores the ways 'media savvy' youth use multimedia environment as a form of the political participation conceptualized as public connection (Couldry et al., 2007) and the simultaneous process of 'dailiness' (Scannell 1996) construction through interaction with different communication media. Media news consumption is the most widespread form of the political participation in mediatized societies. Contemporary multimedia environment provides new opportunities for not only consumption of political information, but also for more participative and engaging mediate political experiences. Theoretical framework which is applied combines theory of media practice and media phenomenology, with the concept of media usage genres as the conceptual link between two perspectives. Findings are based on the qualitative interpretative analysis of the diaries and autobiographical reflections on media use written by 13 students of the first year of the graduate study of journalism on the Faculty of Political Science in Zagreb (intensity sample). The results show how the participation in public informational flows or public connection (Coudry et al., 2007) takes place through the complex interarticulations between different communication media wherein it is necessary to take into account full available media matrix and the interactional context. Different forms of the participation in public informational flows occupy important part of the process of the social construction of 'dailiness' in complex media environment. Furthermore, mediated political participation should be taken into account in order to understand everyday political experiences and 'the way of being citizen' (mediatized citizenship) in the mediatized life-world.

The paper explores the ways 'media savvy' youth use multimedia environment in different everyday practices and the process of 'dailiness' construction through their interaction with different communication media. Theoretical framework which is applied combines theory of media practice and the media phenomenology (Scannell 1996), with the concept of media use genres as the interpretative conceptual tool (Bakardjieva 2005, Ito et al. 2013). Findings are based on the qualitative interpretative analysis of the diaries and autobiographical reflections on media use written by students (N=64) of the first year of the graduate study of journalism on the Faculty of Political Science in Zagreb (intensity sample). The results show how the construction of 'dailiness' in multimedia environment takes place through the complex interarticulations between different communication media wherein it is necessary to take into account full available media matrix and the interactional context.

This article explores the relationship between the media-use patterns of European audiences and the institutional contexts of digital media systems in a multilevel, crossnational comparative research design. A theoretical model is proposed for describing contemporary digital media systems, applied through cluster analysis to a set of 22 European countries. Four digital mediascapes/media system clusters are identified. Regression analysis shows the influence of macro-level media systems on micro-level audience preferences for different media. The media system clusters are related to data on media use from the nine countries in the “audiences across media” study. The findings strongly support the explanatory power of structural aspects at the macroinstitutional level for audience choices in terms of both legacy and Internet-based media.

Doktorska disertacija se bavi medijskim upotrebama mladih medijskih vještih korisnika medija (media savvy) u multimedijskom okruženju. Cilj rada je razumjeti kako mladi i vješti korisnici medija, u svojim svakodnevnim aktivnostima koriste medijski okoliš i u tim interakcijama proizvode društvenu stvarnost (prostor, vrijeme i društvene odnose) i sebe. Mladi su u radu shvaćeni kao aktivni i kreativni društveni akteri koji medije koriste kako bi odgovorili na sve brojnije izazove suvremenih medijatiziranih društava. U radu medijske prakse obuhvaćam jednim integrativnim teorijskim okvirom, a osnovu za izgradnju predloženog modela predstavlja Boudreau- Newmanov (1993) model društvenog života kojeg proširujem kako bi se uklopio u okvir teorije prakse. Istraživanje je provedeno kvalitativnom metodom 'medijske etnografije', na uzorku studenata diplomskog studija novinarstva, koji sebe ocjenjuju natprosječno vještim korisnicima medija. Rezultati pokazuju različite obrasce interakcije između upotreba medija i temeljnih struktura svakodnevnog života (prostor, vrijeme i društveni odnosi) koje obuhvaćam terminom žanrovi medijske upotrebe (Bakardjieva, 2005 ; Ito i sur, 2010) ili žanrovi prostorne, temporalne i društvene orijentacije. Rezultati ukazuju i na strukture tehnoloških amplifikacija i redukcija koje nastaju u svakodnevnim medijskim praksama i tipove medijatiziranog habitusa mladih medijskih znalaca.

Članak istražuje način na koji mladi 'medijski znalci' koriste multimedijsko okruženje u različitim svakodnevnim praksama i kako se njihovoj interakciji s različitim komunikacijskim medijima odvija proces konstrukcije 'svakodnevice'. U fokusu je temporalna dimenzija strukture svakodnevnog života i način na koji se kroz svakodnevne medijske prakse konstituiraju višeslojni i kompleksni temporaliteti. Primjenjeni teorijski okvir sadrži kombinaciju međusobno povezanih teorija: teoriju društvene prakse i fenomenologiju medija. Ove dvije teorijske perspektive povezujem pomoću koncepta žanrova medijskih upotreba. Komunikacijski mediji iz perspektive teorije prakse predstavljaju materijalnu sastavnicu svakodnevnih praksi i njihovo je značenje razumljivo u terminima konkretne prakse. Specifičnost komunikacijskih medija temelji se u njihovoj trostrukoj artikuliranosti budući da su oni istovremeno tehnologija, sadržaj i komunikativna forma (Hartmann 2006). Fenomenologija medija ukazuje na značajnu ulogu medija radiodifuzije u procesu konstrukcije i društvene reprodukcije 'svakodnevnice' čime oni predstavljaju jedan od temelja osjećaja 'ontološke sigurnosti' u moderno doba (Scannell 1996). Pri tome fenomenologija medija ne proučava samo simboličku (diskurzivnu) interakciju s drugim ljudskim akterima već i tjelesnu/senzoru interakciju s materijalnim okruženjem u različitim svakodnevnim praksama. U članku se nastoji istražiti odnos medija i osjećaja 'ontološke sigurnosti u multimedijskom okruženju. Koncept žanrova medijske upotrebe primjenjujem oslanjajući se na pojam 'govornih žanrova' De Certeaua (1984), 'korisničkih žanrova' Marije Bakardjieve (2006) i 'participativnih žanrova' (Ito i sur. 2008). Ovaj koncept predstavlja interpretativno sredstvo za identifikaciju karakterističnih elemenata i načina na koji akteri izvode određene prakse. Rezultati se temelje na interpretativnoj kvalitativnoj analizi dnevnika i autobiografskih osvrta o medijskim navikama 13 studenata prve godine diplomskog studija novinarstva Fakulteta političkih znanosti, koji sebe procjenjuju vještim korisnicima informacijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija (uzorak intenziteta). Identificirani su različiti žanrovi medijske upotrebe pomoću kojih ispitanici tijekom svakodnevnog života upravljaju subjektivnim i društvenim temporalitetima. Akteri tehnološke mogućnosti komunikacijskih medija koriste u različitim svakodnevnim praksama kao sredstvo kalibriranja subjektivnih i društvenih temporaliteta i (pre)usmjeravanja informacijskih (personalnih i društvenih) tokova. Istovremeno se odvija i kontinuirani proces 'pregovaranja' oko amplifikacija i redukcija koje predstavljaju sastavni element odnosa između čovjeka i tehnologije (Ihde 1990). Istraživanje pokazuje da se konstrukcija 'svakodnevice' u multimedijskom okruženju odvija kroz kompleksne interartikulacije između različitih medija u svakodnevnim medijskim praksama, pri čemu je nužno uzeti u obzir cijelu raspoloživu medijsku matricu, kontekst interakcije (društveni, infrastrukturalni, materijalni) i socio- biografsku situaciju aktera.

Članak istražuje odnose između obrazaca upotrebe medija europskih publika i institucionalnih temelja digitalnih medijskih sustava u višerazinskom kros-nacionalnom komparativnom istraživačkom dizajnu. Predložen je teorijski model koji opisuje suvremene digitalne medijske sustave te je primijenjen putem klaster analize na skupinu od 22 europskih zemalja. Identificirana su četiri klastera digitalnih medijskih sutava/krajolika. Regresijska analiza pokazuje utjecaj sistemskih varijabli makro razine na mikro razinu preferencija publika za različite medije. Klasteri medijskih sustava povezani su s podacima o medijskoj upotrebi za devet zemalja iz istraživanja "Europske medijske publike". Rezultati pokazuju jaku eksplanatornu moć strukturalnih aspekata makro-institucionalne razine za odabire publika i kod tradicionalnih masovnih i kod internetski-utemeljenih medija.

Relying on the media practice theory (Couldry, 2012 ; Postil, 2010) this study aims to analyze what young people actually do and say in relation to media, in a variety of situations and contexts of contemporary everyday media life (Deuze, 2012). Application of media practice theory on the empirical study of cross-media habits of youth is considered as useful for analysing complexities of media use in a contemporary increasingly ubiquitous, individualized, mobile and differentiated 'multimedia environments' (Krotz, 2007) and will help us to understand how media habits are situated as a part of 'daily manoeuvring' between media use and 'other practices in the social organization of time and space' (Halkier and Jensen, 2011). The findings are based on an in-depth qualitative study, which comprises several self-reports (time use diaries and auto-ethnographic essays) gathered from a strategically selected group (intensity sampling) of graduate students of journalism of the Faculty of Political Science, University in Zagreb, Croatia.

All the most important theoretical models developed for comparing media systems stress the aspect of structure in defining the main dimensions that shape the media field. In this text we focus on audience behavior in media systems as the aspect of agency, understood in sociological terms as part of the structuration process. In this we expand the boundaries of audience research media systems theory byto includinge phenomena related to media usethe macro view of the media system. We apply a cluster analysis on structural variables of media systems and on audience practices in terms of media use in order to find out how similar or different are media structures and practices in different European countries, in relation to the theoretical model of media systems (Hallin and Mancini, 2004). The study finds that European audience practices show a clear North/South and not with the expected East/West differentiation. The expectation that all post-socialist European countries belong into the same model is also not supported in relation to structural media variables ; some post- socialist countries are in the structural aspects more similar to countries in the other two models of media systems. The study interestingly re- groups European countries into three distinctive structural models which differ somewhat from the original Hallin and Mancini (2004) classification

Prezentacija rezultata komparativnog istraživanja o europskim medijskim publikama

The paper explores how the shares and generic composition of programme modes of information, entertainment and fiction change in time, and how the contribution of different genres to programme flow and modes varies with the changes of political, economic and technological context. Longitudinal trends in television flows are comparatively evaluated in relation to trends in genre developments in Europe and their relationship to the changes in the cultural role of television. The results show a decrease in the information and an increase in the fiction mode between socialism and democracy, with some similarities of the Croatian and western television culture in relation to genre and mode composition and flow, albeit with a belated introduction of neo television genres.

All the most important theoretical models developed for comparing media systems stress the aspect of structure in defining the main dimensions that shape the media field. In this text we focus on audience behavior in media systems as the aspect of agency, understood in sociological terms as part of the structuration process. In this we expand the boundaries of audience research media systems theory byto includinge phenomena related to media usethe macro view of the media system. We apply a cluster analysis on structural variables of media systems and on audience practices in terms of media use in order to find out how similar or different are media structures and practices in different European countries, in relation to the theoretical model of media systems (Hallin and Mancini, 2004). The study finds that European audience practices show a clear North/South and not with the expected East/West differentiation. The expectation that all post-socialist European countries belong into the same model is also not supported in relation to structural media variables ; some post- socialist countries are in the structural aspects more similar to countries in the other two models of media systems. The study interestingly re- groups European countries into three distinctive structural models which differ somewhat from the original Hallin and Mancini (2004) classification.

Contemporary media audiences are faced with increasingly complex media environment where traditional “mass media” are used simultaneously with “new” digital, mobile, convergent, and interpersonal media. Boundaries between “old” and “new”, “mass” and interpersonal media are blurred. Audiences’ media habits become more complex, diverse and harder to track and monitor. COST Action ISO906 “Transforming Audiences, Transforming Societies” Comparative project “EU Media Audiences” conducted in January/February 2013. strive to examine these complex everyday media related activities across different platforms, context, purposes and content. I will present results for Croatia, as a part of pan- European comparative research. Croatian project was coordinated by Centre for Media and Communication Research (CIM) at Faculty of political Science, University of Zagreb. Fieldwork was carried out from 31st of January till 9th of February 2013. by GfK Croatia. Sample (N=1200) was representative for Croatian online population (18- 65 years old ; GfK’s online pool). This project is one of the first academic surveys on media audiences focused primarily on patterns of across- platform media use.

Cilj fokus grupe bio je otkriti kako korisnici definiraju neprofitne medije, kakve koristi i zadovoljenja potreba (uses and gratifications) im korištenje tih medija donosi, kako procijenjuju njihovu kvalitetu i kakva očekivanja imaju te kako politički participiraju i koliku ulogu imaju neprofitni mediji u njihovoj političkoj participaciji.

Glavni cilj ovog istraživanje je upoznavanje s medijskim navika publika neprofitnih medija u odnosu na ukupne on line medijske publike u Hrvatskoj, kao i istraživanje interesa publika neprofitnih medija za politiku, političke i informativne medijske sadržaje i građansku participaciju.