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Otvorena znanost donijela je mnoge promjene u raznim područjima znanosti. Sve više podataka postaje dostupno za korištenje, uspostavljaju se nove istraživačke infrastrukture, te uvode sveobuhvatniji načini za procjenu kvalitete samih znanstvenika. U ovom predavanju bit će predstavljeni primjeri korištenja otvorenih podataka u ekološkim istraživanjima, korištenje integrativnih metoda baziranih na ovim podatcima, ali i probleme koji se pri tome mogu javiti. Također će biti pokazano kako na jednostavan način postati pionir u novoj eri znanosti te kakve koristi možete od toga imati. Dok će se primjeri iz predavanja uglavnom odnositi na područje ekologije, većina prinicipa je primjenjiva na ostala područja znanosti.

Social and genetic mating systems play an important role in natural and sexual selection, as well as in the dynamics of populations. In socially monogamous species different genetic mating patterns appear when individuals mate outside the breeding pair within a breeding season (extra-pair mating) or when they change partners between two breeding seasons (widowing or divorce). Divorce can be defined as having occurred when two previously paired individuals are alive during the next breeding season and at least one of them has re-mated with a new partner. In socially monogamous birds divorce is widespread, but it is not clear whether it is a behavioural adaptation to improve the quality of a mating decision or whether, alternatively, it results as a non-selected consequence of other processes: existing studies suggest a heterogeneous set of results with respect to this central question. This heterogeneity could result from a number of factors, ranging from the methodological approaches used, to population- or species-specific characters. In this review we use phylogenetic meta-analyses to assess the evidence that divorce is adaptive (in terms of breeding success) across 64 species of socially monogamous birds. Second, we explore biological and methodological reasons for the heterogeneity in the results of previous studies. Results of our analyses supported the hypothesis that divorce is, in general, an adaptive behavioural strategy as: (1) divorce is triggered by relatively low breeding success ; (2) there is a positive change in breeding success as a result of divorce. More specifically, while controlling for methodological moderators, we show that: (i) earlier stages of breeding are better predictors of divorce than later stages (r = 0.231 ; 95% CI: 0.061–0.391 for clutch size ; similar for laying date) ; (ii) females benefited from divorce more than males in terms of increasing breeding success between successive breeding attempts, with different stages of the breeding cycle improving at different rates (e.g. r = 0.637 ; 95% CI: 0.328–0.817 for brood-level measures). We show that the effect size was dependent on the methodological approach used across studies and argue that research on the adaptive nature of divorce should be cautious when designing the study and interpreting the results. Altogether, by providing strong evidence that divorce is an adaptive strategy across monogamous birds, the results of our analysis provide a firm ground for further exploration of external covariates of divorce (e.g. demographic factors) and the mechanisms underlying the differences in the effect sizes of the proximal fitness causes and consequences of divorce.

In Croatia there are tenths of bird species that are known to have changed breeding range and/or abundance in the last decades. Comprehensive research had been undertaken from 1946 to 1975 on the Croatian coast. In that research representative data for 106 breeding bird species were collected. We compared those distribution data to data we collected in the recent years and tried to evaluate potential reasons for changes. For a number of species we noticed the difference in breeding range and/or abundance and for 16 species a significant change was recognized. For other species the change was not clear giving the possible difference in methodology or research effort. Thirteen species have shown positive trend increasing breeding abundance in research area (two species) or increasing breeding range (eleven species). Of the second group of species four species expanded their breeding range into colder habitats and seven species into warmer habitats. Three species have shown negative trend with decreasing abundance or becoming locally extinct. Potential driving forces for positive trend are as followed: reforestation alone, reforestation together with less disturbance, agricultural changes and climate change. Reforestation is due to abandoning rural settlements (this also means less disturbance), decreasing extensive livestock keeping and extensive afforestation. Another possible reason is constant decrease in pressure of illegal hunting and trapping on Croatian coast. For at least one species one of the reasons for increase is change in species behavior and breeding biology. The reasons for decline of three species are habitat loss due to reforestation (Short-toed Lark) and reforestation combined with increased hunting pressure (Rock Partridge) and agricultural changes (Little Owl and Rock Partridge). These species are also decreasing in other parts of Europe. Approach that we have applied is a good indicator for trends of species we had enough available data, and could be a starting point for future monitoring. This is especially important for species declining globally but also for the species that are increasing their numbers as they could be a potential competitors with endangered species.

Tijekom 2007. godine provedeno je istraživanje ornitofaune u četiri zagrebačka parka. Cilj je bio utvrditi sastav i raznolikost ornitofaune istraživanih parkova te dobivene podatke dovesti u vezu s obilježjima parkova. Time bi se ustanovio značaj ovih površina u očuvanju i unapređivanju populacija ptica grada Zagreba te dale smjernice za daljnje upravljanje parkovima. Svaki je park posjećen dva puta mjesečno u razdoblju sezone gniježđenja te jedanput mjesečno u ostatku godine. Prilikom bilježenja ptica i utvrđivanja teritorija korištena je metoda kartiranja. Varijable o obilježjima parkova izračunate su na osnovu podataka dobivenih od podružnice Zrinjevac Zagrebačkog holdinga. Tijekom istraživanja zabilježeno je ukupno 45 vrsta ptica od čega su 24 vrste gnjezdarice koje gnijezdo imaju u parku. Broj vrsta gnjezdarica koje barem dio teritorija imaju u parku iznosio je 27. Na zimovanju su zabilježene 24 vrste. Omnivorne vrste i vrste koje se hrane na tlu pokazale su se dominantnima i za gniježđenja i za zimovanja. Među gnjezdaricama s gnijezdom u parku dominantne su bile one koje gnijezde u krošnjama. Među gnjezdaricama koje barem dio teritorija imaju u parku dominantne su bile one koje gnijezde na antropogenim objektima. 13 varijabli okoliša pokazalo je povezanost s barem jednom varijablom ornitofaune a 57 varijabli ornitofaune pokazalo se korelirani s barem jednom od varijabli okoliša. Grupa omnivora pokazala je pozitivnu korelaciju s posjećenosti i pokrovnosti zgradama što za zimovanja, što za sezone gniježđenja. Ove dvije varijable okoliša su pak pokazale negativan utjecaj na ostale grupe ptica. Varijable okoliša povezane s vegetacijom pokazale su pak pozitivan utjecaj na raznolikost i bogatstvo svih grupa ptica osim omnivora. Bird communities were investigated in four urban parks in Zagreb during 2007. The study intends to asses the composition and diversity of bird communities in the parks and to establish the relationship between characteristics of ornithofauna and park characteristics. The results should help asses the importance of these areas in the conservation and promotion of bird populations in Zagreb and to address guidelines for park management. Each park was visited two times monthly during the breeding season and once monthly during the rest of the year. The mapping method was used for bird recording and for assessing territories. The park variables were calculated using the data from Zrinjevac d.o.o. A total of 45 bird species were observed. The number of breeding bird species that had a nest in a park was 24 and the number of species that had at least a part of the territory in a park was 27. A total of 24 wintering bird species was recorded. Omnivorous species were dominant during the breeding season as well as during the winter. Among the breeding species that had a nest in a park the canopy nesting species were dominant. Species nesting on artificial structures were dominant among the breeding birds with at least one part of the territory within a park. 13 park variables were correlated with leastwise one ornithofauna variable. The 57 variables of ornithofauna were related to at least one park variable. Omnivorous birds correlated positively with the proportion of the built up areas and human disturbance. These two park variables were negatively correlated with other bird groups. Vegetation variables correlated positively with the species richness and diversity of all bird groups except omnivorous.