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National audience; Les États musulmans se sont forgés au fil des siècles, une juridiction complexe basée principalement sur le Coran et la tradition prophétique (dite la « sunna » ).Ainsi, le droit musulman de tradition sunnite est historiquement régi par quatre grandes écoles, appelées maḏhab (pl. maḏâhib). Elles jouèrent un rôle prépondérant dans la formation de la législation musulmane et continuent d’influencer le quotidien de nombreux musulmans tant sur le plan des « actes rituels » (= ibādāt) que des « rapports sociaux » (= mu'āmalāt).

Ce travail s’agit d’une investigation historique et juridique sur le phénomène juridique contemporain, la naissance et diffusion du néo-constitutionalisme au sein du mode de production juridique brésilien, ainsi que sur les réactions à cette réalité. Ayant comme la base du néo-constitutionalisme la doctrine de Luís Roberto Barroso et les apports de António Manuel Hespanha et Quentin Skinner comme approche méthodologique, le processus intellectuel de leur constitution fut restitué afin de souligner les outils intellectuels employés par ces auteurs. Tout à la suite, l’on passe à l’analyse du processus de reproduction de la doctrine néoconstitutionaliste associée au système de formations de juristes, étant lui-même un outil institutionnel, et aux outils intellectuels et matériaux déployés à chaque cycle de direction. Prochainement, il est vérifié la constitution de l’image public de l’École de droit constitutionnel de l’UERJ, composée en particulier par les élèves dirigés par Luis Roberto Barroso, basée sur la doctrine néo-constitutionaliste. À la fin, la réaction à cette doctrine se manifeste à travers des projets éditoriaux distincts, l’un représenté par les Écoles de droit de la FGV se plaçant dans un paradigme néo-constitutionnel à partir d’une perspective anglo-saxonne, et l’autre représenté par l’école de l’IDP qui travaille avec les catégories néo-constitutionnalistes en dialogue avec la tradition romano-germanique. Este trabalho materializa uma investigação histórico-jurídica sobre fenômeno jurídico contemporâneo, qual seja, o surgimento e difusão do neoconstitucionalismo no modo de produção jurídico brasileiro, bem como as reações a esse fenômeno. Tendo por caso central do neoconstitucionalismo a doutrina de Luís Roberto Barroso e por orientação metodológica António Manuel Hespanha e Quentin Skinner, o processo intelectual de sua construção foi reconstituído a fim de evidenciar os instrumentos de natureza intelectual e material empregados pelo autor. Na sequência, passou-se à análise do processo de reprodução da doutrina neoconstitucionalista associado ao sistema de formação de juristas, consistente por si em instrumento de natureza institucional, bem como nos instrumentos de natureza intelectual e material mobilizados a cada ciclo de orientações. No momento seguinte, verificou-se a consolidação e constituição da imagem pública da Escola de Direito Constitucional da UERJ, composta fundamentalmente pelos alunos formalmente orientados por Luís Roberto Barroso e assentada na doutrina neoconstitucionalista. Na última etapa, a reação à referida doutrina manifestou-se em projetos editoriais distintos, um representado pelas Escolas de Direito da FGV, atuando no interior daquele paradigma doutrinário, mas em perspectiva anglo-saxã, e o outro representado pela Escola do IDP, também atuando com categorias daquele paradigma, porém em diálogo com a tradição romano-germânica. This work comprises a historical-legal research about a contemporary legal phenomenon, that is, the emergence and diffusion of neo-constitutionalism in the Brazilian legal mode of production, as well as reactions to this phenomenon. With Luís Roberto Barroso's doctrine as the central case of neo-constitutionalism and António Manuel Hespanha and Quentin Skinner as methodological guidance, the entire intellectual process of its construction was reconstituted in order to highlight the intellectual and material instruments used by the author. Then, it proceeded to the analysis of the reproduction process of the neo-constitutionalist doctrine associated with the lawyers' training systems, which itself consisted an institutional instrument, as well as to the analysis of the intellectual and material instruments mobilized in each cycle of academic supervision. At the next step, there was the consolidation and constitution of the public image of UERJ School of Constitutional Law, composed mainly of students formally supervised by Luís Roberto Barroso and based on the neo-constitutionalist doctrine. In the last stage, reactions to that doctrine were manifested in different editorial projects, one represented by the FGV Law Schools, acting within that doctrinal paradigm in an Anglo-Saxon perspective, and the other represented by the IDP School, acting with neo-constitutionalist categories in dialogue with the Romano-Germanic legal tradition (i.e., Civil Law tradition).

In this article, I investigate the way Muslims living in major Abbasid cities represented themselves when it came to legal matters. Was there any sort of legal identity evident between one place and another? To answer this question, I propose to focus the connection between the local urban elite and the government. I seek to investigate the role that the urban elite in several Iraqi and Egyptian cities played in selecting and appointing the qāḍīs during the early Abbasid period (132-218/750-833). It appears that during the second half of the second/eighth century, appointments to the judiciary were the subject of strenuous competition between the local elite and the central government. The caliphate tried to increase its authority in the main provincial cities and reduce legal heterogeneity in the empire. The local learned elite resisted this policy in order to preserve its traditional power and local interests. The Abbasids had to negotiate, and the provincial elite succeeded in keeping some of its special prerogatives in the selection of qāḍīs for some time. In the third/ninth century, however, the reinforcement of caliphal authority and the evolution of political structures resulted in a definitive marginalisation of the local elite.

International audience; While it is true that little is known about justice ( qaḍāʾ ) and how it functioned in the first century of Islam, this is no longer the case for Iraq during the Abbasid period (up to the arrival of the Būyids in 334/945), the subject of Mathieu Tillier’s recent study. In the following pages, I will provide a presentation that traces, chapter by chapter, the history of the judicial institution during this period according to the author’s outline, both in the evolution of its practices and of its means of expression and in its troubled relationship, often one of subordination to political power. When necessary, I will examine points that seem subject to debate and I will suggest some small improvements and formal corrections.; S’il est vrai que l’on a peu de connaissance sur la justice (qaḍāʾ) et son fonctionnement au premier siècle de l’Islam, cela ne concerne plus désormais l’Iraq à l’époque abbasside (jusqu’à l’avènement des Būyides en 334/945), époque à laquelle a été consacrée l’étude récente de Mathieu Tillier. Dans les pages qui vont suivre, nous donnerons une présentation qui retrace, chapitre par chapitre, l’histoire de l’institution judiciaire de cette période suivant le plan de l’auteur, aussi bien dans l’évolution de sa pratique et de ses moyens d’expression que dans ses relations troubles, maissouvent de subordination au pouvoir politique. Au besoin, nous nous interrogerons sur des points qui nous semblent sujet à débat tout en proposant quelques menues améliorations et corrections d’ordre formel.