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Işın Güneş,1 Nuran Süngü,2 Aydan Kılıçarslan,2 Volkan Şıvgın,3 Metin Alkan,3 Ayşegül Küçük,4 Hakan Boyunağa,5 Yusuf Ünal,3 Mustafa Arslan3 1Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey; 2Department of Pathology, Yıldırım Beyazıt University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey; 3Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey; 4Department of Physiology, Dumlupinar University Medical Faculty, Kütahya, Turkey; 5Department of Biochemistry, Kirikkale University Medical Faculty, Kirikkale, Turkey Objective: This study was conducted since the effects of colloid solutions on the renal system remain controversial and need to be adequately studied in animals. We aimed to evaluate the effects of hydroxyethyl starch (Voluven) on the kidney tissue of rats with late renal failure due to ureteral obstruction. Materials and methods: Rats were divided into four groups: Group C, control; Group HES, hydroxyethyl starch solution (HES) 130/0.4 (Voluven®); Group UUO, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO); and Group UUO-HES, UUO-HES 130/0.4 (Voluven®). In the groups with ureteral obstruction, the distal part of the right ureter was accessed and sutured through a lower abdominal incision under ketamine anesthesia. Any signs of late-stage renal failure were evaluated after three weeks. Rats in the HES group and the renal failure-HES group were administered with HES 130/0.4 as a single intravenous dose of 20 mL/kg. After a follow-up of 24 hours, intra-abdominal blood sample was collected, and the rats were sacrificed. Biochemical and histopathological parameters were then evaluated. Results: Ureteral obstruction significantly increased urea and creatinine levels. In addition, when the UUO-HES and HES groups were compared, the administration of HES increased urea and creatinine levels in the UUO-HES group. Nitric oxide enzyme activity and malondialdehyde levels have significantly increased in the UUO groups. In addition, HES significantly increased nitric oxide activity and malondialdehyde levels in the UUO-HES group, in comparison with the HES group. The activity of caspases 3 and 8 was significantly increased in the UUO groups. In addition, HES significantly increased the activity of caspases 3 and 8 in the UUO-HES group, in comparison with the HES group. Light microscopy revealed significant changes in the UUO groups, especially in the obstructed kidneys. Conclusion: If indicated, HES should be used with caution in cases of UUO, but not in the cases of bilateral ureteral obstruction. Other aspects of these findings, including the clinical significance and practical applications, merit further experimental and clinical investigation. Keywords: unilateral ureteral obstruction, hydroxyethyl starch solution 130/0.4, caspase 3, caspase 8, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide

Şaban Cem Sezen,1 Aysegul Kucuk,2 Abdullah Özer,3 Yiğit Kılıç,4 Barış Mardin,3 Metin Alkan,5 Fatmanur Duruk Erkent,5 Mustafa Arslan,5 Yusuf Ünal,5 Gürsel Levent Oktar,3 Murat Tosun6 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Kirikkale University Medical Faculty, Kirikkale, Turkey; 2Department of Physiology, Dumlupinar University Medical Faculty, Kutahya, Turkey; 3Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey; 4Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Dr Siyami Ersek Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; 5Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey; 6Department of Histology and Embryology, Afyon Kocatepe University Medical Faculty, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of levosimendan and thymoquinone (TQ) on lung injury after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Materials and methods: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were included in the study. The animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups. In Group C (control group), left anterior descending artery was not occluded or reperfused. Myocardial I/R was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending artery for 30 min, followed by 2 h of reperfusion in the I/R, I/R-levosimendan (24 μg/kg) (IRL) group, and I/R-thymoquinone (0.2 mL/kg) (IRTQ) group. Tissue samples taken from the lungs of rats were histochemically stained with H&E and immunohistochemically stained with p53, Bcl 2, Bax, and caspase 3 primer antibodies. Results: Increased expression of p53 and Bax was observed (4+), especially in the I/R group. In IRTQ and IRL groups, expression was also observed at various locations (2+, 3+). H&E staining revealed that that the lungs were severely damaged and the walls of the alveoli were too thick, the number of areas examined was increased during the evaluation. Caspase 3 expression was observed to be at an (1+, 2+) intensity that was usually weak and diffuse in multiple areas. Bcl 2 was not found to be expressed in any of the tissues. H&E staining revealed that that the lungs were severely damaged in the I/R group, with the walls of the channels and alveoli thickened and edematous, and also an intense inflammatory cell migration was observed. Immunohistochemical staining was more prominent in inflammatory areas and structures around the terminal bronchioles. Conclusion: The findings in our study have shown that administration of levosimendan and TQ during I/R increases expression of caspase 3, p53, and Bax in lung tissue and has a protective effect on lung as distant organ. We suggest that findings of this study be elucidated with further large-scale clinical studies. Keywords: ischemia reperfusion, levosimendan, thymoquinone, lung, caspase 3, p53

The pole mass and width of the Delta resonance are calculated in the relativistic chiral effective field theory approach. We choose a systematic power-counting procedure by applying the complex-mass scheme (CMS).

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts an increase in global temperatures of between 1.48 °C and 5.88 °C during the 21st century. Using climatic habitat suitability (climate envelope) models, we assessed the potential influence of climate change on the range of the caracal (Caracal caracal Schreber) based on the IPCC's future climatic scenarios. According to our model, the caracal faces probable local extinction risks in future warming scenarios. The results of this study indicated that the caracal's response to climate change was dependent on its adaptive likelihood and the present and future probability of climate change. The caracal's suitability exhibited trends toward local extinction in the future. We suggested that its placement on the IUCN Red List be reassessed. The caracal abundance is predicted to become dramatically reduced in the Mediterranean region but to increase towards the east and south of Africa due to climatic conditions in the future. Bioclimatic envelope models do not account for non-climatic factors such as land use, biotic interactions, human interference, and dispersal or history, and results should therefore be seen as first approximations of the potential magnitude of effect of future climatic change for the caracal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to recent genetic studies, there are eight subspecies of leopards (Panthera pardus) all over the world. Among these subspecies, the Anatolian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) is distributed in the southern and western regions of Turkey. It is a terrestrial mammal subspecies of Anatolia that is important historically, culturally and biologically. To date, there have been no studies about the Anatolian leopard, which is at the top of the food chain and has the characteristics of an umbrella species, key species and flag species in conservation studies. It is known that until 1975, the Anatolian leopard had dispersed along the forests of Central Anatolia, Mediterranean and Aegean regions. Since then, no living records have been taken, with the exception of unconfirmed information from scientists, local people and hunters. With this study, for the first time in history, one living individual(s) of the Anatolian leopard (P. p. tulliana) was photographed and video recorded via camera trap method, in the Western Taurus Mountains of the Mediterranean region of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recto–vaginal fistula (RVF) associated with atresia ani (AA) are congenital anomalies in which fecal and urinary output occurs through the vulvar region. In this study, 17 ruminants (lamb n=9, calf n=8) constituting type II AA–associated RVF cases were included. The cases were evaluated clinically, radiographically and ultrasonographically. Clinical findings included tenesmus, feces in the perivulval area, abdominal distension, partial perineal swelling and hematochezia. The abdomen and pelvis were evaluated by direct radiography and gaseous distension, dilated colon, moderate or severe megacolon were diagnosed. Using radiographic assessment of the distance between the rectum blind pouch and perineum, AA was typed and all cases were diagnosed as Type II AA. Ultrasonography was used to classify RVF and recto–lower fistula was diagnosed in all cases evaluated. All operations were performed by anoplasty using the rectal–pull through technique. No complications were encountered during the postoperative follow–up period. The aim of this study was to provide information about the diagnosis, treatment and use of radiography and ultrasonography in Type II AA with RVF in lambs and calves.

Bilinenden yola çıkarak bilinmeyene ulaşma yöntemi olarak tanımlanan mantık ilminin Müslümanlar tarafından benimsenmesi ve İslâmî ilimlerde kullanılması tarihî bir dönüşüm sürecinden geçmiştir. Fıkıh usûlüne dair ilk çalışmaların lügat ve nahiv ilimleri perspektifinde şekillendiği ve lafız-mânâ ilişkileri ortaya konulurken ihtiyaç duyulan mantık ilkelerinin zaten kullanıldığı söylenebilir. Bununla beraber Gazzâlî dönemine gelinceye kadar İslâm âlimlerinin bir kısmı, felsefenin bir parçası olarak görülen ve gayrimüslimlerin kendi inançlarını yaymak için kullandıkları bir meşgale olarak algılanan mantık ilmine karşı menfî bir tavır ortaya koymuşlardır. Zaman içinde mantığın felsefeden ayrılması ve ahkâmı şerʻiyyeyi yayma, kıyas ile yeni meselelerde hüküm çıkarma ve aklî deliller çerçevesinde kâinata ibret nazarıyla bakma gibi gerekçelerle mantık ilmine karşı müspet bir bakış açısı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu süreçte mantık ilminin Grek geleneğinden gelen biçimi İslâm düşüncesi ile yeniden şekillendirilmiş ve buna dair ilkeler geliştirilmiştir. Gelinen noktada şerʻî deliller ile fıkhî meseleleri çözümleme yöntemi olarak ifade edilen usûl-i fıkh açısından kesin, doğru ve tutarlı hükümler çıkarabilmek için mantık ilmi gerekli kabul edilmekte ve müçtehidin içtihada konu olan meselelerde bu ilmin metotlarına başvurması lüzumlu görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada İslâm âlemine girdikten sonra müçtehitlerin farklı yaklaşımlarının söz konusu olduğu mantık ilminin İslâm fıkhındaki yeri, müçtehit ile ilişkisi ve müçtehit açısından gerekliliği ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır.

Canine Coronavirus (CCV) is an important pathogen of dogs within the scope of canine enteritis complex, especially in puppies and young dogs, which may result in intestinal position changes such as invagination and/or intussusception. In this report, a 3-month-old male mixed breed dog with non-specific complaints such as loss of appetite, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and suspected intestinal intussusception as a result of abdominal palpation was presented. Clinical examinations included physical, laboratory, radiographic, and ultrasonographic examinations. As a result of laboratory and ultrasonographic examinations, metabolic acidosis, hyperlactatemia, severe hypochloremia, anemia, and ileocecocolic intussusception were determined. Also, rapid diagnostic test results were negative for Canine Parvovirus (CPV) and Giardia but positive for CCV. In order to confirm the diagnosis of ileocecocolic intussusception, an exploratory laparotomy was performed. After the preparation and appropriate disinfection and sterilization procedures of the abdominal region, jejunocolic entero-anastomosis was performed as a surgical intervention. The dog was re-evaluated after 12 hours of hospitalization period after the operation. It was determined that vital and blood parameters were within reference ranges. As a result, it was concluded that clinicians should be vigilant of possible CCV infections where CPV has been ruled out and life-threatening conditions such as intestinal intussusceptions can occur as a result of CCV infection.

This study is focused on the evaluation of macro and trace elements concentration including sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and chromium (Cr) of the serum, saliva, tears, and hair samples in Kilis goats. The study involved 33 goats without clinical signs of disease. Individual serum, saliva, tears, and hair samples from each goat were collected for element quantifications through the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method after acid digestion in a microwave system. Element concentrations varied and depended on the sample type. The most predominant element in serum and saliva samples was Na (3559±55.2 and 3265±53.6 mg/L, respectively), followed by K>Ca>Mg. Potassium was the most abundant element analyzed in tears and hair samples (3506±305 and 4664±100.5 mg/L, respectively). The major trace element was Fe in all sample types except hair samples. Nickel was detected only in serum samples (83.9±6.35 μg/L) and Mn was detected only in hair samples (12903±3142 μg/L). In all samples, Co was below the detection limit. There was a significant correlation of some elements between serum and hair (Na, K, Mg, Cu), tears and hair (K, Mg, Fe), serum and tears (K) samples. Trace elements concentration did not pose a risk for deficiency or excess. It was concluded that tears and saliva are potential alternative materials for element analysis and simultaneous tears, saliva, and hair along with serum could be useful in predicting the inorganic metabolic status of goats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of flumazenil antagonism after midazolam administration on sedative and cardiopulmonary variables in ewes. Six Awassi ewes were studied at least 14 days apart. The ewes were randomly divided into two groups as midazolam/saline (MDS) and midazolam/flumazenil (MDF). Hemodynamic values, blood gas, metabolic and electrolyte variables and reflex values were determined in both groups before midazolam (0.6 mg/kg, IV) administration (baseline) and after the 5th (T5) and 25th min (T25) of administration. At T25, saline was injected into the MDS and flumazenil (0.02 mg/kg, IV) into the MDF. The same measurements were repeated at the 5th min (T30), 35th min (T60), and 65th min (T90) of saline and flumazenil applications. Midazolam produced deep sedation and a significant increase in reflex scores in both groups at the indicated times (P

A dynamic voltage compensator (DVC) technique is presented for the minimizing of the capacitance value of the interleaved power factor corrected (PFC) boost converter for the battery charger in electric vehicles. This technique is based on eliminating the ripple on the capacitor by creating a voltage in the opposite direction as well as the amount of ripple on the capacitor. With the proposed method, the capacitance value is reduced by approximately five times. Reducing the size of the capacitor also provides the use of film-capacitors with a longer life. The other contribution of this study is designing a faster and more stable fully-digital control system, instead of the commonly used analogue controller of interleaved PFC boost converter. A 3.3 kW interleaved PFC boost converter is designed to verify the effect of the designed dynamic voltage compensator and digital controller.

The article discusses a study which examined the effects of adding stabilized rumen extract (SRE) to early weaned lamb diets on fattening performance, rumen fermentations and diet digestibility. The study included 18 two-month old male tuj lambs that were divided into three groups to receive either 20 percent hay, 80 percent concentrate and ad libitum. It found no significant differences among the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility of the lambs. However, lower total volatile fatty acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid were found in the treatment groups.

Klasik Hanefî hukuk terminolojisinde önemli bir yeri olan teaddî kelimesi, günümüzde genellikle hukuka aykırılık olarak anlaşılmakta ve aktarılmaktadır. Hukuka aykırılığın, fâilin fiile dönük iradesinden bağımsız objektif bir unsur olması ve Mecelle’nin mübâşeret ve tesebbüb sorumluluğunu düzenleyen ilgili maddelerinde (müteaddî yerine) müteammid kelimesinin kullanılması, teaddîliğin hukuka aykırılığa indirgenip indirgenemeyeceği sorununu karşımıza çıkarmaktadır. Klasik Hanefî literatürün ilgili kısımları incelendiğinde, teaddî kelimesinin, hukuka aykırı ve aynı zamanda fâilinin iradesi sonucu (veya en azından özen yükümlülüğünün ihmali sonucu) açığa çıkmış davranışı temsil etmek üzere kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bir diğer ifadeyle teaddî kelimesi, teammüd anlamını da kapsayacak bir içerikte kullanılmaktadır. Esasen Mecelle’de, müteaddî yerine müteammid kelimesinin kullanılmış olması da bu tespiti destekler niteliktedir.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the vulnerability levels of Turkey in terms of natural disasters and to guide decision makers and strategists in this field. In the study, disaster data obtained for 1987–2011 were used, and the disaster of type was most observed in our country.Materials and Methods: Data vulnerability indices against the disasters were calculated using a Data Envelopment Analysis Program (DEAP) 2.1 program with a Data envelopment analysis-based output-oriented Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index method.Results: The regions of Turkey, which have the highest vulnerability index for the disasters, were TRA2 (0.323), TRB2 (0.305), and TRB1 (0.287) regions. In addition, it was seen that in the Black Sea region, the TR82 (0.267) region was more vulnerable than the other places of the region. In this study, a picture of the whole country over a period of 25 years in terms of disasters was captured.Conclusion:In the picture, it is seen that economic and social costs endured due to disasters are separated into two regions starting from the region of Eastern Anatolia and the north branch extends across the Black Sea region and the other south branch reaches to the Mediterranean.

We discuss the pole mass and the width of the Δ(1232) resonance to third order in chiral effective field theory. In our calculation we choose the complex-mass renormalization scheme (CMS) and show that the CMS provides a consistent power-counting scheme. In terms of the pion-mass dependence, we compare the convergence behavior of the CMS with the small-scale expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the normal and abnormal proportions of the flexor tendons of forelimbs of healty and tendinitis throughbred horses were measured ultrasonographically. Dimensions, circumferences and cross-sectional areas of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), check ligament (CL) and suspensory ligament (SL) were measured. The determination of the physiological boundaries of those tendons were aimed. The horse which are used in the study are 2-4 years old, in healty 19 and 6 horses with tendinitis throughbreds these measurements were applicated. Throughbred english horse area 2 for circumferences values of the MFDS were 0.869 + 0.453 cm2, MFDD values were 1,062 + 0.510 cm2, IC values were 1,324 + 0.647 cm2 and the horses with tendinitis values of the MFDS (0.625 + 0.181), MFDD (0.830 + 0.285) and LA (0.687 + 0.220) cm2 were estimated. There are no differences between two groups by statistically. Area 2 for lenght values of the MFDS were 1.615 + 0.649 cm, MFDD values were 1.698 + 0.600 cm, IC values were 2.078 + 0.665 cm, the horses with tendinitis values of the MFDS (1.213 + 0.335) cm, MFDD (1.303 + 0.160), ve LA (1.413 + 0.349) cm were evaluated. Especially, MFDD tendon and LA tendon show statistically differences between compared to normal one concern about lenght of tendon. As a conclusion, healty thoroughbred English horses and horses with tendinitis of flexor tendons of forelimbs were determined of morphometric measurements by ultrasonographically. The standard measurements were compared to tendinitis group and other breeds.