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Increasing the competitiveness of the tourism industry of the Mediterranean countries by creating more and better jobs with the sustainable growth of tourism is the main goal of all countries. However, the development of tourism in the Mediterranean countries and the effects are not compatible with each other. This chapter will explain tourism and economic growth nexus: the case of Mediterranean countries. The first part of the study examined the contribution of tourism to the world economy, and then the Mediterranean region were discussed. When the contributions were analyzed, it was determined that North and South are divided into two. By demonstrating that the environmental effects of growth in tourism are different, policy recommendations have been made to these two separate Mediterranean regions.

AR-GE faaliyetleri ve bunun devamında ortaya çıkanteknolojik gelişme sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmanın en önemliunsurlarından birisidir. Birçok ülke gelişmişliğe giden yolda AR-GEyatırımlarının önemini fark etmiş, çeşitli teşvik politikaları ve yasaldüzenlemelerle yeni bir sistem oluşturarak bu alandaki eksikliklerini kapatmaçabası içine girmişlerdir. Çalışmanınamacı, seçilmiş OECD ülkeleri kullanılarak (Fransa, İtalya, Slovenya vePolonya) 1996-2015 dönemi için Ar-Ge harcamaları ve GSYİH arasındaki ilişkiyiVAR analizi yardımıyla araştırmaktır. Çalışmada önce durağanlığın belirlenmesiiçin Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) ve Philliphs Perron (PP) birim kök testiyapılmıştır. Birim kök testi sonuçlarına göre tüm serilerin seviye aşamasındadurağan oldukları görülmüştür. Varyansayrıştırma ve etki-tepki fonksiyonlarına ait sonuçlar, Ar-Ge’deki herhangi birdeğişmenin GSYİH dengesi üzerinde anlamlı bir etki yapmadığını, ancak GSYH’nin Ar-Ge üzerindeanlamlı bir etki yaptığı göstermektedir., R&D activities and the subsequent technological development are one of the most important elements of sustainable economic growth and development. Many countries have recognized the importance of R&D investments on the road to development and have tried to close their deficiencies by creating a new system with various incentive policies and legal regulations. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between R&D expenditures and GDP for the period 1996-2015 through VAR analysis using selected OECD countries. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Philliphs Perron (PP) unit root tests were performed to determine the stability before study. According to the unit root test results, all the series have been found to be stationary at the level. Results of variance decomposition and impact-response functions show that any change in R&D does not have a significant effect on the GDP balance, but GDP appears to have a significant effect on R&D.

Kamu harcamalarındaki artış ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi iktisatçılar tarafından her zaman tartışma konusu olmuştur. Genel kamu harcamalarının alt kalemi olan savunma harcamaları, nitelik bakımından diğer birçok kamu malına benzemekle beraber bazı farklılıkları nedeniyle ekonomik etkileri tartışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada savunma harcamalarının, ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkileri, Türkiye ekonomisi için iki farklı iktisadi görüş çerçevesinde, 1970-2015 yıllarına ait savunma harcamaları ve reel GSYH rakamları, Granger nedensellik testi yardımıyla açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi konu alınan yaklaşımlar "Askeri Keynesci Yaklaşım" ve "Neo-Klasik Yaklaşım" olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Çalışmadan elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre Türkiye ekonomisi için savunma harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasında eş bütünleşmeve uzun dönemli bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmemiştir., The study of the relationship between public expenditures and economic growth has always been a matter of debate by economists. Defense expenditures, which are considered as sub-items of general public expenditures, are similar to other public goods in many respects; however the effects are differentiated in terms of other goods. In this study, the effects of defense spending on economic growth are tried to be explained for Turkish economy, by two different economic approaches and the data's of 1970-2015 defense expenditure and GDP per capita with the help of Granger causality test. Approaches related to the relationship between variables in the study are called "Military Keynesian Approach" and "Neo-Classical Approach". According to the analysis results, there is no cointegration and causality relationship between defense spending and economic growth for Turkish economy.

Poverty is one of the biggest problems in developing countries. Poverty is general scarcity or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Poverty issue is examined on a sector and national levels. Addition it is examined in households and gender level in many countries. When these studies are examined, the most affected segments of poverty are women and children. In our study: The relationship between the woman poverty rates and female labour force participation rates were examined in Turkey. Poor children do not only occur in developing countries. In developed countries and in countries with high income levels, poor children are likely to occur. Adults’ poverty is possible to solve in time with employment, aids and donations. However, child poverty continues in the future. Unfortunately, aid to households are not enough. So the problem must be clearly demonstrated and implemented specific policies for children. Child is the social structure of the subject. Damage to children will be create a domino effect in the future. Consequently, it should be recognized and taken measures taken in advance.

World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, MAY 28-30, 2015, Istanbul, TURKEY --, The aim of the study is to define the possible effects of electronic payments, which are distinct from conventional payment systems, on central banks and their policies. Since the existence of civilizations, many different values are used for exchange of commodities, goods and services. By the development of modern economics theory, banknotes which is easier to produce, has been started to use instead of precious metals. The monetary value of the banknotes and mintage responsibility were transferred to the central banks. These central banks are tasked with controlling the monetary policies, generally with the goals of economic growth, price stability and stability of financial systems. Recently, the growing understanding of money has became completely different from traditional money and don't control or produce by central banks. However it serves as money and it carries the same specialties. Users are also able to reach and transfer electronic money without intermediaries and central banks. Electronic money is produced and secured by internet codes. Despite the complicated matrix codes, still there are doubts on its security. Some countries prohibited their usage as a policy decision. The most popular electronic money currencies are Bit coin, E-Cash, Visa, PayPal and Check- Free all over the world. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

This study is focused on technology policies and knowledge economy. Technology policies which mostly aim to strenghten the countries’ technological ability and competiveness are chancing in the process of knowledge economy. Technology policies are handle as more system-oriented in theoretical base and applications are developing in this point of view. Moreover “national innovation system” approach which emphasize the interactions between actors in the economic system also also have seriously effects on technology policies., Bu çalışmada, bilgi ekonomisi ve teknoloji politikaları incelenmektedir. Ülkelerin teknolojik yeterliliğini arttırmayı ve rekabetçiliğini güçlendirmeyi amaçlayan teknoloji politikaları, bilgi ekonomisi sürecinde değişime uğramaktadır. Teknoloji politikaları teorik temelde daha sistem odaklı olarak ele alınmakta ve uygulamalar bu yönde gelişmektedir. Ayrıca ekonomik sistem içerisindeki aktörlerin etkileşimlerine vurgu yapan “ulusal yenilik sistemi” yaklaşımı da, teknoloji politikaları üzerinde önemli etkiler bırakmaktadır.

Agricultural production depends on natural conditions. All the countries try to stabilize and increase the food supply for communities. For this reason, the agriculture sector, support policies analyzed and conducted well. In agricultural support policies, there are different objectives like raising farm incomes, production and productivity. In Turkey, agricultural is very important. Because certain part of the population of Turkey live in rural areas. There are agricultural activities. They support those living in urban areas, especially in times of crisis. People living in rural areas, as well as food and labor force ready for those living in urban areas. In 2001 is an important milestone in Turkish agricultural policies. Before 2001, agricultural support policies consisted of mainly market price support, credit support and input subsidies. New policies started to be implemented after 2001. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of success in the new agricultural support policies in the context of the agreement with the European Union. We tried to find the best way to deal with the current main problems of Turkish Agricultural Sector in last year's.