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This study investigates the forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) that Syrian refugee women are subjected to. It also examines the strategies that are used to deal with IPV. The main focus of the study is to determine the reasons that prevent Syrian women refugees from seeking formal help. The study use qualitative method, the data were gathered using an in-depth semi-structured interview with 20 married Syrian refugees in Ankara. The study found that most of the women were subjected to all forms of IPV. It also found that the women used Placating strategy to deal with IPV. It also found that five main factors hinder women from seeking help or talking about IPV with specialists. These factors are socio-culture factors, factors related to the nature of violence, factors related to women's perceptions, factors related to services provided, and factors related to asylum conditions. The study recommended the need to increase awareness programs for Syrian refugee women about women's rights, violence against women, health and social consequences of IPV.

In the present work, diethanol amine modified polystyrene based polymer (PVBC-Diethanol amine) was synthesized and characterized, then surface properties of the polymer were examined by inverse gas chromatography method at infinite dilution. The retention diagrams obtained based on the interaction of polar and nonpolar probes with the polymer were drawn over a temperature range from 30 to 55 °C. Through the diagrams, the dispersive component of the surface free energy, g S D of the polymer surface, and the specific enthalpy of adsorption, DH A S , of probes on the polymer were also calculated. Lewis acid, K A , and Lewis base, K D , parameters of PVBC-Diethanol amine surface were determined. The values of K A and K D indicated that PVBC-Diethanol amine surface exhibited a basic behavior.

In this study, the biosorption of methylene blue (MB) dye using the wild macrofungus (Lactarius piperatus) (LP) was studied. To determine the optimum conditions, the effects of contact time, initia...

The miscibility behavior of the blends of a copolyester of bisphenol-A with terephthalic and isophthalic acids in equal ratio and poly(methyl methacrylate) was studied by different experimental techniques. The intrinsic viscosities were determined for several copolyesters of bisphenol-A with terephthalic and isophthalic acids in equal ratio and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends in dilute chloroform solutions at 25°C by viscometric analysis. From experimental results of the intrinsic viscosities of the polymer blends, some miscibility parameters were obtained by applying the criteria proposed by some research groups. The miscibility of the blends was also studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimeter.

The thermodynamic properties of 4-(octyloxy) benzoic acid (OBA) liquid crystal (LC) were investigated at infinite dilution by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The phase transition temperatures of OBA LC were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and IGC. The thermodynamic region was determined to be between 160 and 170 ��C. Specific retention volumes were calculated using IGC measurements to prepare retention diagrams. The results from the diagrams were used to characterize the thermodynamic properties of the OBA LCs. Based upon these properties, the solvents used in this study were determined to be unsuitable for OBA LCs. The separation of structural isomer series (butyl acetate, butyl alcohol, and amyl alcohol series) was studied by an OBA LC coated Chromosorb W stationary phase in the thermodynamic region. This system was able to distinguish the isomers according to the determined selectivity coefficients.

Kadınların yaşadıkları cinsel şiddeti, fiziksel şiddet kadar kolay anlatamadıkları bilinmektedir. Cinselşiddetten sağ kurtulan pek çok kadın çeşitli nedenlerle özellikle de yargılanacakları kaygısıylayaşadıklarını paylaşmamakta/paylaşamamakta ve bu nedenle de yaşadıkları travmayıatlatamamaktadırlar. Bir kadın paylaşım forumu olan Kadınlar Kulübü’nde 2015 yılı Şubat ayından2018 yılı Haziran ayına kadar “taciz” veya “tecavüz” kelimeleri içeren tüm başlıkların incelendiğibu araştırmada otuz üç cinsel şiddet ifşası ve onlara verilen 2203 yanıt, yorumlayıcı açıklayıcımetodoloji kullanılarak niteliksel ikincil analiz ile çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmada cinsel saldırıdan sağkurtulanların ifşa nedenleri; ifşalarında paylaştıkları duygular; ifşalara verilen tepkiler ve butepkiler sonrası ifşa edenin hisleri analiz edilmiştir. İfşalara verilen tepkilerin saldırıdan hayattakalan için önemi göz önüne alındığında büyük çoğunluğu destekleyici olsa da az sayıdaki negatiftepki endişe vericidir. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda saldırıdan hayatta kalanların gizliliklerinikoruyarak ifşada bulundukları online ortamlarda uzmanlarla

The ability to separate isomer series and the surface properties of cholesteryl chloroformate (CC) liquid crystal were investigated by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The retention diagrams of th...

Liquid crystal (LC) compound 4-Benzyloxyphenyl 4-[4-( n -dodecyloxy)benzoyloxy]benzoate (BDBB) was prepared and characterized. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was to be a beneficial analysis method for the research of thermodynamic characteristics of the new LC. Acetate and alcohol isomers were used to examine LC selectivity via the IGC technique at temperatures between 333.2 K and 483.2 K. The retention diagrams of n -heptane, n -octane, n -nonane, n -decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, n -butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n -propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, and toluene on BDBB were plotted with temperatures of 483.2–493.2 K. Flory–Huggins interaction parameter and weight fraction activity coefficient at infinite dilution were researched for BDBB.

Urtica dioica (nettle) is a plant species of the Urticaceae family that grows in various parts of the world and exerts antioxidant, antibacterial, antiulcer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects. Their leaves, roots, and seeds are used in various fields such as food, medicine, and cosmetics.Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to evaluate the surface characteristics and separation ability of U. dioica leaves, roots, and seeds. Characterization of these biomasses was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses.The surface properties of the biomasses including dispersive surface energy, adsorption enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and acidity-basicity constants were determined at infinite dilution using various organic solvents. These properties were compared with each other. Dispersive surface energies were calculated using the Dorris-Gray, Donnet-Park, and Schultz methods. The accuracy of these methods and their applicability were evaluated. In the last stage of this study, the separation of xylene isomers was investigated by using U. dioica biomasses as stationary phases.The surface functional groups were determined by FTIR analysis. As a result of the IGC studies, it was found that the adsorption of polar solvents on biomasses occurred exothermically and spontaneously. Besides, it was found that the surfaces of biomasses were basic. From the retention diagrams and selectivity coefficients, it was determined that xylene isomers were effectively separated.IGC is a promising, low-cost, easy-to-apply, and high-accuracy technique for the investigation of the surface properties of biomasses and their ability to separate isomers.

In the present study, poly(vinyl benzyl chloride) (PVBC) was prepared by the radical polymerization method. Then, PVBC was reacted with dibutyl amine to obtain tertiary amine-modified poly(styrene) based polymer (PVBC-Dibutyl amine) and the resulting polymer was characterized. Surface properties of the polymer were investigated by inverse gas chromatography method at infinite dilution region. For this purpose, the retention diagrams of carefully selected polar and non-polar solvents (probes) on PVBC-Dibutyl amine were obtained over a temperature range from 30 to 50 $$^\circ{\rm C}$$ . By using the diagrams, the dispersive component of the surface free energy of the polymer surface was calculated for the studied temperatures by two different methods. The specific enthalpy of adsorption and the specific component of the adsorption free energy of solvents on PVBC-Dibutyl amine which are adsorption thermodynamic parameters were determined for each solvent used. Using the adsorption data, Lewis acid and Lewis base parameters of PVBC-Dibutyl amine surface were calculated. The obtained parameters reflected that surface of PVBC-Dibutyl amine exhibited a basic behavior. Considering the values in the literature, the effect of dibutyl amine moieties in the structure of poly(styrene) based polymer PVBC-Dibutyl amine on the dispersive surface free energy and acid–base parameters of poly(styrene) was discussed.

The selectivity of 4-(Decyloxy) benzoic acid (DBA) liquid crystal in surface adsorption region (303.2-328.2 K) and thermodynamic region (423.2 - 433.2 K) was investigated by inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution (IGC-ID). The selectivity parameters of the structural isomer series named butyl acetate, butyl alcohol, and amyl alcohol series were calculated for the DBA using IGC-ID technique. Additionally, the surface properties including dispersive surface energy (gS D), free energy (DGA S), enthalpy (DHA S), and acidity-basicity constants were calculated with net retention volumes obtained from IGC-ID experiment results. When the DHA S and DGA S are constants, DBA surface was found to be an acidic character (KD/KA @ 0.89).

In the present work, vinyl benzyl chloride (VBC) was polymerized by using free radical polymerization. The obtained PVBC was reacted with dibutyl amine to obtain tertiary amine modified polystyrene based polymer (PVBC-Dibutyl amine). The inverse gas chromatography (IGC) method was used to examine the thermodynamic properties of the polymer. Firstly, the retention diagrams of some polar and non-polar solvents on PVBC-Dibutyl amine were obtained over a temperature range from 135 to 160 degrees C. Then, the thermodynamic parameters, including Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, weight fraction activity coefficient, partial molar heat of sorption, and partial molar heat of mixing were determined via interactions between the polymer and selected solvents at infinite dilution. The results reveal that the alkanes are poor solvents for the polymer whereas n-butyl acetate, i-butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propylbenzene, i-propylbenzene, and ethylbenzene are moderately solvents in the studied temperature range.

Beside the traditional social work knowledge and value base, the empowerment approach involves understanding and analyzing oppression, and experiencing the empowerment process by focusing on power and oppression. In the relevant literature, it is seen that power is discussed with its conceptual dimensions, there is no information and discussion on how power relations can be analyzed by focusing on power relations. This article, which is structured on the basis of the concepts of power, powerlessness and oppression, discusses the issue of empowerment that started with Jane Addams in social work discipline and profession is emphasized along with historical view on power and powerlessness. The aim of this study is to discuss the concept of power and historicalness of power, and to understand how individuals are weakened with the use of oppression and oppression tools, and understand the empowerment process which are the analysis steps of power relations, and enabling change in power relations with the development of critical consciousness by understanding, exploring, reframing the power relations. As a result, emphasizing the importance of empowerment in social work for achieving beloved, equitable and fair community, it is argued that there is a need for a paradigm change based on empowerment in the social work knowledge and practice., Güçlenme yaklaşımı, geleneksel sosyal hizmetin bilgi ve değer temelinin yanında, baskıyı kavramayı ve analiz etmeyi, güç ve baskıya odaklanarak güçlenme sürecini deneyimlemeyi içerir. İlgili alanyazında gücün yalnızca kavramsal boyutlarıyla tartışıldığı, güç ilişkilerine odaklanılmadığı, güç ilişkilerinin analizinin nasıl gerçekleştirilebileceğine ilişkin bilgilerin ve tartışmaların yer almadığı görülmektedir. Güç, güçsüzlük ve baskı kavramları temelinde yapılandırılan bu makalede, güç ve güçsüzlüğe ilişkin tarihsel görüşler ile birlikte sosyal hizmet disiplin ve mesleğinde Jane Addams ile başlayan güçlenme meselesi ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile güç kavramı ve gücün tarihselliği tartışılarak baskı ve baskı araçlarının kullanımı ile bireylerin nasıl güçsüzleştirildiği, güç ilişkilerinin analiz adımları olan güç ilişkilerini anlama, keşfetme, yeniden çerçeveleme ve eleştirel bilincin gelişimi ile güç ilişkilerinde değişimi sağlama ile güçlenme sürecinin kavranması amaçlanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak sevgi dolu, adil ve eşitlikçi bir toplum hayaline erişmede sosyal hizmet için güçlenmenin önemine vurgu yapılarak sosyal hizmet bilgi üretiminde ve uygulamasında güçlenme temelli bir paradigma değişimine ihtiyaç olduğu savunulmaktadır.

This study examines the experiences of divorced women who were subjected to domestic violence from their former spouses. The purpose of this study includes investigating violence in marital life and post-divorce, coping strategies for survival and external factors that empower/disempower women based on their life experiences. The study uses qualitative research methods. The data are retrieved from qualitative interviews with 13 women who were exposed to domestic violence while they were married and after their divorce. The participants were divorced through either informal or formal divorce procedures. Five themes emerged from the study: how to seek help, the endless circle of violence, divorce and family oppression, coping strategies, and awareness raising. The study shows that, during the divorce process, the participant women became more empowered and adopted better coping strategies than in the pre-divorce period. The study provides an understanding of domestic violence in the post-divorce phase. This research reveals the continuation of partner violence even after divorce.

The inverse gas chromatography method was used to obtain dispersive surface energy, surface acidity or basicity constants, mole fraction activity coefficients of the solvents at infinite dilution f...

WOS:000465190400020 The novel chalcone modified poly (styrene) based polymer (PVBC-DMAC) has been prepared and characterized. By using the inverse gas chromatography method, we determined glass transition temperature and surface properties of PVBC-DMAC. The obtained glass transition temperature, T-g, is a good agree with the one obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. Also considering some isomeric alcohol and acetate solvents in the temperature range from 303.2 K to 353.2 K, we investigated the polymer selectivity. The parameters K-A (acidic) and K-D (basic) of the PVBC-DMAC surface were calculated. The obtained K-A, K-D values reflected that PVBC-DMAC surface has a basic character. Yildiz Technical University Scientific Research Projects Coordination DepartmentYildiz Technical University [FDK-2018-3502] This research has been supported by Yildiz Technical University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department. Project Number: FDK-2018-3502.

In this study, firstly, retention behavior of solvents on the liquid crystalline material 4-decyloxybiphenyl-4′-carboxylic acid (DBCA) has been studied by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique. Liquid crystal (LC) selectivity was investigated using the acetate isomers by the IGC method at temperatures between 333.2 K and 543.2 K. Later on, the interactions of LC with n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene and toluene between 518.2 K and 543.2 K were examined. LC-solvent interaction parameters for Flory-Huggins theory, χ12∞, and equation of state theory, χ12∗, effective exchange energy parameters, Xeff, the weight fraction activity coefficent, Ω1∞, the partial molar heat of mixing at infinite dilution of the solvent, ∆H1∞, molar heat of vaporization of solvent, ∆HV and the partial molar heat of sorption of the solvent, ∆H1, s were obtained. Secondly, polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) composite film in composition 20/80 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA):DBCA by weight was synthesized by solvent-induced phase separation method. The mesomorphic behavior of DBCA and PDLC composite has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical polarizing microscopy (PM).

An inverse gas chromatography (IGC) study of thermodynamic interactions of a new chiral calamitic liquid crystalline 5-(( S )-3,7-Dimethyloctyloxy)-2-[[[4-(dodecyloxy)phenyl]imino]methyl]phenol ( DODPIMP ) with some solvents was presented. The retention diagrams of the solvents on the DODPIMP were plotted by specific retention volumes, V g 0 at temperatures between 373.2 and 393.2 K. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, χ 12 ∞ , the weight fraction activity coefficient, Ω 1 ∞ and selectivity coefficients, α, of the structural isomers were determined for the DODPIMP liquid crystal. To characterize the surface properties of, retention diagrams of several non-polar and polar solvents on the DODPIMP were plotted by net retention volumes, V N in the temperature range from 303.2 to 318.2 K. The dispersive surface energy, the thermodynamic adsorption parameters and the acid–base constants of the compound in the crystalline phase were determined. The results indicated a basic character for the surface of DODPIMP at the studied conditions.

The inverse gas chromatography (IGC) method was used to obtain thermodynamic and surface properties of the thermotropic liquid crystalline material, 4-[4-((S)-citronellyloxy)benzoyloxy]benzoic acid (CBB). Liquid crystal (LC) selectivity was investigated using the alcohol and acetate isomers by the IGC method at temperatures between 338.2 K and 463.2 K. The retention diagrams of n-decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, n-butyl acetate, iso-butyl acetate, ethylbenzene and chlorobenzene on CBB were plotted in the temperature range between 468.2 K and 493.2 K. The specific retention volume, , Flory–Huggins interaction parameter, , equation-of-state interaction parameter, , the partial molar heat of sorption, , the partial molar heat of mixing, , the molar heat of vaporization, and the weight fraction activity coefficient, , were determined.The dispersive component of the surface free energy, , of the studied adsorbent surface was estimated in the infinite dilution region. The specific free energy of a...

This study, from a feminist perspective, aimed at examining the experiences of women whose children with cerebral palsy received a treatment at a physiotherapy and rehabilitation center located in Ankara, Turkey. The study intended to reveal the perceptions of in-family roles of women with disabled children, their participation in public life, and their self-concept within the scope of feminist social work. Thus, the objective of the present study was to contribute to the understanding of the fact that non gender-blind services should be developed in this field on the basis of social justice and human rights, which constitutes the fundamental philosophy of social work. Qualitative research method was employed in the study where data were analyzed through content analysis. The findings of the study were interpreted under four main themes: the lives of the women with disabled children after their disabled children were born; being a woman within the scope of family life, participation in decision-making pro...

A new chiral calamitic liquid crystal 4′-((S)-3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)phenyl 4-(10-undecen-1-yloxy)benzoate (DOPUB) has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). The focus is on the preparation of the nanocomposites of new chiral calamitic liquid crystal DOPUB/Organo-montmorillonite clay (OMMT) by solution intercalation method addition with OMMT contents 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt% and determination of the morphology, thermal behavior, and crystalline properties of liquid crystal DOPUB/OMMT. Montmorillonite (MMT) modified by cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for increasing the interaction of clay with DOPUB liquid crystal. The characterization of clay minerals and nanocomposites was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The mesomorphic behavior of liquid crystal (DOPUB) and the nanocomposites was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical polarizing microscopy (PM).

The inverse gas chromatography method was used to obtain thermodynamic and surface properties of the thermotropic liquid crystalline material, 4-[4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzoyloxy]benzoic acid (EBBA). The retention diagrams of undecane, dodecane, tridecane, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, iso-butyl acetate, toluene, ethylbenzene, iso-propylbenzene, n-propylbenzene and chlorobenzene on EBBA were plotted at temperatures between 443.2 and 468.2 K. The specific retention volume, , Flory–Huggins interaction parameter, , equation-of-state interaction parameter, , and effective exchange energy parameter, , were determined. The dispersive component of the surface free energy, , of the studied adsorbent surface was estimated using retention times of different nonpolar organic solvents in the infinite dilution region. The specific free energy of adsorption, the enthalpy of adsorption, , and the entropy of adsorption, , of solvents on liquid crystal were determined. The values of were correlated with the donor and the a...

The aim of this research is to explore views about, and the extent of, political participation amongst students in a Department of Social Work. The sample was composed of 127 fourth and sixth-term students. One of the most striking outcomes of the research is that young peoples' political participation remains low, despite widespread dissatisfaction with political and economic systems. The results of this study and analysis are based on sociocultural and historic developments specific to Turkey, specifically the culture of fear fostered in Turkey following the military coup d'etat of 1980, and the influence this had in the intergenerational conveyance of the notion that the ‘father government’ can protect the public without the need for active political participation, which is still prevalent amongst the study participants.

A new banana-shaped liquid crystal compound, i.e., the bent-core mesogen, 4-Bromo-1,3-phenylene-bis[4-[4′-(10-undecenyloxy)-benzoyloxy]]benzoate (BPUBB), has been synthesized and characterized. Phase transition temperatures of BPUBB were determined by polarizing microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The inverse gas chromatography method was utilized to obtain the surface characterization of BPUBB. This compound was used as a stationary phase in the chromatographic column and nine solutes with a different chemical nature were used as eluents. The dispersive component of the surface free energy, γ D S , of studied adsorbent surface was estimated using retention times of different nonpolar organics in the infinite dilution region. The specific free energy of adsorption, ΔGS A , the enthalpy of adsorption, ΔHS A , and the entropy of adsorption, ΔSS A , of solvents on liquid crystal were determined. The values of the ΔHS A were correlated with both the donor and the acceptor numbers of the probes t...

The surface energy of a semifluorinated salicylaldimine liquid crystal has been characterised by inverse gas chromatography over the temperature range 303 to 323 K using n-alkanes, tetrahydrofurane, dichloromethane, chloroform, acetone and ethyl acetate molecular probes. The dispersive component of the surface free energy of the adsorbent surface studied was calculated according to the approaches of Fowkes and Dorris–Gray in the infinite dilution region. The specific free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption of polar probes on the liquid crystal were determined. The values of the specific enthalpy of adsorption were correlated with both the donor and the acceptor numbers of the probes to quantify the acidic and the basic parameters of the liquid crystal surface. The surface of the semifluorinated salicylaldimine liquid crystal was found to show a basic nature, which determined the nature of its interaction with the polar probes.

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to analyze the secondary transition temperatures and the miscibility of binary mixtures of poly (ether imide) (Ultem™) and a copolyester of bisphenol-A with terephthalic and isophthalic acids (50/50) (Ardel™) in three compositions (25/50, 50/50 and 75/25). Retention diagrams of the mixtures of Ultem™ and Ardel™ for n-nonane, n-decane, n-butyl acetate and isoamyl acetate were obtained at temperatures between 60 and 285 °C. Second-order transition temperatures of the mixtures were determined according to the slope change in retention diagrams of the solvents. The glass transition temperatures of the mixtures suggested the miscibility of the polymers. Polymer–polymer interaction parameters of binary mixtures of the polymers were determined at temperatures between 260 and 285 °C by Flory–Huggins theory. The polymer–polymer interaction parameters were dependent on the solvent used. The small values of polymer–polymer interaction parameters close to zero suggest some weak interactions between the polymers in the mixture. It was concluded that it was possible to obtain more meaningful information related to the interactions of polymers in a mixture from IGC measurements, if binary polymer–solvent interaction parameters of the used solvent probes were around 0.5.

This study examines the opinions and attitudes of social work students towards issues of social justice. In the scope of the study, participants listed socio-economic status and political views as two factors that have the greatest bearing on ‘being subjected to injustice’ and stated that social workers should adopt an attitude of passive resistance against injustice. The students were found to believe that it is necessary for the state to play specific roles related to social welfare rights and to underline the political dimension of justice.

The inverse gas chromatography method was used to obtain thermodynamic and surface properties of the calamitic thermotropic liquid crystalline material, (S)-5-dodecyloxy-2-[[[4-(2-methylbutoxy)phenyl]imino]methyl]phenol, which is a Schiff base. The retention diagrams of the infinitely diluted solutions of acetate and alcohol isomers of (S)-5-dodecyloxy-2-[[[4-(2-methylbutoxy)phenyl]imino]methyl]phenol were plotted between 313 and 383 K using the inverse gas chromatography method. The isomer seperation of (S)-5-dodecyloxy-2-[[[4-(2-methylbutoxy)phenyl]imino]methyl]phenol isomers as chromatographic probes was represented by retention diagrams. The thermodynamic interaction parameters such as the Flory–Huggins liquid crystal–solvent parameter and the hard-core liquid crystal–solvent parameter, the weight fraction activity coefficient and the exchange parameters such as the effective energy, enthalpy and entropy were determined for the studied solvents at infinite dilution. Then the partial molar heat of sorp...

The retention volume diagrams of ethyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, benzene, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, acetone, chloroform, and acetonitrile on the poly(n-hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) were plotted at temperature ranges from 333 to 393 K by inverse gas chromatography technique. Some polymer-solvent thermodynamic interaction parameters, such as weight fraction activity coefficient, Ω, Flory-Huggins, χ, hard-core, χ, and some exchange parameters such as effective energy, Xeff, enthalpy, X12, and entropy, Q12, were determined for studied solvents at infinite dilution of PHMA at temperatures mentioned above. Then the partial molar heat, , and free energy, , of sorption as well as the partial molar heat, , and free energy, , of mixing at infinite dilution were determined. In addition, the solubility parameter of PHMA, δ2, was determined as 8.8 (cal/cm3)1/2 at room temperature by extrapolation of the values of solubility parameters from studied temperatures to 298 K. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

The synthesis, characterisation and mesomorphic properties of a new chiral liquid crystal, (S)-5-(10-undecenyloxy)-2-[[[4-(2-methylbutoxy)phenyl]imino]methyl]phenol (UMBPIMP) are described. The phase transition temperatures of this mesogenic compound have been investigated by optical polarising microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and inverse gas chromatography. The thermodynamics of UMBPIMP were investigated in order to understand its selectivity as a stationary phase in gas chromatography. Its liquid crystal selectivity was tested using the isomers n-butyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate and iso-butyl acetate, and the isomers n-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and iso-butyl alcohol, as model chromatographic probes. The retention diagrams of the isomers were plotted between 30°C and 110°C using inverse gas chromatography. Using the specific retention volume, , parameters such as the Flory–Huggins polymer–solvent interaction, , and hard-core polymer–solvent interaction, , and exchange parameters suc...

It was determined that the thermal stability of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (P4MP) was maintained up to 424°C in an inert atmosphere by thermogravimetric analysis. The retention diagrams of ethyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, and benzene on P4MP were plotted at temperatures between 30 and 280°C by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique. Melting temperature of the polymer was determined as 230 and 239.5°C by IGC and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The percent crystallinity of P4MP was obtained from the retention diagrams at temperatures below melting point. The percent crystallinity obtained by IGC is in good agreement with the ones obtained by DSC. Then, specific retention volume, V, weight fraction activity coefficient, Ω, Flory-Huggins polymer-solvent interaction parameter, χ, equation-of-state polymer-solvent interaction parameter, χ, and effective exchange energy parameter, Xeff of octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, isoamyl acetate with P4MP, were determined between 240 and 280°C by IGC. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Crosslinked networks (NPPCS) and linear polymers (LPPCS) of poly (p-chloro styrene) were synthesized by free-radical polymerization of p-chloro styrene. NPPCS networks were swollen in four different molecular weights of LPPCS solutions in toluene at three different concentrations. The equilibrium swelling results were evaluated by means of Flory-Rehner theory to obtain network–linear polymer interaction parameter, χ′23 between NPPCS and LPPCS. It was concluded that the parameter χ′23 decreased with molecular weight but increased with concentration of LPPCS in outer solution. The solvent independent interaction parameter between NPPCS and PPCS was estimated as 0.7 by extrapolation of the values of χ′23 to zero value of the fraction ratio of solvent to linear polymer, ν1/ν3 inside the network. As well as, the binary interaction parameters, χ12 of NPPCS with benzene, ethyl benzene, n-propyl benzene and isopropyl benzene were obtained by means of Flory-Rehner theory at temperatures between 25 and 55°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

A new liquid crystalline compound, i.e. (S)‐5‐(2‐methylbutoxy)‐2‐{[(4‐dodecyloxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol (MBDOPIMP), was prepared and characterised. Phase transition temperatures of MBDOPIMP were determined by polarising optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Trace amounts of ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane and decane were passed through a chromatographic column loaded with MBDOPIMP coated on Chromosorb W. The retention diagrams of the solvents on MBDOPIMP were plotted using specific retention volumes at temperatures between 105 and 125°C. Thermodynamic parameters, such as Flory–Huggins liquid–solvent interaction, , equation‐of‐state liquid–solvent interaction, , effective exchange energy, X eff, the exchange enthalpy, X 12 and exchange entropy, Q 12, were determined for the liquid crystal–solvent systems. Subsequently, the partial molar heats of sorption, ΔH¯1,sorp and mixing, , were determined from the slopes of the plots of the logari...

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to analyze the miscibility of binary mixtures of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) and a copolyester of bisphenol-A with terephthalic and isophthalic acids (50/50) (PAr) in three compositions. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was determined from the slope change on the retention diagrams of some solvents on the polymers and their binary mixtures. Single Tgs of the mixtures suggested that PAr and PPO are miscible. Separately, IGC data were used to determine the solvent-independent polymer–polymer interaction parameters of the binary mixtures above their Tgs by means of some methods proposed by several authors. The magnitudes of the interaction parameters and shifting of ester carbonyl peak of PAr on the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra suggested that these polymers were miscible. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The specific retention volumes V g 0 of n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, n-undecane, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, ethyl benzene, n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene and chloro benzene on poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) were obtained by inverse gas chromatography. Below glass transition temperature, two secondary transition points of PPO which occur at 90 and 130°C were observed from the retention diagrams of n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and isoamyl acetate.Weight fraction activity coefficient at infinite dilution Ω 1 ∞, Flory–Huggins polymer–solvent interaction parameter χ 12 ∞, hard core polymer–solvent interaction parameter χ 12 * and effective exchange energy parameter X eff were determined from the experimental V g 0 of studied solvents on PPO at temperatures above 220°C by inverse gas chromatography.

The composites of graphite with Ardel®D-100 which is a trademark of a polyester of bisphenol-A with terephthalic and isophthalic acid were used as a sensing material in a conductometric vapor sensor. The magnitudes of responses are increased in the order of benzene, isobutyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl benzene and chloro benzene. This suggests that Ardel®D-100 can be used as a sensing material for chlorobenzene, ethyl benzene and isoamyl acetate. On the other hand, specific retention volumes of the sensed vapors on Ardel®D-100 coated on graphite were determined by inverse gas chromatography at temperatures between 200 and 260 °C. The distribution coefficient, Ks of the vapors between stationary and mobile phases in the column was obtained. It was revealed for the first time that the logarithm of Ks of the solvents varies almost linearly with their responses based on conductometric resistance of the sensing polymer composite. Subsequently, the study suggests that gas chromatographic retention data can be used in prediction of the conductometric responses of a polymeric sensor to vapors.

The intermolecular interactions and miscibility behavior between poly(ether imide) (Ultem®1000) and a copolyester of bisphenol-A with a mixture of terephthalic and isophthalic acid (Ardel®D-100) in compositions of 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80 and 0/100 have been investigated in dilute solutions in chloroform. An Ubbelohde-type home-made viscometer was used to determine the specific viscosities of the blends in a constant temperature bath. Several viscosity interaction parameters used as the criteria of miscibility were determined from viscosity measurements. The parameters suggested that Ultem®1000 and Ardel®D-100 were miscible. The miscibility of the polymers was confirmed by the results of differential scanning calorimetry measurements.

Trace amount of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, pentane, hexane, and heptane were passed through the chromatographic column loaded with poly(methylhydrosiloxane-co-dimethylsiloxane) coated on Chromosorb W. The retention diagrams of the solvents on the copolymer were plotted by means of specific retention volumes at temperatures between 40 and 80°C by inverse gas chromatography technique. In this study, some thermodynamic interaction parameters such as Flory–Huggins polymer–solvent interaction parameter, equation-of-state polymer–solvent interaction parameter, effective exchange energy parameter, and weight fraction activity coefficients at infinite dilution of the solvent were determined. Then, the exchange enthalpy parameter and entropy parameter were determined by using a relation for the enthalpy interaction parameter of the equation-of-state theory, which is arranged for the inverse gas chromatography conditions. Later, the partial molar heat of sorption and the partial molar heat of mixing were obtained. The solubility parameter of this copolymer was determined as 6.64 (cal/cm3)1/2 at room temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1627–1631, 2007

Polystyrene networks were synthesized by free radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of dibenzoyl peroxide as an initiator, divinylbenzene as a crosslinker at 50 °C in toluene under nitrogen atmosphere. The swelling behavior of the synthesized polystyrene networks were studied at different temperatures in methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, and isopentyl acetate. Equations were given for the variation of the polymer-solvent interaction parameter, χ12, as a function of reciprocal absolute temperature in the temperature range from 25 to 75 °C. Polystyrene networks were swollen in linear polystyrene solutions in toluene of different concentrations. Linear polystyrene samples were almost monodisperse and of high molecular weight. The equilibrium swelling degrees were evaluated using the Flory-Rehner theory. The relation of volume swelling ratio, qv, to the volume fraction of the linear polymer in solution, φ, was evaluated and characterized by interaction parameter of crosslinked polystyrene with linear polystyrene, χ23. The parameter χ23 was found around zero as expected from mixtures of similar chemical structures by extrapolating the values of χ23 at tested concentrations to zero solvent concentration.

Poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBuA) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using methyl-2-bromo propionate (MBP) as an initiator in bulk at 80 °C. The successive ATRP of methyl methacrylate in diphenyl ether at 80 °C using previously obtained PtBuA as a macroinitiator led to formation of poly(tert-butyl acrylate-b-methyl methacrylate) (poly(tBuA-b-MMA)). The synthesized macroinitiator and block copolymer have controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity (Mw/Mn V g 0 and the thermodynamical polymer–solvent interaction parameters such as Flory–Huggins, χ 12 ∞ , equation-of-state, χ 12 * and effective exchange energy, Xeff were found for all studied solvents. Partial molar heat of sorption, Δ H ¯ 1 , sorp , partial molar heat of mixing, Δ H ¯ 1 ∞ and molar heat of vaporization, ΔHv, were determined. In addition, the solubility parameter of the corresponding block copolymer, δ2 was determined as 11.0 (cal/cm3)1/2 at 25 °C.

The retention diagrams of poly(ether imide) for ethyl benzene, n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene, chloro benzene, n-butyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane and n-tridecane were obtained by inverse gas chromatography technique. In this work, the slope changes on the diagram were assigned as secondary transitions. The secondary transition temperatures obtained by inverse gas chromatography technique are in good agreement with the ones obtained by thermally stimulated depolarization current in the literature. Specific retention volume, V g 0, the weight fraction activity coefficients of the solvents at infinite solution, Ω1∞, Flory-Huggins polymer-solvent interaction parameters,χ12∞, equation-of-state polymer-solvent interaction parameters,χ12*, effective exchange energy parameters, X eff were determined. Later, the partial molar heat of sorption, $\Delta\bar{H}_{1,sorp}$ and the partial molar heat of mixing, $\Delta\bar{H}_1^{\infty}$ were obtained. The solubility parameter of poly(ether imide), δ2 was determined as 10.7 (cal/cm3)1/2 by extrapolation of the δ2 values obtained by considering the free volume effects from studied temperature range to room temperature.

The retention diagrams of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, chloro benzene, n-propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate and isoamyl acetate on the polycaprolactone were plotted at temperatures between 70 and 140oC by inverse gas chromatography technique. Percent crystallinity of polycaprolactone were obtained at temperatures below melting point from the retention diagrams of benzene, toluene and ethyl benzene. It was concluded that the data obtained by inverse gas chromatography were comparable those of obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. Specific retention volume, Vgo, Flory-Huggins polymer-solvent interaction parameters, χ12∞, the weight fraction activity coefficients of the solvents at infinite dilution, Ω1∞, effective exchange energy parameters, Xeff were determined. Later, the partial molar heat of sorption, ΔH1,sorp and the partial molar heat of mixing, ΔH1∞ were obtained from the slope of the logarithm of specific retention volume, Ln Vgo versus 1/T plot and from the slope of the logarithm of the weight fraction activity coefficients, Ω1∞versus 1/T plot, respectively.