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Temperature after oviposition has been found to have a considerable influence on the rate of embryonic development and success of the hatching egg storage. General recommendations for egg cooling after oviposition is that eggs should be cooled to below physiological zero level within four to eight hours. The rate at which eggs cool is dependent upon a number of factors such as egg size, initial egg temperature, nest and/or storage area conditions and holding time, air movement, collection material, time spent in the cooler. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of following factors under different egg cooling pattern in a commercial hatchery on hatchability of broiler breeder eggs; 1) flock age (Young-Old flocks), 2) season (Winter-Summer), 3) egg location on the cardboard egg tray after collection (Inner-Outer). Four experiments were completed to compare the effects of egg location on the cardboard tray after collection. Commercial flocks of Ross 308 broiler breeder were used as the source of broiler hatching eggs. Breeder flock ages were 27 wk (young) and 61 wk (old) in winter and 27 wk (young) and 51 wk (old) in summer season. A total of 2600, 4800, 2600, and 8000 eggs were used in experiment 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All eggs were had been laid within a 15-min period were collected and placed in cardboard egg trays. Eggshell temperature was measured with an infrared thermometer at 30-min intervals during the cooling process. The eggs were divided into two groups, which were inner and outer of the cardboard egg tray and the eggs were marked permanently. All eggs were stored for 5 d at 16°C and 75% RH. At the time of removal of chicks from hatchers (510 h), all unhatched eggs were opened and examined macroscopically to determine, infertile, early, mid, and late embryonic mortality. The cooling pattern has been affected by location of egg after collection in all experiments, but the effects of egg location on hatchability and embryonic mortalities have been changed by the season and flock age factors. For young flocks, the outer located eggs had a significantly lower hatchability when compared to inner side eggs in winter conditions due to significantly higher late embryonic mortality (P < 0.05), whereas in summer season, there was no significant difference between two located eggs (P > 0.05). For old flocks, the outer located eggs had a significantly higher hatchability when compared to inner side eggs in summer conditions due to significantly lower early embryonic mortality (P < 0.05), whereas in winter season, there was no significant difference between two located eggs (P > 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that the egg cooling pattern after lay is an important factor to achieve better hatchability and the cooling pattern might be needed consideration as so flock age and season in case the eggs have been collected to cardboard tray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During incubation, temperature is the main environmental condition affecting the hatchability and chick quality. The effect of high temperature after the first week of incubation to hatching has been widely investigated. However very little is known during the early period of incubation. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of increased eggshell temperature (EST) during the first 3 embryonic d of incubation (E) on hatchability, percentage of second grade chicks, and hatch time of long stored broiler hatching eggs. A total of 2700 hatching eggs from Ross 308 at prime flock (39) were collected and stored for 14 d at 15°C in a commercial hatchery. Then eggs were transferred in a climate controlled vehicle to the Ankara University within 2 h. The eggs were then randomly and equally assigned in three identical laboratory incubators each operating at either, a constant temperature of 38.9°C (Group A), gradually decreased from 39.4 to 38.3°C (Group B) or a constant temperature of 37.8°C (Control-Group C) during the first 3 d of incubation. The EST was maintained at 37.8°C from E4 onward in all groups. No significant difference was found for embryonic mortality and hatchability of fertile eggs among the groups (P > 0.05). However, early embryonic mortality was numerically higher in group A compare with the B and C groups. In addition, the percentage of second grade chicks (culls) was tend to be higher in control than the two high EST groups (A and B). Chicks from high EST groups were significantly hatched earlier (6 h) than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that high EST during the first 3d of incubation did not impact hatchability of long stored (14 d) eggs, but chicks hatched earlier (shortened the hatch time) than the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increased CO2 concentration during the first 3 d of incubation on albumen height and pH, embryonic mortality, and hatchability of broiler hatching eggs. Hatching eggs were obtained from commercial broiler breeder flocks of Ross 308 at 39 and 37 wk of age in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In Experiment 3, eggs were collected at 28 and 35 wk of age. Eggs were incubated under either standard conditions (Control-CO2) for the entire incubation or increased CO2 concentrations during the first 3 d of incubation (High-CO2) in 3 experiments. In Experiments 1 and 2, the CO2 concentration was gradually increased from the beginning of incubation onwards to reach 0.80% at 72 h by manual injection of CO2 into airtight laboratory incubators. In the control incubators, the CO2 concentration remained below 0.10% during the same period. Prior to setting, and at 3 d of incubation, the eggs were opened for albumen height and pH measurements in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 3, the eggs were set in commercial incubators. During the first 3 d of incubation, the CO2 concentration was gradually increased to reach 0.70% at 72 h naturally (High-CO2). In the Control-CO2 incubator, the CO2 concentration remained below 0.10%. After 3 d, incubation was continued with the control incubator conditions for all eggs from both groups in the 3 experiments. The albumen height was not affected by CO2 treatment, but the treatment significantly decreased albumen pH at 3 d in Experiments 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). A greater CO2 concentration during early incubation reduced fertile hatchability due to increased early embryonic mortality by 2% in the 3 experiments (P ≤ 0.05). The differences in pH might provide one explanation why increased CO2 concentration during early incubation resulted in increased early embryonic mortality. These data indicated that at the beginning of the incubation, ventilation was necessary to prevent increases in CO2 concentration for optimum hatchability results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the effect of chick body (rectal) temperature during the post-hatch handling period on body weight (BW) loss, yolk sac utilization, organ weights, and broiler live performance. Hatching eggs were obtained from a commercial flock of Ross 308 broiler breeders at 44 wk of age. A total of 384 chicks were separated into 3 groups during the 12 h post-hatch handling period: control, high and low temperature groups, with average body temperatures of 40.0, 42.6, and 38.1°C, respectively. Residual yolk sac weight was not affected by temperature group, whereas the weights of organs such as the heart, gizzard, proventriculus, and bursa of Fabricius were significantly lower in the high body temperature group than in the control and low body temperature groups. BW was significantly lower at placement in chicks in the high temperature group than in chicks in the control and low body temperature groups due to greater weight loss during the post-hatch handling period (P ≤ 0.05). Lower BW was maintained in the chicks in the high body temperature group than in the chicks in the other 2 groups until the end of the experiment at 35 d (P ≤ 0.05) because chicks in the high temperature group consumed less feed throughout the experiment (P ≤ 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality were numerically greater in the high body temperature chicks than in the control group, whereas FCR and the mortality in the low body temperature chicks were intermediate at 35 d. The results of the present study indicate that day-old chicks with high body temperatures (42.6°C) exhibited a greater percentage of BW loss due to dehydration and lower organ weights during the 12 h post-hatch handling period, which was followed by significantly poorer broiler performance. There were no significant differences in performance between the chicks in the control (40.0°C) and low (38.1°C) body temperature groups. In conclusion, day-old chicks are more sensitive to higher body temperatures than to lower temperatures during the post-hatch handling period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warts are papillomas caused by the Human Papilloma Virus. Although they can spontaneously resolve, most patients request treatment due to cosmetic concerns or functional impairment. Current treatment options are usually destructive and painful. Zinc is a micronutrient involved in immunologic processes and oral zinc sulphate was reported to be effective in the treatment of warts. Here we report a 13 year-old girl who had widespread viral warts on both soles. She was receiving systemic corticosteroid therapy for relapse of nephrotic syndrome. Warts were successfully treated with oral zinc sulphate for 3 months without any side effects. Oral zinc sulphate could be a new treatment option for warts unresponsive to conventional treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects and interactions of incubation time and chick preplacement holding time on mortality at placement, utilization of yolk sac, crop filling rate, early feeding-drinking behavior, and broiler live performance were investigated. Ross 308 broiler hatching eggs from a 39-week-old flock were set in two identical setters in a commercial hatchery, with the setting time 12 h earlier in one machine. At the end of incubation, chicks were removed from the hatchers at the same time. Thus, the incubation times were either 504 h (normal incubation time (NIT) treatment) or 516 h (longer incubation time (LIT) treatment). After the pull time, chicks from each incubation time group were subjected to either 6, 24, 48, 60, or 72 h preplacement holding times. At placement, chicks were given access to feed and water. In total, 19,200 chicks were randomly assigned to a total of 10 subtreatment groups (2 incubation times × 5 preplacement holding times). Therefore, a total of 1920 chicks were used in each subtreatment group for the grow-out period in a commercial broiler house. For the first week of the experiment, 160 randomly selected as-hatched (not sexed) chicks were placed in 12 replicate floor pens (120 total pens). From the second week of age onward, chicks from two pens were combined into six replicate pens, with 320 chicks per replicate (60 total pens). An interaction was found between incubation time and preplacement holding time for residual yolk sac (RYS) weight (g, %) ( p < 0.001). RYS weight was greater at pull time and at 6 and 24 h of preplacement holding in the NIT treatment compared to the LIT treatment, while differences were no longer evident at 48-72 h. The lowest percentage of chicks with full crops and eating activity was observed in the shortest preplacement holding time (6 h) group at 3 h after placement. As expected, the initial BW at placement clearly decreased with increasing duration after the pull time ( p < 0.05), with the highest and lowest weights found in the 6 and 72 h holding time treatments, respectively. This BW difference was still evident at 35 d after placement and chicks held for the longest period after the pull time (72 h) showed the lowest BW ( p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the 6 and 60 h preplacement holding times. Mortality during the first 7 d after placement increased only when the preplacement holding time was extended to 72 h ( p = 0.031). Similarly to the 7 d results, chicks held for 72 h exhibited higher 0-35 day mortality compared to those held for 6 or 24 h ( p = 0.028). Neither BW nor mortality was affected by incubation time treatment at 35 d after placement ( p > 0.05). It can be concluded that there were no significant differences in average BW and mortality, up to and including a 60 h holding time under thermal comfort conditions, but a 72 h preplacement holding time resulted in final BW and mortality being negatively affected. In addition, LIT tended to have a beneficial effect on BW and mortality compared to NIT when the preplacement holding time was shorter (6-24 h) but had a negative effect for extended holding times (48-72 h).

This study investigated the effect of the egg cooling profile after oviposition on blastoderm development, embryonic mortality, hatchability, and hatch time of broiler hatching eggs from young and old breeder flocks. Hatching eggs were obtained from commercial Ross 308 broiler breeders at 28 wk (young) and 64 wk (old) of age. A total of 3,150 eggs laid within a 15-min period were collected and randomly assigned to 2 temperature-controlled chambers in both flocks. The eggshell temperature (EST) was cooled to 24°C either within 6 h (control) or 45 min (rapid). After the EST reached 16°C in the chambers in all groups, eggs were transported to the commercial hatchery. Eggs were stored for 6 d at 16°C and 75% relative humidity. The development of the blastoderm in sampled eggs (25 embryos in each batch) was determined immediately after egg collection and before transport to the hatchery (after cooling) on a farm in each flock. At each flock age, there were 5 replicate trays of 150 eggs per egg cooling treatment set in a single commercial incubator. The results showed that the embryonic developmental stage was retarded by rapid cooling and by the younger flock. A flock age × cooling rate interaction was observed for fertile hatchability and early and late embryonic mortality (P < 0.001). In the young flock eggs, the fertile hatchability was significantly lower in the rapid than in the control cooling treatment (88.7 vs. 92.8%) due to higher early and late embryonic mortality, whereas rapid cooling reduced early embryonic mortality (P < 0.01) and numerically increased the fertile hatchability (88.7 vs. 87.2%) in the old flock eggs. Hatch time was affected by the cooling treatment. The average hatch time was delayed by 3 h by rapid cooling (486.2 vs. 489.2 h) after oviposition compared with the control. This study showed that cooling the EST to 24°C within 45 min (rapid cooling) compared to 6 h (control) after laying retarded the blastoderm developmental stage and hatch time of eggs from both young and old broiler breeder flocks. This was apparently detrimental for the young flock as indicated by the higher early and late embryonic mortality but beneficial for the old flock due to the lower early embryonic mortality. The differences in hatchability between young and old flock eggs resulting from a rapid cooling rate might depend on the differences in embryonic development at oviposition., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The success of the manual pulse check method frequently employed during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is controversial due to its subjective, patient- and operator-dependent, and time-consuming nature. Carotid ultrasound (c-USG) has recently emerged as an alternative, although there are still insufficient studies on the subject. The purpose of the present study was to compare the success of the manual and c-USG pulse check methods during CPR., Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the critical care area of a university hospital emergency medicine clinic. Pulse checks in patients with non-traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) undergoing CPR were performed using the c-USG method from one carotid artery and the manual method from the other. The gold standard in the decision regarding return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was the clinical judgment made using the rhythm on the monitor, manual femoral pulse check, end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ), and cardiac USG instruments. The success in predicting ROSC and measurement times of the manual and c-USG methods were compared. The success of both methods was calculated as sensitivity and specificity, and the clinical significance of the difference between the methods' sensitivity and specificity was evaluated Newcombe's method., Results: A total of 568 pulse measurements were performed on 49 CPA cases using both c-USG and the manual method. The manual method exhibited 80% sensitivity and 91% specificity in predicting ROSC (+PV: 35%, -PV: 64%), while c-USG exhibited 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity (+PV: 84%, -PV: 100%). The difference in sensitivities between the c-USG and manual methods was -0.0704 (95% CI: -0.0965; -0.0466), and the difference between their specificities was 0.0106 (95% CI: 0.0006; 0.0222). The difference between the specificities and sensitivities was statistically significant at analysis performed adopting the clinical judgment of the team leader using multiple instruments as the gold standard. The manual method yielded an ROSC decision in 3 ± 0.17 s and c-USG in 2.8 ± 0.15 s, the difference being statistically significant., Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the pulse check method with c-USG may be superior to the manual method in terms of fast and accurate decision making in CPR., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Sercan Özlü, Serkan Bilgin, Adnan Yamanoğlu, Osman Sezer Çınaroğlu, Mehmet Göktuğ Efgan, Ahmet Kayalı, Davut Tekyol declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The effects of the storage period and prewarming temperature on embryonic mortality, hatchability, and synchronous hatching of broiler eggs were investigated. Eggs were obtained from commercial flocks of Ross 308 broiler breeders at 27 and 28 wk of age for trials 1 and 2, respectively. In both trials, 2,400 eggs were stored for 4 d (short) or 11 d (long) at 18°C (64.4°F) and 75% RH and were randomly assigned to 2 groups at either a prewarming temperature of 26.1°C (79°F, low) or 29.4°C (85°F, high) for 8 h before setting. The eggs were transferred from setters to hatching baskets at 444 h (18.5 d) of incubation. The hatched chicks were counted at 6-h intervals between 468 h and 516 h of incubation and categorized as early, middle, or late hatching. The eggs stored for 4 d hatched earlier than the eggs stored for 11 d (P < 0.05). An increased prewarming temperature (29.4°C) resulted in a 1.0-h shorter incubation duration, but this difference was not significant (P = 0.064). An interaction between the storage period and prewarming temperature was observed for middle- and late-hatched chicks (P < 0.05). No interactions between the storage period and prewarming temperature were observed for hatchability of fertile eggs or embryonic mortality; however, a significant interaction was found between the storage period and prewarming temperature on the second-quality chick percentage (P < 0.05). The eggs stored for 11 d had a significantly reduced hatchability of fertile eggs owing to increased embryonic mortality than short-stored eggs (P < 0.05). The interaction effect indicated that eggs held for 8 h with prewarming at 29.4°C after 11 d of storage had more middle- and fewer late-hatched chicks and improved chick quality than those that received the 26.1°C prewarming treatment (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was found among the prewarming treatments for eggs stored for 4 d. This study demonstrated that prolonged egg storage resulted in reduced hatchability, increased incubation duration, and an asynchronous hatching time. Moreover, increasing the prewarming temperature could be used to promote uniformity among embryos through synchronous hatching, thus improving broiler flock uniformity and performance of the prolonged stored eggs., (Copyright © 2020 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In crisp environment the notions of order of group and cyclic group are well known due to many applications. In this paper, we introduce order of the soft groups, power of the soft sets, power of the soft groups, and cyclic soft group on a group. We also investigate the relationship between cyclic soft groups and classical groups.