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Subdural empyema refers to the collection of purulent material in the subdural space and the most source of it is bacterial meningitis in infants while sinusitis and otitis media in older children. It has been very recently reported that coronaviruses (CoV) exhibit neurotropic properties and may also cause neurological diseases. CoV-related complications as hypercoagulability with thrombosis and associated inflammation, catastrophic cerebral venous sinus thrombose sand bacterial-fungal superinfections have been well documented in adult patients. Hereby, we describe 15-year-old and 12-year-old female children with subdural empyema after SARS-CoV2. The patients presented limitation of eye in the outward gaze, impaired speech, drowsiness, fever, vomiting and they also were tested positive for COVID-19. MRI indicated subdural empyema and surgical interventions were needed to relieve intracranial pressure and drain pus after receiving broad spectrum antibiotics treatments. The microbiological analysis of abscess material revealed Streptococcus constellatus which is extremely rare in an immunocompetent child and the patients received appropriate IV antibiotic therapy. Eventually, patients became neurologically intact. Pediatric patients with CoV infections should be closely monitored for neurological symptoms. Further research and more data on the correlation between CoV infections would provide better recognition and treatment options in an efficient manner in children., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective : This study aims to understand the presentations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients in a tertiary hospital's emergency department (ED) in Turkey, and the difficulties of families face in the ED. Method : Clinical characteristics of ASD patients who presented to the ED between 1 January 2015 and 15 November 2020 were obtained by retrospective file review. The caregivers of the patients who had presented to the ED in 2020 were interviewed by a phone call. Results : There were 740 applications of 224 patients (192 boys, 32 girls). Almost half of the patients were between 0 and 5 years old. Respiratory problems were the most common cause of admissions in all age groups. The second common reasons for ED visits were gastrointestinal problems in 0-5 years old, traumatic injuries/poisoning in 6-12 years old, and epilepsy/syncope in 13-17 years old. Psychiatric problems were less common (2.7%) than other reasons for admission. The most challenging issue for children was "the crowded waiting area, and the long waiting period" and followed by "physical restraint imposed on the child," "noise," and "bright light." Conclusion : As the clinicians' awareness and use of more accurate diagnostic tools have increased, the ASD prevalence has gradually increased. To increase the quality of healthcare services for these patients, awareness studies and new interventions are needed., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© The British Society of Developmental Disabilities 2021.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the thyroid function alterations in a group of epileptic children taking antiepileptic drugs. The study included a total of 183 pediatric epilepsy patients, aged 15 months-16 years, comprising 114 patients treated with valproic acid, 69 patients treated with phenobarbital, and 151 age-matched healthy volunteers as the control group. Serum levels of thyroid hormones were measured before the beginning of the antiepileptic therapy and after 12 months of treatment. Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were significantly higher in the 12th month of phenobarbital and valproic acid treatment. The level of free triiodothyronine before treatment was higher in epileptic patients than in the control group. Subclinical hypothyroidism at month 12 was determined in 15.2% of the valproic acid group and in 2.9% of the phenobarbital group. When compared with the pre-treatment values, there was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of subclinical hypothyroid in the valproic acid group and no significant difference in the phenobarbital group. Symptomatic hypothyroidism was not detected. It was concluded that the thyroid functions of patients using valproic acid and phenobarbital for a long time should be regularly monitored.

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to determine the benefit of the bronchiolitis ultrasound score (BUS) in predicting hospital admission in children with acute bronchiolitis and to characterize lung sonography findings., Methods: This prospective observational study was performed in an academic pediatric emergency department. Children younger than 24 months presenting to the emergency department, diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis by 2 independent pediatricians were included in the study. Lung ultrasound was performed by a single sonographer, who was blinded to as much clinical information as possible. In addition, the treating physicians were blinded to the lung ultrasound findings. Logistic regression analysis models were used to identify admission predictors. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value for effects of the BUS and the modified Bronchiolitis Severity Score on admission., Results: The median age of the 76 patients diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis was 6 months (interquartile range, 3.6-10 months). Forty-two (55.3%) of the 76 patients enrolled were admitted. Lung ultrasound was compatible with acute bronchiolitis in 74 patients (97%). A significant correlation was determined between modified Bronchiolitis Severity Score and BUS in children with acute bronchiolitis (r = 0.698, P < 0.001). The most effective parameter in determining admission on logistic regression analysis, independently of other variables, was BUS (P = 0.044; adjusted odds ratio, 1.859; 95% confidence interval, 1.016-3.404). Bronchiolitis ultrasound score values of 3 or greater exhibited 73.81% sensitivity and 73.53% specificity, whereas BUS values of 4 or greater exhibited 50% sensitivity and 91.18% specificity., Conclusions: Point-of-care lung ultrasound can accurately detect pulmonary anomalies in children with acute bronchiolitis, has a close correlation with clinical findings, and is a useful tool in predicting hospital admission.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic benefit of point-of-care ultrasound (PoCLUS) in children with non-cardiac respiratory distress or tachypnea., Methods: In this prospective observational study, children aged between 1 month and 18 years with respiratory distress, tachypnea, or both, at triage were included. Concordance and accuracy of the emergency department (ED) and ultrasound diagnoses, length of stay, and time elapsing until ED and ultrasound diagnoses were calculated., Results: One hundred forty-five patients were evaluated. The mean age of the children in the study was 67 ± 58 months. Seventy-nine patients (56%) were boys. Mean length of stay in the ED was 124.6 ± 76.5 min. Mean time to ultrasound diagnosis was 29.32 ± 15.71 min, compared to 46.75 ± 32.65 min for ED diagnosis, which was significantly longer (p < 0.001). Concordance between ultrasound and ED diagnoses was almost perfect for pneumonia, acute bronchiolitis, asthma and croup (0.8 < Ƙ < 1), and good for other non-pulmonary causes (0.6 < Ƙ < 0.8). Overall concordance for all diagnoses was also good (Ƙ = 0.76). Ultrasound diagnosis was more sensitive than ED diagnosis for pneumonia, acute bronchiolitis, and other non-pulmonary causes (81.4%-74.42%; 97.3%-86.49%; and 100%-95.83%, respectively). In addition, ultrasound diagnosis was more specific than ED diagnosis for pneumonia, acute bronchiolitis and other non-pulmonary causes (100%-97.35%; 99.07%-98.15%; and 93.39%-88.43%, respectively). However, ultrasound and ED diagnoses exhibited similar sensitivity and specificity values for asthma (97.22%-97.22%; and 99.08%-100%)., Conclusion: PoCLUS may constitute a beneficial and rational approach in the evaluation of children with increased work of breathing in the ED, and can also expedite the diagnostic process., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Elemental mercury is a toxic liquid element that is used widely in the home, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It is readily vaporized and inhaled at room temperature. Thereby, inhalation can cause acute or chronic poisoning. Mercury can be found in environmental naturally find but some dangers sources give rise to contaminations. It can be very dangerous to all living organisms, especially children., Methods: This study presents the features of mercury poisoning in a group of pediatric cases. Data were obtained for 29 pediatric cases exposed to elemental mercury in a high school chemistry laboratory in Turkey. Patients with a blood mercury level exceeding 10 μg/L or a urine mercury level exceeding 15 μg/L were considered to have mercury poisoning. The patients were treated with 2,3-dimercaptopropane sulfonic acid or D-penicillamine., Results: Twenty-nine children with mercury poisoning were admitted to the hospital. The median duration of exposure was 58 (range, 15-120) minutes. Ten (29%) children were asymptomatic. Physical and neurological examinations were normal in 19 (65.5%) children. The most common presenting complaint was headache. The most common neurological abnormality, partly dilated/dilated pupils, was present in 9 (31%) children. Mercury levels were measured in blood samples every 5 days, and the median blood mercury level was 51.98 (range, 24.9-86.4) μg/L. There was a positive correlation between the duration of exposure and maximum blood/urine mercury levels (P = 0.001)., Conclusions: Elemental mercury exposure is potentially toxic; its symptomatology varies, especially in children. Secure storage of mercury and other toxic substances and provision of information about this subject to individuals who might be exposed to mercury and their families might help to prevent mercury poisoning.

Background: Lumbar puncture (LP) is one of the essential diagnostic tools in pediatric emergency services. Recently, ultrasound-assisted LP was reported to be beneficial in the emergency service by facilitating the procedure and improving the successful procedure rates. In addition, this method may be effective in reducing patient and parent anxiety due to the LP procedure., Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ultrasound-assisted LP on the outcomes of puncture procedures and traumatic LP., Methods: The study included patients younger than 18 years, who were admitted to the pediatric emergency service and underwent LP because of suspected central nervous system infection. The patients requiring LP were randomly divided into 2 groups designated as odd and even. One group received LP using the conventional method, whereas the other group had LP after spinal space measurement by ultrasound. The patients who did and who did not undergo ultrasound-assisted LP were compared for demographics, number of puncture attempts, and traumatic LP. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Student t test. The χ test was used when nominal data were compared between the 2 groups., Results: Ultrasound-assisted LP was performed in 56 patients, and LP by using conventional method was performed in 55 patients. There was traumatic LP in 5 (8.9%) of the patients who underwent ultrasound-assisted LP and 9 (16.3%) of the patients who underwent LP using the conventional method (P > 0.05). The number of puncture attempts was 2 or more in 2 (3.5%) of the patients who underwent ultrasound-assisted LP and 5 (9%) of the patients who had LP using the conventional method (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: Ultrasound-assisted LP reduced traumatic LP and the number of puncture attempts in pediatric patients; however, the results were not statistically significant.

Objectives: To present lung ultrasound findings in children assessed with suspected pneumonia in the emergency department and to show the benefit of lung ultrasound in diagnosing pneumonia in comparison with chest X-rays., Methods: This observational prospective study was performed in the pediatric emergency department of a single center. Point of care lung ultrasound was performed on each child by an independent sonographer blinded to the patient's clinical and chest X-ray findings. Community acquired pneumonia was established as a final diagnosis by two clinicians based on the recommendations in the British Thoracic Society guideline., Results: One hundred sixty children with a mean age of 3.3±4years and a median age of 1.4years (min-max 0.08-17.5years) were investigated. Final diagnosis in 149 children was community-acquired pneumonia. Lung ultrasound findings were compatible with pneumonia in 142 (95.3%) of these 149 children, while chest X-ray findings were compatible with pneumonia in 132 (88.5%). Pneumonia was confirmed with lung ultrasound in 15 of the 17 patients (11.4%) not evaluated as compatible with pneumonia at chest X-ray. While pneumonia could not be confirmed with lung ultrasound in seven (4.6%) patients, findings compatible with pneumonia were not determined at chest X-ray in two of these patients. When lung ultrasound and chest X-ray were compared as diagnostic tools, a significant difference was observed between them (p=0.041)., Conclusions: This study shows that lung ultrasound is at least as useful as chest X-ray in diagnosing children with community-acquired pneumonia., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Mitochondrial glutamyl-tRNA synthetase is a major component of protein biosynthesis that loads tRNAs with cognate amino acids. Mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme have been associated with a variety of disorders related to oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we present a case of leukoencephalopathy with thalamus and brainstem involvement and high lactate (LTBL) presenting a biphasic clinical course characterized by delayed psychomotor development and seizure. High-throughput sequencing revealed a novel compound heterozygous mutation in mitochondrial glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 2 (EARS2), which appears to be causative of disease symptoms., (Copyright © 2016 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit (SUCLA2)-related mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome is caused by mutations affecting the ADP-using isoform of the beta subunit in succinyl-CoA synthase, which is involved in the Krebs cycle. The SUCLA2 protein is found mostly in heart, skeletal muscle, and brain tissues. SUCLA2 mutations result in a mitochondrial disorder that manifests as deafness, lesions in the basal ganglia, and encephalomyopathy accompanied by dystonia. Such mutations are generally associated with mildly increased plasma methylmalonic acid, increased plasma lactate, elevated plasma carnitine esters, and the presence of methylmalonic acid in urine. In this case report, we describe a new mutation in a patient with a succinyl-CoA synthase deficiency caused by an SUCLA2 defect., (© 2016 Japan Pediatric Society.)

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common childhood systemic vasculitis. Gastro-intestinal involvement occurs in two-thirds of patients. The characteristic skin lesions generally precede abdominal symptoms or present concurrently. A 7-year-old boy presented with intussusception and acalculous cholecystitis and had a cholecystectomy. Two weeks later he was re-admitted with features typical of HSP which responded to corticosteroids. Eleven months later he presented with abdominal pain and recurrence of HSP and, at laparotomy, there was acute appendicitis. This is the first case of a child presenting with HSP complicated by acalculous cholecystitis.

Amiodarone is a potent agent used to treat tachyarrhythmias, which are especially refractory to other medications, in both adults and children. Although widely used as an antiarrhythmic drug, amiodarone causes many serious adverse effects that limit its use. This study investigated the possible morphological and apoptotic effects of amiodarone on rat testes. Amiodarone was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 20 or 200mg/kg/day for 14 days. A histopathological examination of testicular tissue revealed the presence of inflammatory cells in the seminiferous tubule lumen together with swelling and vacuolization in the cytoplasm of some spermatogonia; these effects occured in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical staining showed evidence of apoptosis, including caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax and increased DNA fragmentation was detected via a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. In conclusion, the results show that chronic amiodarone treatment causes dose-dependent degenerative and apoptotic effects on rat testes., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Brucellosis is a systemic zoonotic infectious disease that may cause fever, fatigue, sweating, arthritis, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, and lymphadenopathy. It continues to be an important health problem worldwide. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenias, high serum levels of ferritin and triglycerides, low serum fibrinogen levels, and hemophagocytosis in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, or liver. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with brucellosis is a very rare condition in the pediatric age group. Here, three pediatric cases of secondary HLH associated with brucellosis are reported. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis should be considered in patients with brucellosis having cytopenias. Hemophagocytosis in brucellosis seems to be cured with appropriate antibiotics and intravenous immunoglobulin.

Headache is one of the common symptoms of intracranial aneursym. A 5-year-old child lately presented to our pediatric emergency department with persistent headache. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 7×8 mm rounded lesion with slowly heterogeneous low signal in T2 sequence consistent with a partial occluded aneurysm, in the right medial frontal lobe that close to anterior cerebral artery. Intracranial aneurysms are rare in children and they are noncommon without complications as our case., (© The Author(s) 2014.)

Hallucinogenic plant poisoning in children is a significant problem for the emergency physician. We describe the case of a boy who had slurred speech, fever, hallucinations, tachycardia, dilated pupils, confusion and disorientation. He had no history of drug use or toxin intake. All signs and symptoms were improved by supportive therapy within 48 hours. It turned out that the patient had ingested seeds of Datura stramonium in a neighbor's garden two days previously. The medical history should be taken repeatedly in cases of unknown etiology, and physicians should keep in mind the possibility that unexplained anticholinergic toxidromes could be the result of exposure to toxic plants, in particular those containing atropine and atropine derivates.