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PurposeThe main objective of this paper is to critically assess sustainable development in the context of Behramkale, a vernacular village in Türkiye.Design/methodology/approachVernacular Heritage Sustainable Architecture analysis framework has been adopted to understand and assess vernacular architecture and sustainable development in Behramkale.FindingsThe vernacular design of the old Behramkale settlement has shown more sustainable characteristics as compared to the new development area. Key findings show that trade-offs were made with respect to environmental and sociocultural aspects of sustainable development to achieve economic sustainability.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research with more in-depth interviews would be helpful to find out the inhabitants’ response to the conservation practices.Practical implicationsBased on the research conducted, life cycle analysis and sustainable strategies of vernacular settlements can be useful tools to design, develop and improve old settlements, as well as newly established settlements.Social implicationsKey lessons learned from conservation practices can help to identify well-adapted solutions to respond to the needs of local communities in Türkiye and similar vernacular settlements in the Mediterranean region.Originality/valueThis paper critically assesses sustainable development in the context of vernacular architecture, heritage conservation and rural sustainability. Conservation practices in Türkiye are evaluated deeply as there is limited research in this field within the Mediterranean heritage conversation and sustainable development context.

Behramkale, also known as the ancient city of Assos, has gained considerable national and international visibility after its declaration as an Archaeological site in 1982 and later in 2000 as Urban Archaeological site. The declaration brought with it stringent regulations limiting new constructions and simple extensions in the historical village and opened new construction site outside the ancient city walls for future developments. After declaration, the village has become a major destination for cultural heritage led tourism. This largely growth oriented transformation is concerning as less attention given to shift in class structure. The paper uses the concepts of rural and tourism gentrification to understand this transformation in Behramkale using empirical evidence from a longitudinal, case study approach spanning between 2000 and 2017. The longitudinal, case study documents transformation in terms of (i) demographic and socio-economic changes; (ii) conservation practice in old settlement and development of new settlement; and (iii) change in property prices and ownership. It is seen that the authentic characteristics of the landscape and traditional buildings that is being abandoned but remains desirable have led to a population influx from, bigger cities of Turkey and also other countries, purchasing these homes as a primary or secondary house. This has led to renovation of the existing buildings with an increase in the property prices and displacement of the local population to the new development area. Consequently, the conservation practice in Behramkale served merely encouraging investment in building renovation rather than a function of preserving local community. The paper contributes to limited literature on rural gentrification within the Mediterranean context.

PurposeUsing the campus of a Brazilian university as case study, this research aims to identify which aspects of the outdoor spaces are the most significant in attracting people.Design/methodology/approachThis research relies on the application of different post-occupancy evaluation (POE) methods, including user tracking, behavioural mapping and questionnaires, on one plateau of the campus.FindingsThree group of aspects (socialization, proximity and infrastructure) were identified as key elements in explaining the impact of the campus physical characteristics on users’ behaviour. The results indicate that having characteristics of at least one group of aspects in those spaces can guarantee their vitality and, if there is presence of attributes of more than one group, liveliness can be increased.Research limitations/implicationsFurther studies should be conducted on an entire campus to identify other spatial elements in the three groups.Practical implicationsThis research contributes to the planning of future campuses and to solutions to the existed ones, indicating the most relevant spatial characteristics to be considered. Additionally, the combination of different methods may be useful to future research.Originality/valueMost of the investigations on the university campuses focus on the buildings, and little research has investigated the outdoor spaces, although they play a critical role in learning and academic life, where people establish social, cultural and personal relationships. In addition, studies using several POE allowed a consistent and complete diagnostic about the aspects of the campus, giving recommendations for future projects.

The Australian 2019/20 summer witnessed an extraordinary bushfire season characterised by unprecedented duration, geographical reach and impact. The aftermath of the bushfires includes increased health-related implications on people due to short and long exposure to poor air quality. The current advice from the Australian authorities in such events is to remain indoors, as it was assumed indoor air quality (IAQ) is healthy. This paper examined that assumption and presents the case study of an office building in Canberra subjected to the 2019/20 bushfires, responding to the need of understanding the ability of air-conditioning buildings to cope with such unprecedented and extreme weather events. Measured data for indoor concentration of CO2, PM10 and PM2.5 recorded a prolonged period of concerning levels, as well as extreme concentration peaks. This poses a significant risk to the occupants’ health. The values showed peaks up to 12 times higher for PM10 and 24 times higher for PM2.5 than the recommended critical thresholds. The infiltration factor and protection performance analysis suggest that old filtering systems and low airtightness levels are not optimal in protecting the indoor environment from outdoor air pollutants. Practice relevance Results show that the concentration of the outdoor pollutant significantly exceeded thresholds for a prolonged time, posing a health risk to the population. The case study presented has been partially able to protect its occupants thanks to the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) response, but this brings up the concern about all those spaces where mechanical ventilation may not be installed or have the same filtering system. Evidence provided here calls for an urgent update of the protection agenda to account for extreme weather events with regard to the diverse indoor built environments, because relying on the mechanical ventilation system is no more sufficient to provide healthy and safe environments.

Purpose In the rise of offices designed to support activity-based working (ABW), parts of industry have fully transitioned to open-plan environments and then later to unassigned seating, whereas other parts, such as tertiary education, are still in the process of moving away from individual offices. There are a few relevant studies to understand how occupants from industry sectors with different levels of adoption of ABW perceived environments designed to support this way of working. This paper aims to contribute to the knowledge gap by providing insight into workers’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction from open-plan offices designed to support ABW along with the key predictors of perceived productivity. Design/methodology/approach A data set of 2,090 post-occupancy evaluation surveys conducted in five sectors – tertiary education, finance, construction, property/asset management and design/engineering – was analyzed. ANOVA and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted for the survey questionnaires. First, ANOVA tests were conducted for the whole sample with perceived productivity as the dependent variable. A seven-point Likert scale with five theoretical factors was generated with all survey questionnaires. CFA was performed to show the factor loadings. In addition, regression analyses were carried out for each of factor item taken as the independent variable, where perceived productivity was the dependent variable. Key sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction per sector were analyzed and differences between occupants reporting a negative or positive impact on their productivity were also investigated. Finally, open-ended comments were analyzed to show the key sources of dissatisfaction based on open-ended comments. Findings Workers from construction were the most satisfied, followed by finance and tertiary education. Occupants from all industry sectors consistently rated their workspaces highly on biophilic and interior design. Distraction and privacy received the lowest scores from all sectors. Open-ended comments showed mismatches between spatial and behavioral dimensions of ABW both for satisfaction and perceived productivity. Interior design was the strongest predictor for perceived productivity for all sectors. Findings dispel the notion that ABW implementation may not be suitable for certain industries, as long as the three key pillars of ABW are fully implemented, including design, behavior and technology. Originality/value This paper provides insight into workers’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction from open-plan offices designed to support ABW in different industry sectors along with the key predictors of perceived productivity.

Flexible Learning Environments (FLEs) arose as enablers for implementation of student-centric pedagogical approaches. Interior design is the key to the success of FLEs, providing the physical infrastructure needed for students to engage on several learning activities, from individual to group work, which take place in a variety of zones ranging from low to high energy. Therefore, a harmonious synergy between the interior design and subsequent Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) performance of FLEs’ physical configuration and learning activities is needed. The objective of this paper is to systematically review (in accordance with the PRISMA method) existing literature related to FLEs within primary school settings, typically catering to children aged 5–12 years old, to understand the body of work investigating the design and performance of FLEs over the last decade (2010–2020). Key findings suggest that the proximity and acoustic and visual permeability of zones found in FLEs may give rise to inadequate IEQ conditions delivered to students. In addition, it could be inferred from the results of the literature review that interior design and IEQ have not been sufficiently investigated in an integrated manner.

Üniversite yerleşkeleri yalnızca çeşitli sosyal ve eğitsel binalardan oluşmakla kalmaz, dış mekânları ve donatıları, rekreasyon ve peyzaj alanları ile bütünleşik bir kurgu oluştururlar. Dış mekânlar, yerleşke kullanıcılarının toplumsal etkileşim, dinlenme ve rahatlama, rekreasyon, fikir alışverişinde bulunma ve güçlü bir mülkiyet ve aidiyet hissi oluşturma potansiyeli taşırlar. İnsanların birbirleriyle iletişim kurmalarını ve sosyalleşmelerini sağlayarak sosyal yaşam için ortak bir kimlik oluşturmak dış mekânların en önemli işlevidir. Ne var ki dış mekânlar ne kadar akılcı tasarlansa da, uygulamada beklenenin dışında bir kullanımla karşılaşılabilmektedir. Beklentiler ile uygulanan arasındaki farkın belirlenebilmesi için dış mekânlar ile bina grupları arasındaki ilişki, yeterlilik, kullanım süresi, erişilebilirlik ve fiziksel çevrenin etkileşimi bütünsel bir yaklaşımla incelenmelidir. Dış mekânlarda insan kullanımının ve tasarım niyetinin başarılı olup olmadığını değerlendirmenin en iyi yöntemlerinden biri olarak kullanım sonrası değerlendirme (KSD) önerilmektedir. Ne yazık ki, iç mekânların değerlendirilmesine ilişkin KSD yöntemleri hakkında çalışmalar her geçen gün artsa da, dış mekânların değerlendirilmesine yönelik özellikle üniversite yerleşkelerinde uygulanabilecek kapsamlı bir KSD çalışmasına rastlanmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada dış mekân kullanımını etkileyen değişkenleri ve bu değişkenler arasındaki etkileşimi bütüncül olarak ele alan bir KSD yöntemini tanıtılmıştır. Önerilen yöntem kent dışı bir üniversite yerleşkesinde uygulanmış ve uygulama sonuçları dış mekân kullanım değeri bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Not only do university campuses consist of a variety of social and educational buildings, they also create an integrated system with their outdoor spaces and furniture, recreation and landscape areas. Outdoors have the potential to create social interaction, rest and relaxation, recreation, exchange of ideas and a strong sense of ownership and belonging. Creating a common identity for social life by enabling people to communicate and socialize with each other is the most important function of outdoor spaces. However, although the rationality of external spaces is designed, it is possible to use other than what is expected in practice. The relationship between the external spaces and the building groups, the adequacy, the duration of use, the accessibility and the interaction of the physical environment should be examined with a holistic approach to understand the difference between expectations and reality. In order to identify user needs in outdoor spaces as a way to assess if human use and design intentions are in fact successful, post occupancy evaluation (POE) is recommended as the most significant advanced method. Unfortunately, although studies on the evaluation of indoor spaces have been increasing day by day, there is no comprehensive study of POE that can be applied to the outdoor spaces, especially in university campuses. In this study, a POE method which discusses the variables that affect the use of outdoor space and the interaction between these variables is introduced. The proposed method was applied in a suburban university campus and the results were evaluated in terms of outdoor use.

Basol, Altug/0000-0002-7289-7246; Kirac, Furkan/0000-0001-9177-0489 WOS:000448091500012 Outdoor spaces are important to sustainable cities because they establish a common identity for social life by improving quality of urban living. The relation between outdoor spaces and building groups, competency, use period, and interaction of micro-climatic factors are needed to be investigated from a holistic approach. Unfortunately, the limited and narrow scoped POE studies on outdoor spaces make an overall assessment without causality relation. Other existing studies in outdoor spaces are mostly grouped under the headings such as; user satisfaction, space syntax and behavioral mapping, and biometeorological assessments. The intention of this paper is to introduce a new post-occupancy evaluation (POE) method integrates these studies focusing on various problems in outdoor spaces using spatio-temporal mapping. The comprehensive methodology applied in this research attempted to overcome some of the shortcomings of related studies by conducting a longitudinal study (during a year, as opposed to a few days) and also by objectively analyzing the associations of user behavior and physical attributes as well as the configurational properties of the campus layout. With this method, outdoor spaces can be evaluated in the context of the interaction between the physical environment and its users' behavior and activities, level of satisfaction and perceptions of comfort. The method has been applied on a suburban university campus in Istanbul, Turkey. The main courtyard of the campus has been subjected for map creation and result discussions. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [115Y225] The presented work has been carried out with research project 115Y225 "Post-occupancy evaluation of outdoor spaces in campus buildings with spatio-temporal mapping method" funded by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK).

The COVID-19 global health crisis has spatial implications concerning social isolation to control the spread of the virus. The preventive measures require travelers to stay in mandatory quarantine for 14 days upon arrival from another country. Due to a shortage of government facilities, more hotels have started to function as quarantine facilities. This research focuses on quarantine hotels in Australia, as one of the first countries to implement an international border restriction, to evaluate the spatial needs of users and what see outcomes can be identified. By primarily focusing on hotel users’ well-being during the isolation period, this paper responds to an information gap regarding the quarantine hotel system by providing user opinions on the negative and positive factors affecting their well-being. A survey with multiple-choice and open-ended questionnaire items was conducted with 54 participants to investigate their experiences in quarantine hotels. Among the nine key sources of well-being, the three highest-scored responses were an operable window (4.7), ventilation (4.5), and natural lighting (4.3). Access to the outdoor environment via a balcony or operable window was an acute and fundamental requirement for guests. Additionally, participants mentioned that they are unwilling to return to the hotel where they spent their quarantine, which raises issues regarding the future of hotels.

gocer, ozgur/0000-0002-3978-440X; Thomas, Leena/0000-0003-0707-9260; Candido, Christhina/0000-0002-1966-657X WOS:000487653800010 This paper reports the results from a dataset comprising 9794 post-occupancy evaluation (POE) surveys from 77 Australian open-plan offices. This paper specifically focuses on a sub-set of 20 offices (n = 2133), identified from ranking 10 offices each, with the least (n = 1063) and highest (n = 1070) satisfaction scores, respectively. The satisfaction scores were evaluated on the basis of seven factors (i.e., building/office aesthetics and quality, thermal comfort and indoor air quality, noise distraction and privacy, personal control, connection to outdoor environment, maintenance and visual comfort, and individual space). Using the POE survey data from 20 offices, regression analyses and two-way ANOVA tests were carried out to understand the differences in occupants' satisfaction and perceived productivity arising from open-plan offices. According to the statistically significant regression analyses results, it was identified that building/office aesthetics and quality (beta = 0.55, p < 0.001) and noise distraction and privacy (beta = 0.33, p < 0.001) were the two strongest predictors contributing perceived productivity in low-performance offices. Two-way ANOVA test results for the 10 high-performance offices indicate that the perceived productivity was strongly associated with the office's physical configuration, the employees' working experience, and the working hours at that office. University of Sydney's DVC Research Bridging Support Grant [G199771, G192167] This research was funded by the University of Sydney's DVC Research Bridging Support Grant (G199771) and Cachet Group (G192167).

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The design of a livable and comfortable environment has been one of the main aims of sustainable university campus design. The creation of outdoor spaces for accommodating amenities has a positive effect on users with regard to various physiological and psychological aspects. Knowing how daily activity patterns and pedestrian movements are distributed across space is important for assessing whether or not human use and design plans are in fact successful. The aim of this study is to determine occupancy patterns and pedestrian routes in outdoor spaces during different seasons at a sustainable university campus by using spatial statistical analyses that involve ANN, MC and SDE. To perform these analyses, the researchers attempted to use a pedestrian tracking method from camera surveillance to aggregate the required data by conducting a longitudinal study. The data that were aggregated by pedestrian tracking was visualized with the use of a spatio-temporal mapping method in GIS. Logistic GWR was performed to seek the relationship between occupancy pattern (clustered distribution) and design layout of open spaces, comprising the variables of proximity to the attraction centers/entrances, and visual integration. The results confirmed that occupants prefer to use the areas that have high visual integration value and are close to attraction centers.

This study investigates the patterns of occupation of outdoor spaces on a suburban university campus and seeks to understand the factors that affect them. The comprehensive methodology applied in this research attempted to overcome some of the shortcomings of related studies by conducting a longitudinal study (behavioral mapping during a year, as opposed to a few days) and by objectively analyzing the associations of user behavior and physical attributes, and the configurational properties of the campus layout. The results show that campus users fail to capitalize on the potential offered by the spatial configuration of outdoor spaces because they are not supported by amenities for pedestrians such as seating, shading elements and catering facilities. Supporting campus outdoor spaces that have the configurational potential of bringing various types of users (students and staff) with amenities for pedestrians and service facilities would create a lively and sustainable campus for its users. TÜBİTAK Publisher version

Developments in information and communication systems, organisational structure and the nature of work have contributed to the restructuring of work environments. In these new types of work environments, employees do not have assigned workplaces. This arrangement helps organisations to minimise rent costs and increase employee interaction and knowledge exchange through mobility. This post-occupancy evaluation (POE) study focuses on a flexible office in a Gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design-certified building in Istanbul. An integrated qualitative and quantitative POE technique with occupancy tracking via barcode scanning and instant surveying has been introduced. Using this unique approach, we examined the directives/drivers in workplace choice and mobility from different perspectives. The aggregated data was used to discern work-related consequences such as flexibility, workplace choice, work and indoor environment satisfaction, place attachment and identity. The results show that employees who have a conventional working culture develop a new working style: 'fixed-flexible working'. Practitioner Summary: This paper introduces a new POE approach for flexible offices based on occupancy tracking through barcode scanning to explore workplace choice and mobility. More than half (52.1%) of the participants have tended to choose the same desk every day. However, the satisfaction level of the 'mobile' employees was higher than that of the 'fixed flexible' employees.

Ülkemizde genç nüfus yoğunluğunun fazla olması, üniversiteler üzerinde sürekli büyüme ve gelişme baskısı oluşturmaktadır. Bu ihtiyacın karşılanmasında yeni üniversitelerin açılması ya da mevcut üniversitelerin kapasitesinin arttırılması yoluna gidilmektedir. Büyüme ve gelişme talebini karşılamak için üniversiteler, kent içinde yer bulunamaması ya da arsaların çok pahalı olması nedeniyle, yeni gelişmiş teknolojilerle donatılmış ve geniş arazilere yayılmış kampüslerini iletişim ve ulaşım araçlarındaki gelişmelerden de faydalanarak kent çeperlerinde ya da kent dışında kurmaktadırlar. Sahip olduğu nüfus ve içerdiği işlevsel alanlar bakımından kentsel ölçekte bir yerleşme olarak ele alınabilecek bu kampüslerde birimler arası ilişkileri ve bu birimleri çevreleyen dış mekânların kullanım değerini araştırmak, kendi başına yeterli bir yaşam alanı haline gelen kent dışı kampüslerde çok daha büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda yürütülen bu çalışma, kent dışı bir üniversite kampüsünde dış mekân fiziksel koşullarını incelemek üzere yapılan ısıl konfor, kullanım ve mekân dizim analizlerini içermektedir. Çalışmada üç yöntem izlenmiştir. İlk yöntem davranış haritalaması ile kampüsün kullanılan ve kullanılmayan alanlarının tespit edilmesi ve bu tespitler doğrultusunda kullanıcı davranış haritalarının oluşturulmasıdır. İkinci yöntem kullanıcı davranış haritalarıyla ortaya konan kullanım değeri üzerinde etkili bir diğer unsur olan kullanıcıların deneyimledikleri mekânda ne derece konforlu olduklarının araştırılmasıdır. Kişisel özelliklerin yanı sıra fiziksel çevre etmenleriyle de oluşan ısıl konfor algısı kullanıcının mekân seçiminde ve mekânı kullanım süresinde etkili olabilmektedir. Üçüncü yöntem ise, mekân dizim analizi ile fiziksel çevreye bağlı olan durumu tespit edip kampüsün bütünleşik ve yalıtılmış alanların ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Bu üç yöntemin sonuçları çakıştırılarak kampüs tasarımının güçlü ve zayıf yanları tespit edilmiş, bu tespitler doğrultusunda iyileştirilmeler ve potansiyel alanların değerlendirilebilmesi için öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription. In response to rising energy costs and the impetus to reduce environmental impacts, upgrading the large building stock that is responsible for 40% of the total energy consumption to maximum energy efficiency is becoming an important task. Despite the many benefits associated with retrofit projects, they are still only slowly being implemented because of the many challenges that exist. One of these challenges is optimizing the decision between renovation scenarios based on economic and environmental goals, which can be made possible with an accurate pre-retrofit model. The intention of this paper is to introduce a pre-retrofit model that efficiently obtains and integrates multiple forms of building data as a critical step to develop a comprehensive understanding of a building to be renovated. Opportunities for utilizing building information modeling (BIM) and geographical information systems (GIS) for retrofitting projects were explored through the study of a historical campus building. With the use of as-is geometric data and as-is data, building data maps were obtained. The next step of this study is to use the model to conduct scenarios comparison and optimize renovation decision based on economic and environmental goals. Joan & Irwin Jacobs Technion-Cornell Innovation Institute (JTCII) ; TÜBİTAK

This paper reports a post-occupancy evaluation study of a LEED Platinum building on a university campus. A multiple-tool POE approach with GIS-based spatial mapping method was used to analyze and visualize the survey results of building occupant satisfaction and the measured indoor environment quality. The occupants were overall satisfied with the indoor environment in their workspaces in the building of study, though thermal comfort was comparatively low with high percentage of occupants reporting their workspaces too cold. Air movement was found to be lower than preferred by the occupants, especially in interior offices where CO 2 level was also predominantly higher. Light levels in the building were found higher than preferred. Electric lighting power density installed did not reflect the fact that daylight is available for most of the lab and office spaces. Satisfaction with speech privacy was found lower in individual offices related to the construction detail of the connection between curtain wall and interior walls. Linking performance outcomes with spatial information improves POE data management. Spatial mapping allows reasons that cause occupant discomfort and dissatisfactory measured performance to be identified more intuitively and makes it potentially easier to communicate POE results with architects, engineers and facility management professionals, in order to engage them in the collaborative effort of continuous building performance improvement.