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The demand for the fast-food industry in the world is increasing day by day. In this sense, chicken doner kebab becomes frequently preferred food source in daily life. At the same time, chicken doner kebab is both a good animal origin protein source and a cheaper option. Therefore, it is prepared and consumed in high amounts in Turkey. In this study, it was aimed to determine the presence of Clostridium perfringens and its toxin genes in traditional Turkish chicken doner kebabs purchased from restaurants and modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) samples collected from markets. For this purpose, 100 ready-to-cook and 100 ready-to-eat, totally 200 doner samples have been used as material. As a result, the prevalence of C. perfringens has been found 29%, 6% in readyto-cook and ready-to-eat samples, respectively. The cpa gene was detected in all isolates. However, both cpa and cpe gene was found only in 4% of isolates., Dünyada fast-food beslenmeye olan talep her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu anlamda tavuk döner kebap günlük hayatta sıklıkla tercih edilen bir besin kaynağı haline gelmektedir. Aynı zamanda tavuk döner kebap hem iyi bir hayvansal protein kaynağı hem de daha ekonomik bir seçenek olması nedeniyle Türkiye'de yüksek miktarlarda üretilmekte ve tüketilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, restoranlardan satın alınan geleneksel Türk tipi tavuk döner kebapları ve marketten toplanan modifiye atmosfer paketli (MAP) örneklerde Clostridium perfringens ve toksin genlerinin varlığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 100 adet pişirilmiş ve paketlenmiş ve 100 adet restoranlardan alınmış ve yenmeye hazır olmak üzere toplam 200 döner örneği materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, pişirilmiş ve paketlenmiş örneklerde C. perfringens prevalansı %29 ve restoranlardan alınmış örneklerde ise %6 olarak bulunmuştur. Tüm izolatlarda cpa geni tespit edilmiş olmasına rağmen hem cpa hem de cpe geni izolatların sadece %4'ünde belirlenmiştir.

Biyofilmler, bakterilere güçlü tolerans ve uygun yaşam ortamları sağlayan, ekstraselüler polimerik maddelere gömülü mikroorganizmalar topluluğudur. Çoğu patojen özellikteki mikroorganizma, uygun koşullar oluştuğunda gıdalarda ve gıda ile temas eden yüzeylerde biyofilm oluşturarak gıda endüstrisinde ve halk sağlığı açısından sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, daha önceki çalışmalarla çeşitli gıda örnekleri ve kesimhane ortamından izole edilen ve moleküler yöntemlerle identifiye edilmiş, toplam 120 Salmonella Virchow, Salmonella Infantis, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium izolatı materyal olarak kullanıldı. Biyofilm oluşumunun kalitatif olarak tespiti amacıyla Kongo Kırmızısı Agar kullanıldı. Yapılan analizler doğrultusunda, toplam 120 izolattan 15’inin (%12,5) kalitatif olarak biyofilm ürettiği tespit edildi. Kalitatif olarak biyofilm oluşturduğu tespit edilen suşların biyofilm oluşturma gücü mikroplak yöntemiyle kantitatif olarak araştırıldı. Mikroplak yöntemine göre 2 E. faecium ve 1 E. faecalis suşu güçlü biyofilm üreticisi; 2 L. monocytogenes (serotip 1/2a) suşu orta düzey biyofilm üreticisi; 4 E. coli, 4 S. aureus ve 2 L. monocytogenes (serotip 1/2a ve serotip 4b) suşu zayıf biyofilm üreticisi olarak belirlendi. Salmonella spp. suşlarının tümü biyofilm üretimi açısından negatif olarak belirlendi. Sonuç olarak; süt, mandıra ürünleri, tüketime hazır gıdalar ve kesimhanelerden izole edilen bakterilerde biyofilm üretiminin hem halk sağlığı hem de gıda işletmeleri için önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle, gıda işleme tesislerinde, üretim hattı boyunca temizlik ve dezenfeksiyon işlemlerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde HACCP, İyi Üretim Uygulamaları gibi gıda sanitasyon sistemlerine riayet edilmesinin biofilm oluşumunun önüne geçilmesinde faydalı olacağı öngörülmektedir.

This study was aimed to investigate the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw water buffalo milk and milk products, besides determining its serotype and the extent of its resistance against various antibiotics. A total of 188 samples of raw water buffalo milk and milk products were collected from Samsun Province, Turkey between November 2012 and May 2013. The classical culture technique was used to isolate and identify L. monocytogenes, as described in EN ISO 11290-1. The isolates were confirmed as L. monocytogenes by using PCR with (hylA) primers specific for the hemolysin gene. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was achieved by using the VITEK 2 compact system and VITEK 2 AST-P640 card. L. monocytogenes was found in 7 (3.7%) of the 188 samples. Four of them were obtained from cheese and three from milk samples. Whereas, L. monocytogenes was not detected in any of the clotted cream samples. A total of 13 isolates were confirmed by PCR as L. monocytogenes. Among these isolates, one was 1/2c (or 3c) (7.6%), three were 4b (or 4d, 4e) (23%), four were 1/2b (or 3b) (30.7%), and the other five isolates were serotype 1/2a (or 3a) (38.4%). The highest antimicrobial resistance was recorded against fosfomycine (100%) followed by oxacillin (92%), penicillin (84%), and erythromycin (69%). However, no resistance was determined against ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and tigecycline. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study showed that some samples of raw buffalo milk and the milk products were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. The serotype with the highest prevalence was determined as L. monocytogenes 1/2a. This study also demonstrated that most of the L. monocytogenes isolates had developed multiresistance to many frequently used medical antimicrobial agents.

Shiga-like toxin producing Escherichia coli is still an important public issue which causes extremely dangerous health problems. This study was planned in order to examine the inhibitory effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging application on E. coli O157 and O157: H7. The purposes of the present study were to detect E. coli O157 and O157: H7 strains from ground and cubed beef. A total of 100 MAP cattle meat products (50 minced meat, 50 meat cubes) were collected from the markets and butchers in Samsun province between May and October 2013. According to results, 1(1/50-2%) E. coli O157 and 1(1/50-2%) E. coli O157: H7 strains isolated from 50 ground beef samples, while 1 (1/50-2%) E. coli O157 strain was identified from 50 cubed beef samples. It was determined that E. coli O157 isolate obtained from the MAP ground beef carried stx1, stx2 genes; E. coli O157: H7 isolate carried stx1, stx2, eaeA and hylA genes while E. coli O157 isolate obtained from the MAP cubed meat only carried the stx2 gene. In antibiogram test, both E. coli O157 isolates were resistant to streptomycin and one E. coli O157: H7 isolate was resistant to streptomycin, cephalothin and tetracycline. As a consequence; in order to protect public health, products should be kept in proper hygienic and technical conditions during sale and storage and use of uncontrolled antibiotics should be avoided.

WOS: 000476149700001 In this study, it was aimed to determinate the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae and genes responsible for resistance formation in cheeses that were sold in local markets in Samsun. A total of 150 cheese samples were collected from the local markets in Samsun center and were used as material. One hundred and forty-eight ESBL positive isolates were obtained from 34 samples (26.6%). Identification of 148 isolates were as follows; 79 Escherichia coli (54.5%), 39 Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.3%), 16 Klebsiella oxytoca (10.8%), 5 Citrobacter youngae (3.4%), 4 Shigella bodii (2.7%), 2 Klebsiella ozaenae (1.53%), 2 Enterobacter cloacae (1.53%), and 1 Enterobacter aerogenes (0.67%). Polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that 64 isolates carried the bla(CTX-M) gene (43.2%), while 39 isolates carried the bla(TEM) gene (26.3%), and 16 isolates carried the bla(SHV) gene (10.8%). It was concluded that cheeses sold in local markets are an important source of enteric bacteria that can produce ESBL. Therefore, cheeses can be considered as a potential source for spread of ESBL genes from foods to human. Practical Applications Enterobacteriaceae strains producing ESBL have been isolated from many foods, especially foods of animal origin, form a potential risk to public health due to zoonotic character. Ondokuz Mayis University Scientific Research Projects Commission PresidencyOndokuz Mayis University [PYO.VET.1904.15.003] This article was part of a PhD thesis made by Omar Husan, 2017. This study was supported by PYO.VET.1904.15.003 code number and Ondokuz Mayis University Scientific Research Projects Commission Presidency.

Beekeeping industry is developing day by day in the world and accordingly, there is an increase in the variety of beekeeping products. One of these products is pollen which is the main source of proteins necessary for bees to complete their growth and development and also an excellent functional food ingredient for humans. In this study, it is aimed to determine the presence of Clostridium botulinum and its toxin types in the pollen samples obtained from seven different regions of Turkey. A total of 200 pollen samples collected from Black Sea Region (n:51), Mediterranean Region (n: 32), Central Anatolia (n: 38), Aegean Region (n: 14), Eastern Anatolia (n: 41), Southeastern Anatolia (n:8) and Marmara Region (n:16) were used as material. The conventional method determined by the Food and Drug Administration was used for isolation. Real Time PCR technique was used for identification and determination of toxin types. As a result, C. botulinum was detected only in one (0.5%) of the analyzed samples (supplied from the Black Sea region) and the toxin type was determined as Type A.

CADIRCI, Ozgur/0000-0003-2018-2545 WOS: 000452305000012 This study was conducted to investigate the presence of Bacillus cereus in ice cream samples and to identify associated toxin genes by mPCR. 125 ice cream samples were used as material. A total of 38 samples were found to be positive for B. cereus. It was found that 31.9% of the isolates had three enterotoxic HBL complex encoding genes, 10.6% had two hbl genes and 6.3% contained one hbl gene. On the other hand, 15.9% of the isolates contained three NHE complex encoding genes, 31.9% had two nhe genes and 20.2% contained one nhe gene. Also 7.4% of isolates were found to contain both NHE and HBL complexes while ctyK1 was not detected from any isolate. The presence of B. cereus and their enterotoxigenic genes in ice creams may be a potential risk for public health. Practical applications The presence of the B.cereus in high numbers and the toxins in foods pose a potential risk in terms of health and food spoilage. In food poisoning cases, hbl, nhe, cytK, and the effect of emetic toxin are especially notable. The resistance of spores against pasteurization and psychrotolerant feature enable the explanation of the existence of B. cereus in ice-cream.

This study was carried out to investigate the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in samples obtained from a slaughterhouse in Samsun, Turkey. A total of 300 samples (25 samples per month) analyzed by Immunomagnetic Separation (IMS) based on conventional culture method. Then isolates were verified and serotyped by PCR using specific primers. According to the analysis, a total of 18 isolates were identified as L. monocytogenes. Distribution of these isolates were as; 5 isolates (serotype 1/2b or 3b) from 1 cattle carcass, 5 isolates (serotype 1/2b or 3b) from 1 knife, 2 isolates (serotype 4b or 4d, 4e) from 1 knife sharpener, 5 isolates (serotype 1/2a or 3a) from 1 floor sample, 1 isolate (serotype 1/2a or 3a) from 1 cowhide, respectively. As a result, carcasses are considered to pose a hazard to public health due to L. monocytogenes contamination. The development of slaughterhouse conditions and production technology, improving the education level of employees in food safety issues, prevention of contamination of foodborne pathogens to carcasses in slaughterhouses and implementation of effective sanitation methods should be provided, Samsun ilindeki mezbahada Listeria monocytogenes varlığının araştırılması amacıyla yapılan bu çalışma 12 aylık bir dönemi kapsamaktadır. Ayda bir kez olmak üzere her ay 25 örnek alınarak toplam 300 örnek L. monocytogenes varlığı bakımından analiz edildi. Örneklerden L. monocytogenes varlığının araştırılmasında Immunomagnetic Separation (IMS) bazlı klasik kültür tekniği, identifikasyonda biyokimyasal testler kullanıldı. İdentifiye edilen izolatlar PCR ile doğrulandı ve spesifik primerler ile serotiplendirildi. Yapılan biyokimyasal doğrulama testleri ve PCR analizleri sonucunda; 1 karkas örneğinden 5 izolat, 1 bıçak örneğinden 5 izolat; 1 bıçak bileyicisi örneğinden 2 izolat; 1 zemin örneğinden 5 izolat; 1 deri örneğinden 1 izolat olmak üzere toplam 18 izolat L. monocytogenes olarak belirlendi. Yapılan serotiplendirme sonucunda 1 karkas örneğinden elde edilen 5 izolat, 1 bıçak örneğinden elde edilen 5 izolat L. monocytogenes 1/2b (3b); 1 bıçak bileyicisi örneğinden elde edilen 2 izolat L. monocytogenes 4b (4d, 4e); 1 zemin örneğinden elde edilen 5 izolat ve 1 deri örneğinden elde edilen 1 izolat L. monocytogenes 1/2a (3a) olarak tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak karkaslardaki L. monocytogenes kontaminasyonunun halk sağlığı açısından tehlike oluşturabileceği değerlendirilmiştir. Mezbaha şartlarının ve üretim teknolojisinin geliştirilmesi, çalışan personelin gıda güvenliği hususunda eğitim düzeyinin arttırılması ve mezbahalarda etkin sanitasyon yöntemlerinin uygulanması ile gıda kaynaklı patojenlerin karkaslara bulaşmasının önlenmesi sağlanmalıdır

WOS: 000353338100014 The objective of the present study was to assess the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and to investigate its serotyping and antibiotic resistance in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. A total of 100 RTE foods, including 25 stuffed mussels, 25 ezme samples (a Turkish-style tomato dip/condiment), 25 fried spiced livers, and 25 mayonnaise-based salads were obtained from retail shops and supermarkets in Samsun, Turkey. Samples were analyzed using the standard procedure EN ISO 11290-1 and isolates of L. monocytogenes were confirmed for the presence of the hemolysin gene (hylA) by polymerase chain reaction. L. monocytogenes was identified in 1 of 25 (4%) mayonnaise-based salads as serotype 4b, 2 of 25 (8%) ezme samples as serotype 1/2a, and 1 of 25 (4%) fried spiced livers as serotype 4b. None of the stuffed mussel samples were found to be contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Antibiotic resistance profiles of L. monocytogenes isolates were detected by the disk diffusion method. Eight antibiotics disks were selected for resistance tests. One of the 4 isolates of L. monocytogenes was resistant to oxytetracycline and 1 isolate was resistant to vancomycin. In conclusion, the presence of L. monocytogenes serotypes 4b and 1/2a in RTE foods is of significant concern for public health as these serotypes are predominant serotypes that can cause listeriosis in humans.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Clostridium botulinum in honey samples using conventional methods and multiplex PCR (mPCR). A total number of 150 honey samples were randomly collected from apiaries, retail shops, weekly open bazaars, and supermarkets in Samsun, Turkey. Of 150 honey samples, 4 (2.6%) were positive for the botulinum neurotoxin gene by mPCR analysis. A total of 4 C. botulinum isolates were obtained from the mPCR positive samples, of which 3 were type A and 1 was type B. No samples were positive regarding the type E and type F neurotoxin genes. This is the first report of type A and type B spores of C. botulinum being detected and isolated in Turkey. This study revealed that some honey samples may present a potential hazard for food borne and infant botulism.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enterotoxigenic and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in ice creams. After culture-based identification of isolates, the presence of 16S rRNA and nuc was confirmed by mPCR. S. aureus was identified in 18 of 56 fruity (32.1%), 4 of 32 vanilla (12.5%), and 1 of 12 chocolate (8.3%) ice creams. S. aureus was identified as 38 isolates in 23 ice cream samples by culture-based techniques, but only 35 isolates were confirmed by PCR as S. aureus. To determine the enterotoxigenic properties of PCR-confirmed S. aureus isolates, a toxin detection kit was used (SET RPLA®). Of the 12 enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates, 9 SEB (75%), 1 SED (8.3%), 1 SEB+SED (8.3%), and 1 SEA+SEB+SED (8.3%) expressing isolates were found. The presence of enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sed) was identified in 13 (37.1%) out of 35 isolates by the mPCR technique. In the ice cream isolates, the sea, seb, and sed genes were detected: 1 sea (7.6%), 9 seb (69.2%), 1 sed (7.6%), 1 seb+sed (7.6%), and 1 sea+seb+sed (7.6%), respectively. The sec gene was not detected in any of these isolates. One of the 35 (2.8%) S. aureus strain was mecA positive.

WOS: 000298092200024 This study was undertaken to determine the presence and levels of Aflatoxin M-1 (AFM(1)) in ice cream samples consumed in the province of Samsun. For this purpose, a total of 115 samples comprising 25 vanilla ice creams, 65 fruit ice creams and 25 chocolate ice creams were used as the study materials. The ice cream samples were purchased randomly from 11 different markets. The samples were analysed by the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Aflatoxin M, was detected in 30 (26.08%) of the ice cream samples, ranging from 6.12-32.15 ng kg(-1) whereas 85 samples (73.92%) did not reveal the presence of this toxin. The AFM, levels were not higher than the limits of the Turkish Food Codex (50 ng kg(-1) for ice cream) in all of the ice cream samples. It was concluded that the aflatoxins contained in some of the investigated samples were potential risks for public health Therefore, milk which is the basic ingredient of ice cream must be continuously monitored for AFM(1) contamination. Furthermore, dairy cow feed should be stored in such a way that they do not become contaminated.

WOS: 000279162300009 The aim of the study is to evaluate the precence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and enteroviruses (EV) in milk samples. Raw milk and whey samples (n=50), collected from eight different open air markets in Samsun (Turkey) were analysed for HAV and entero viruses by RT-PCR. Viral RNA was extracted using the rapid acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform method. HAV primers were selected from sequences of the VP2 and VP4 capsid region. Entero virus primers were selected from the 5 non-translated region, which is the most conserved region in an enterovirus genome. Four samples (8%) raw milk were positive for EV RNA. However, HAV RNA was not determined the milk samples. This is the first report on the detection of HAV and EV RNA in cow milk samples in Turkey. This study highlights the interest for contamination by HAV and EV in milk samples from different areas.

1. Gentamicin was injected subcutaneously and intramuscularly into 5 groups of 10 laying hens and its concentration was determined in albumen, yolk and whole egg. 2. Groups 1 and 3 were intramuscularly injected with doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg while groups 2, 4 and 5 were subcutaneously injected with doses of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. 3. The final gentamicin concentration in albumen was measured on d 3 for groups 1 and 2; on d 4 for groups 3 and 4, and on d 5 for group 5. Concentrations in yolk and whole egg were measured on d 7, 10 and 12. 4. Gentamicin recovery was as follows: 2% in groups 1 and 2, 2.5% in groups 3 and 4, and 3% in group 5. 5. Most of the residue (approximately 90%) was recovered from the yolk.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Clostridium botulinum in honey samples using conventional methods and multiplex PCR (mPCR). A total number of 150 honey samples were randomly collected from apiaries, retail shops, weekly open bazaars, and supermarkets in Samsun, Turkey. Of 150 honey samples, 4 (2.6%) were positive for the botulinum neurotoxin gene by mPCR analysis. A total of 4 C. botulinum isolates were obtained from the mPCR positive samples, of which 3 were type A and 1 was type B. No samples were positive regarding the type E and type F neurotoxin genes. This is the first report of type A and type B spores of C. botulinum being detected and isolated in Turkey. This study revealed that some honey samples may present a potential hazard for food borne and infant botulism.

Bu çalışma 4ºC’de muhafaza edilen midyelerde kitosan (%0.5 (w/v), pH 2.9-3.2) ve laktik asit (%0.5 (v/v), pH 2.5-2.7) uygulamalarının midyenin kimyasal ve duyusal kalitesi üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. Midyeler 100 mL, %0.5’lik laktik asit (v/v) ve kitosan (w/v) solusyonları içine daldırıldı oda ısısında 22ºC’de 15 dk. bekletildi. Kontrol grubu midyeler ise içinde kitosan ve laktik asit olmayan 100 mL steril distile su (%2 NaCl) içinde bekletildi. Midyeler başlangıç gününde (0. gün) 15 dk. süreyle laktik asit ve kitosanda muamele edilmesi sonucu toplam aerobik mezofilik bakteri (0.53-1.07 log), psikrotrofik bakteri (0.11-0.13 log), Lactobacillus spp. (0.46-1.30 log), Enterobacteriaceae (0.43-0.48 log) ve koliform bakteri (0.52-0.66 log) sayılarında düşüş sağlandı. Kontrol grup midyelerinde sıfırıncı günde total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) ve histamin değerleri sırasıyla 13.1 mg N 100 g-1, 1.37 mg MA kg-1, 1.97 mg N 100 g-1 ve 4 ppm iken depolamanın sonunda (11. günde) 39.9 mg N 100 g-1, 3.02 mg MA kg-1, 4.86 mg N 100 g-1 ve 7.75 ppm’e yükseldi (P0.05). Elde edilen sonuçlara göre 4ºC de muhafaza edilen kontrol grup midyelerin raf ömrü 4 günle sınırlı kaldı. Buna karşın muhafaza öncesi laktik asit ve kitosan ile muamele edilen midyelerin raf ömrü 6-7 gün olarak belirlendi, kontrol grup ile karşılaştırıldığında raf ömrünün 2-3 gün daha fazla uzadığı görüldü (P0.05). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different pretreatment agents such as chitosan (0.5% (w/v), pH 2.9-3.2) and lactic acid (0.5% (v/v), pH 2.5-2.7) on the chemical and sensory qualities of mussels stored at 4ºC. Mussels were dipped in 100 mL of 0.5% solution of lactic acid (v/v) and chitosan (w/v) at room temperature (22ºC) for 15 min. Mussels from the control group were dipped in 100 mL of sterile distiled water (2% NaCl) without chitosan and lactic acid. Treatment of mussels with lactic acid and chitosan at the beginning of the experiment (day 0) for 15 min reduced bacterial counts of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (0.53-1.07 log) psychrotrophic bacteria (0.11-0.13 log), Lactobacillus spp. (0.46-1.30 log), Enterobacteriaceae (0.43-0.48 log) and coliform bacteria (0.52-0.66 log). Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) and histamine values of control group mussels were increased from (day 0) 13.1 mg N 100 g-1, 1.37 mg MA kg-1, 1.97 mg N 100 g-1 and 4 ppm to 39.9 mg N 100 g-1, 3.02 mg MA kg-1, 4.86 mg N 100 g-1 and 7.75 ppm at the end of the storage period (day 11), respectively (P

KEVENK, Tahsin Onur/0000-0003-2519-8060 WOS: 000328082700021 The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Bacillus cereus and to detect enterotoxigenic genes in dairy dessert samples utilising a multiplex PCR technique. A total of 100 samples, 25 keskul, 12 tavuk gogsu, 12 kazandibi, 30 supangle, 4 profiteroles and 17 sutlac were analysed. B. cereus contamination was found in 7 of 100 (7.0%) samples including 3 (25%) tavuk gogsu, 2 (6.6%) supangle, 1 (4%) keskul and 1 (5.8%) sutlac. The average number of B. cereus was between 2.0x10(1) - 5.0x10(2) cfu/g in these dairy dessert samples. A total of 20 isolates were collected from the 7 positive samples. The results indicated that 30% (6/20) of B. cereus isolates contain three enterotoxic HBL complex encoding genes hblA, hblC and hblD, whereas 70% (14/20) had no hbl genes. In addition, all three enterotoxic NHE complex encoding genes, nheA, nheB and nheC, were detected in 40% (8/20), two nhe genes (nheA and nheB) were found in 45% (9/20) and one nhe gene (two nheA and one nheB) was found in 15% (3/20) of the isolates. The ctyK1 gene was not detected in any sample. The presence of B. cereus and their enterotoxigenic genes in dairy desserts may be a potential risk for public health.

KEVENK, Tahsin Onur/0000-0003-2519-8060; WOS: 000312552200020 PubMed: 23127160 The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in 122 samples, including 60 raw milk, 32 white cheese, 10 kashar cheese, 10 butter, and 10 ice cream samples obtained from Samsun province, Turkey. In this study, S. aureus was detected in 64 samples, including raw milk (45/60; 75%), white cheese (12/32; 37.5%), kashar cheese (3/10; 30%), butter (3/10; 30%), and ice cream (1/10; 10%) samples. A total of 81 isolates were identified as S. aureus by PCR with the presence of 16S rRNA and nuc genes. The presence of genes encoding the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) SEA, SEB, SEC, and SED was detected by multiplex PCR. According to the analysis, seven isolates from the raw milk samples (7/51; 13.7%) were enterotoxigenic; five of them produced SEA (5/7; 71.4%), one produced SEB (1/7; 14.2%), and one produced SEA+SEB (1/7; 14.2%). Four isolates from the white cheese samples (4/21; 19%) produced the SEA (1/4; 25%), SEC (1/4; 25%), SED (1/4; 25%), and SEA+SED (1/4; 25%) toxins. Two isolates from the kashar cheese samples (2/4; 50%) were found to be enterotoxigenic; one produced SEA (1/2; 50%) and the other produced SED (1/2; 50%). One isolate from the butter samples (1/4; 25%) showed enterotoxigenic character (SEB, 1/1; 100%). The products were found to be potentially hazardous to public health because of the fact that levels of contamination were higher than 105-106 cfu/g ml in 39% (25/64, 17 raw milk, 7 white cheese, and 1 butter) of the analyzed samples.

KEVENK, Tahsin Onur/0000-0003-2519-8060 WOS: 000274990300034 PubMed: 20374823 The present Study was conducted to investigate the presence of Escherichia coli O157 and O157:H7 strains and to detect the presence of the stx1, stx2, and eaeA genes ill isolates derived from 200 samples (100 samples from fresh ground beef and 100 samples from raw meatball). The samples were purchased from the Samsun Province in Turkey, over a period of 1 year. Enrichment-based immunomagnetic separation and multiplex polymerase chain reaction were applied for these analyses. E. coli O157 was detected in five of the 200 (2.5%) samples tested (one isolated from ground beef and four from meatball samples), whereas E. coli O157:H7 was not detected in any sample. During the analysis, eight strains of E. coli O157 were obtained. The genes stx1, stx2, and eaeA were detected in two E. coli O157 isolates obtained from two meatball samples, whereas only the eaeA and the stx2 genes were detected in four E. coli O157 strains that were isolated from one meatball sample. None of the stx1, stx2, and eaeA was detected in the E. coli O157 isolates obtained from the ground beef and the one meatball samples. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. University of Ondokuz Mayis, Scientific Research CenterOndokuz Mayis University [PYO.VET.O43] This study was supported by the University of Ondokuz Mayis, Scientific Research Center, under the Project No. PYO.VET.O43.