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The aim of the research is to examine the relationship between character structures and mental toughness of high school and university students doing fencing sports. Survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, has been used in the study. The sample of the research consisted of 286 active licensed fencing athletes who have competing in the classifications of the Turkish Fencing Federation and studying at high schools and university. As a data collection tool in the study Personal Information Form, Sport Character Scale (SCS) Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) has been used. In the data analysis, independent group t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, Tukey HSD multiple comparison test, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient test have been applied. As a result of the research; average of sports character scores of high school and university athletes; gender, age, education level, branch and nationality status variables have found to be significantly different. It has been specified that there wasn’t significant difference in the fencing experience period variable. Mental toughness score averages in sports; gender, age, education level, branch, fencing experience period, nationality status have found to be significantly different. It has been determined that there is a low and moderate positive and significant relationship in some sub-dimensions of the Sports Character Scale and Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire.

The purpose of this research is to examine the opinions of football referees who are actively working under the Turkish Football Federation about the video assistant referee (VAR) system and its education. Interview method, one of the qualitative research designs, was used in the research. Research data were collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher.The research group consists of 20 football referees who are actively working in different classifications determined by maximum diversity sampling, one of the purposive sampling methods, which is one of the non-probability sampling strategies. In the research, the data were evaluated by content analysis method. According to the results of the research, the positive and negative categories of the referees’ thoughts on how the VAR System applied in the world’s major leagues and in our country affect the spirit of the football game and the pleasure of watching; fair decision, the formation of trust, the decrease in the pace of the game and the decrease in the pleasure of watching, they express their opinions against the spirit of football and the adaptation problem and under the name of negative impact categories, respectively; VAR application with a general philosophy of “minimum interference, maximum benefit”, which provides a more systematic and open to advice environment, where the referees express their opinions of self-confident decision, mental comfort, excessive stress and conflict in decision making. In their thoughts that more definite decisions were taken together with the decision diversity and the contribution of the decisions to the game categories; final and clear decisions, variability in interpretations and decisions, decrease in the number of errors, increase in the rate of finding the truth, correction of the decisions affecting the result, objectivity and maximum benefit, the referees expressed their opinions on how the newly implemented VAR System in the world and in our country will contribute to the development of the game in the future. Under the categories of positive contribution and fair play; In their thoughts on the VAR System, which has been in practice in various leagues of the world and in our country for a short time, and the opinions of the referees on the training given to the referees; under the categories of gradual education, being advantageous, being useful and not being sufficient, respectively; increase in the levels of success and education of referees, expert educators and high level opportunity recognition, critical position analysis, upbringing equipped referees, gaining a different perspective and position uncertainty to be examined.

Almost every team that has been defeated in recent years has indicated football referees as the first guilty, and the public pressure on the referees managing the competitions is increasing. Despite these adverse conditions, it is considered important to determine what values the football referees have to manage the competitions. The aim of this research is to determine the value orientation of football referees. The research group consisted of 35 male football referees actively refereeing in the 2019-2020 Football Season in Turkey. Research data was obtained through semi-structured interview method. The data were evaluated by content analysis method. As a result of the research, various values were reached in social, personal, morals, belief, culture, extraversion, sensing, thinking, feeling, judging categories. Keywords: Values, Football, Referee

The aim of this research is to examine the thoughts of bodybuilding athletes on the use of doping from the perspective of sports ethics. Interview method, one of the qualitative research patterns, was used in the research. The research group consisted of 14 elite bodybuilding athletes who participated in international competitions in the bodybuilding branch. In the study, the data were obtained through one-on-one interviews with bodybuilding athletes who volunteered to participate in the research in February 2018 and evaluated by the content analysis method. According to the survey, bodybuilding athletes of Turkey's Youth and Sports Ministry in doping "zero tolerance" policy for their use depending on the doping of athletes of other countries in views on the competitive environment in the contest; Unfair competition, no one who does not use abroad, seeing this branch as a doping sport, getting rid of the backstage, power war of the states, health is more important than success; In their views on the relationship between the diplomatic power of the countries and the use of doping in international competitions, backstage power is important in success, making money negotiations, “Turkish athletes' work is very hard” themes; In his views on the use of doping with the thought that every way should be tried to win at all costs, health is more important than anything, the themes of reaching the desired performance with patience, the truth of this sport, contrary to sports ethics, everything is necessary for victory; knowing that they were not able to detect that they used doping through wipers before an important international competition, felt the necessity to take risks in their country and their own reputation for one-time use of doping; the themes of the athletes they know and observe in their country and other foreign countries using doping, with themes such as a wide variety of health problems and negativity should not be connected to doping in their lives about their physiological and physical changes; It is determined that the athletes they know and observe by using doping bodybuilding in our country and other foreign countries express a wide variety of psychological problems and addiction themes in their opinions about their psychological changes in their lives after the end of the competition life.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to determine the problems faced by teachers in physical education lessons who pass from classroom teaching to physical education teaching. Interview technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. The research group consisted of teachers who passed from physical education teaching to physical education teaching branch and working in various districts of Konya in the 2018-2019 Academic Year (n = 12 male, n = 1 female). “Personal Information Form” and semi-structured “Interview Form” developed by the researchers were used as data collection tools. The data were evaluated by content analysis method. As a result of the research, it was found out that classroom teachers who had to pass to physical education teaching by changing the field had to deal with many problems.

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Summary:The aim of this study was to study the usefulness of erythrocyte antigen (EA) measurement to study engraftment after allogeneic HSCT. In all, 31 consecutive patients receiving HLA-identical bone marrow (BM) (n=13) or peripheral blood stem cells (n=18) were investigated. Apart from the ABO group, 15 EAs representing six minor blood groups were followed by the simple tube agglutination technique. A total of 20 (64.5%) patients received ABO-identical, eight (25.8%) received ABO minor and three (9.7%) received ABO major mismatched grafts. In all, 29 patients were followed for a median of 12 (6-16) months; 65% of the patients expressed donor type EA 1 month and almost all did so 6 months after transplant. Reticulocyte engraftment was significantly shorter than EA engraftment (median 18 vs 35 days) (P=0.001). Patients who received PB stem cells showed significantly faster EA and reticulocyte engraftment than patients who received BM stem cells (P=0.038 and 0.025). ABO compatibility did not have an impact on reticulocyte and EA engraftment (P=0.4 and 0.55). The earliest donor type EA detected was from the Rh and Kidd system. These data suggest that EA and reticulocyte assays are useful in monitoring engraftment.Bone Marrow Transplantation (2004) 34, 351-355. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704576 Published online 31 May 2004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many anticancer drugs in clinical use are natural product derived from natural sources. Today, investigations of anti cancer effect of different natural products are increase. The aimed of the current study was to investigate possible antiproliferative effects of methanolic extract of Linum arboreum leaves (MELAL) and fruits (MELAF). Linumarboreum is a plant species that member of Linacea efamily. We evaluated the antiproliferative effect of MELAL and MELAF on human lung carcinomacells A549 by XTT assay. Cells exposed different concentration of MELAL and MELAF (0.1–2000 µg/mL) for 24 h. IC50 value was determined 0.771 ± 0.043 µg/mL of MELAL and IC50 value was determined 1.456 ± 0.995 µg/mL of MELAF. MELAL has shown higher antiproliferative activity compare with MELAF. Alsoboth of MELAL and MELAF have higher antiproliferative activity with low IC50 values in compared cisplatin. Especially MELAL has shown strong anticancer activity with low IC50 value. Nevertheless, anti cancer activity of MELAL should be supported by further studies.

Aim: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its complications are known to be associated with oxidative stress. Pteridine derivatives and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity can be used as biomarkers in the evaluation of oxidative stress. In this study, our aim is to compare the concentrations of serum and urinary pteridine derivatives, as well as serum IDO activity, in children and adolescents diagnosed with T1D and those in a healthy control group., Method: A cross-sectional study was performed and included 93 patients with T1D and 71 healthy children. Serum and urine biopterin, neopterin, monapterin, pterin, isoxanthopterin, and pterin-6-carboxylic acid (6PTC) and serum tryptophan and kynurenine levels were analyzed and compared with healthy controls. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for the analysis of pteridine derivatives, tryptophan, and kynurenine. Xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, a marker of oxidative stress, was defined by measurement of serum and urine isoxanthopterin. As an indicator of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity, the ratio of serum kynurenine/tryptophan was used., Results: Serum isoxanthopterin and tryptophan concentrations were increased, and serum 6PTC concentration was decreased in children with T1D (p=0.01, p=0.021, p<0.001, respectively). In children with T1D, IDO activity was not different from healthy controls (p>0.05). Serum neopterin level and duration of diabetes were weakly correlated (p=0.045, r=0.209); urine neopterin/creatinine and isoxanthopterin/creatinine levels were weakly correlated with HbA1c levels (p=0.005, r=0.305; p=0.021, r=0.249, respectively). Urine pterin/creatinine level negatively correlated with body mass index-SDS. (p=0.015, r=-0.208)., Conclusion: We found for the first time that isoxanthopterin levels increased and 6PTC levels decreased in children and adolescents with T1D. Elevated isoxanthopterin levels suggest that the XO activity is increased in TID. Increased XO activity may be an indicator of vascular complications reflecting T1D-related endothelial dysfunction., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: We report a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) who developed acute kidney injury (AKI) and elevated creatine kinase (CK) after thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) prior to radioiodine therapy., Case Presentation: A 12-year-old female patient who had undergone total thyroidectomy for PTC one year ago presented with leg pain for the past 2 days. Following THW 3 weeks ago, the case had received 70 mCI radioiodine treatment 6 days ago. Serum creatinine (1.53 mg/dL, normal range [NR]: 0.3-1.1), aspartate aminotransferase (102 IU/L, NR: 0-40) and CK (3451 IU/L, NR: 26-174) levels were elevated. Thyrotropin level was elevated (>100 µIU/ml, NR: 0.51-4.3), and free T4 level was decreased (0.05 ng/dL, NR: 0.98-1.63). Serum creatinine and CK levels decreased after intravenous hydration and levothyroxine treatment., Conclusion: In PTC cases with thyroidectomy, kidney function and CK elevation should be assessed after THW and dehydration should be prevented.

Objective: Mercury poisoning is a condition with multiple-organ dysfunction that has effects on the central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, skin, lungs, and kidneys. It can be fatal or may result in sequelae such as neurological disturbances, if treated late or left untreated. The endocrinological effects of mercury exposure are not well-known. We aimed to evaluate patients with mercury poisoning., Materials and Methods: A total of 6 cases of mercury poisoning from 3 families were included in the study. Clinical, laboratory, and follow-up data were recorded., Results: Thyroid dysfunction was presented as high thyroid hormones and normal thyrotropin level (unsuppressed) in 5 cases (83.3%). On the other hand, pheochromocytoma-like syndrome was detected in 5 cases (83.3%) with hypertension. The 4 cases were the first to use methimazole for mercury poisoning due to tachycardia and hypertension despite antihypertensive treatment due to catecholamine excess and thyroid dysfunction. Hyponatremia was detected in 3 cases (50%)., Conclusion: Mercury poisoning is difficult to diagnose because it is rare and presents with nonspecific physical and laboratory findings. Early diagnosis and providing appropriate treatment are essential in order to prevent sequelae. Mercury poisoning should be considered in patients with unexplained hypertension and tachycardia suggesting the involvement of thyroid hormones and catecholamines.

Objective: Insulin resistance (IR) has been described in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), though its mechanism has not been fully clarified. In this study, it was aimed to investigate insulin sensitivity for the first time in children with juvenile SLE (jSLE) by considering the effect of the already known contributing factors of IR., Method: This is a cross-sectional study including 43 patients with jSLE and the same number of healthy controls matched for age, gender, pubertal stage, body mass index, and physical activity level. IR, as calculated by both homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and a relatively new method, triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, was compared between the patients and their matched controls, also among the patients stratified by disease duration, corticosteroid use, and disease activity., Results: Insulin resistance in the patient group was higher than the controls according to both HOMA-IR and TyG index (p < 0.001 for both). In the patient group, no significant effect of disease duration, corticosteroid use, disease activity, and levels of anti-dsDNA, anti-cardiolipin IgM, anti-cardiolipin IgG, C3, and C4 on IR was demonstrated., Conclusion: Children with jSLE were found to have higher IR even after neutralizing the effects of the contributing factors which are expected to aggravate IR. This elevation in IR in jSLE seems not to be associated with corticosteroid use, disease duration, disease activity, or autoantibody levels. Thus, the presence of IR in jSLE cannot be explained solely with neither the already known contributing factors nor the increased inflammation of the disease. Key Points • In this study, insulin sensitivity was investigated for the first time in children with jSLE. • Children with jSLE have higher insulin resistance than healthy ones. • Insulin resistance in children with jSLE is independent of corticosteroid use, disease duration, disease activity or autoantibody, and complement levels., (© 2021. International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR).)

Corticosterone methyloxidase deficiency type 2 is an autosomal recessive disorder presenting with salt loss and failure to thrive in early childhood and is caused by inactivating mutations of the CYP11B2 gene. Herein, we describe four Turkish patients from two families who had clinical and hormonal features compatible with corticosterone methyloxidase deficiency and all had inherited novel CYP11B2 variants. All of the patients presented with vomiting, failure to thrive and severe dehydration, except one patient with only failure to thrive. Biochemical studies showed hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and acidosis. All patients had normal cortisol response to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test and had elevated plasma renin activity with low aldosterone levels. Three patients from the same family were found to harbor a novel homozygous variant c.1175T>C (p.Leu392Pro) and a known homozygous variant c.788T>A (p.Ile263Asn) in the CYP11B2 gene. The fourth patient had a novel homozygous variant c.666&#95;667delCT (p.Phe223ProfsTer35) in the CYP11B2 gene which caused a frame shift, forming a stop codon. Corticosterone methyloxidase deficiency should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and growth retardation, and it should not be forgotten that this condition is life-threatening if untreated. Genetic analyses are helpful in diagnosis of the patients and their relatives. Family screening is important for an early diagnosis and treatment. In our cases, previously unreported novel variants were identified which are likely to be associated with the disease.

Stored dried blood spots (DBS) can provide valuable samples for the retrospective diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism, and for validation studies for newborn blood spot screening programs. Acylcarnitine species are subject to degradation upon long-term storage at room temperature, but limited data are available on the stability in original samples and the impact on acylcarnitine ratios. We analysed complete acylcarnitine profiles by flow-injection tandem mass spectrometry in 598 anonymous DBS stored from 2013 to 2017, at +4 °C during the first year and thereafter at room temperature. The concentrations of C2-, C3-, C4-, C5-, C6-, C8-, C10:1-, C10-, C12:1-, C12-, C14:1-, C14-, C16:1-, C16-, C18:2-, C18:1-, C18-, C5OH+C4DC-, C18:1OH-, and C16DC-carnitine decreased significantly, whereas a positive trend was found for free carnitine. Only the C4/C8-, C8/C10-, C14:1/C10- and C14:1/C16-carnitine ratios appeared robust for the metabolite instability. The metabolite instability may provoke the wrong interpretation of test results in the case of retrospective studies and risk the inaccurate estimation of cut-off targets in validation studies when only stored control DBS are used. We recommend including control DBS in diagnostic, retrospective cohort studies, and, for validation studies, we recommend using fresh samples and repeatedly re-evaluating cut-off targets.

Donohue syndrome (DS) and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) are rare diseases caused by biallelic variants within the insulin receptor gene ( INSR ). Here, we report 2 cases: one with DS and the other with RMS. The case with DS presented with intrauterine growth retardation, nipple hypertrophy, clitoromegaly, distended abdomen, hypertrichosis, and dysmorphic features. The second case showed severe acanthosis nigricans, hyperkeratosis, and hypertrichosis. In both cases, abnormal glucose homeostasis due to severe insulin resistance was observed. The diagnosis of DS and RMS was established based on clinical characteristics, abnormal glucose homeostasis, high serum insulin levels, and determination of pathogenic variants in the INSR gene. The first case with DS has 2 novel homozygous variants, NM&#95;000208.3, c.3122delA (p.N1041Mfs*16) and c.3419C>G (p.A1140G), and the second case with RMS has a previously reported homozygous variant NM&#95;000208.3, c.3529+5G>A (IVS19+5G>A) in the INSR gene., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Introduction: Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a major chronic neurological complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and typically presents as diabetic sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN). Whereas some patients with similar risk factors develop polyneuropathy, others don't, which suggests that genetics plays an important role in the progression of disease. The proteasome modulator 9 gene (PSMD9) is a transcriptional regulator of the insulin gene and its variants cause beta-cell dysfunction that devastates insulin transcription. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between PSMD9 rs14259 polymorphism and the risk of DSPN in Turkish DM patients with DPN., Methods: The study included 31 DM patients with DSPN and 29 healthy controls. All participants underwent electrophysiological investigation. In addition, DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples for the genotyping of PSMD9 rs14259 polymorphism., Results: Mean age in the DSPN and control groups was 58.03±9.59 years and 57.62±12.32 years, respectively. There were significant differences between the DSPN and controls groups in the frequencies of the genotype for AA (n=9 and n=12, respectively), AG (n=10 and n=15, respectively), and GG (n=12 and n=2, respectively). According to the distribution of PSMD9 rs14259 polymorphism, 45.2% (n=28) of the patients and 67.2% (n=39) of the controls had the A allele, and 54.8% (n=34) of the patients and 32.8% (n=19) of the controls had the G allele, whereas the frequency of the G allele of rs14259 was significantly higher in the DSPN group (X 2 =1.059, P=0.015) than in the control group (OR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.18-5.23)., Conclusion: The present findings show that the GG genotype and G allele of PSMD9 rs14259 polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk of DSPN in Turkish DM patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors report there are no conflicts of interest—financial or otherwise—related to the material presented herein., (Copyright: © 2021 Turkish Neuropsychiatric Society.)

Objective: Any erythrocyte transfusion among humans having type A or B blood groups is impossible due to antibodies causing fatal transfusion complications. A cross-match test is performed to prevent immune transfusion complications before transfusion. Our hypothesis is that the fragment antibody (Fab) part of the antibody (incomplete antibody) may be used to prevent an immune stimulus related to the complete antibody. Therefore, we designed a pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness of these incomplete antibodies using cross-match tests., Materials and Methods: Pepsin enzyme and staphylococcal protein A columns were used to cut anti-A and anti-B monoclonal antibodies and purify their Fab (2) fragments, respectively. An Rh-positive erythrocyte suspension with purified anti-A Fab (2) solution and B Rh-positive erythrocyte suspension with purified anti-B Fab (2) solution were combined correspondingly. Cross-match tests were performed by tube and gel centrifugation methods. The agglutination levels due to the anti-A and anti-B Fab (2) antibodies and their effects on the agglutination normally observed with complete antibodies were then measured., Results: No agglutination for the purified incomplete anti-A Fab (2) with A Rh+ erythrocyte and anti-B Fab (2) with B Rh+ erythrocyte combinations was observed in the tube cross-match tests. These agglutination levels were 1+ in two wells in the gel centrifugation cross-match tests. Fab (2)-treated erythrocytes were also resistant to the agglutination that normally occurs with complete antibodies., Conclusion: We determined that the Fab (2) fragments of antibodies may not only be used to obtain a mild or negative reaction when compared to complete antibodies, but they might also be used for decreasing ABO incompatibility. Incomplete antibodies might be a therapeutic option in autoimmune hemolytic anemia and they may also be used in solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therefore, we have planned an in vivo study to prove these in vitro findings.