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Bu çalışmanın amacı, G-20 Ülkelerinin Positive Money araştırma organizasyonu tarafından oluşturulan Yeşil Merkez Bankacılığı verileri ile sıralamasını yapmaktır. Yeşil Merkez Bankacılığı kapsamında G-20 ülkelerinin iklim ile mücadele için dört kategoride bilgileri toplanarak her ülke için karne puanı oluşturulmaktadır. Bu kategoriler “Araştırma ve Savunuculuk”, “Para Politikası”, “Finans Politikası” ve “Örnek Liderlik”tir. Çalışmada G-20 ülkelerinin Yeşil Merkez Bankacılık performansları bu kategorilerle değerlendirilmektedir. Analiz için Çok Kriterli Karar Verme yöntemlerinden biri olan PSI yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. PSI yöntemi birçok alternatif ve kriteri eş zamanlı analiz ederek çözüme ulaştıran yöntemlerden biridir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre ilk iki sırada, Fransa ve Brezilya çıkmıştır. İlk sıralarda çıkan ülkelerin merkez bankalarının iklim değişikliği konusunda daha hassas ve aktif oldukları görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak G-20 ülkeleri merkez bankalarının iklim değişikliğiyle faaliyet boyutları belirlenmektedir. Bununla birlikte çalışmada G-20 ülkelerinin merkez bankalarının iklim değişikliği konusunda ne kadar aktif olduğu ve diğer ülkeler içerisinde hangi konumda olduğu belirlenerek farkındalık oluşturulmak istenmiştir.

Introduction:There’s are similar mechanisms in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in terms of inflammation and oxidative stress. We wanted to measure serum adiponectin (ADPN) levels in DR, considering the other clinical/laboratory findings in subgroups with or without DN.Methods:A total of 122 patients were included; group 1 (non-diabetic, healthy subjects), group 2 (diabetic without DR, with/without albuminuria/proteinuria), group 3 (mild to moderate DR, without albuminuria/proteinuria) and group 4 (severe non-proliferative or proliferative DR, with albuminuria/proteinuria). DR grades were defined by the same ophthalmologist based on the clinical examination and angiographic findings.Results:In diabetics, mean hemoglobin A1c was over 8.0%. Estimated glomerular filtration rate values and serum albumin levels were significantly lower in group 4 compared to group 1. Not ADPN/C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, but ADPN, ADPN/waist circumference, ADPN/body mass index and ADPN/fibrinogen were all significantly higher in group 4 compared to group 2. ADPN/CRP was positively correlated with high-density cholesterol in group 1, 2, 4, negatively correlated with triglyceride in group 3, 4, and positively correlated with hypertension in group 4.Conclusion:We had increased serum ADPN and indices in the DR neovascularization process among diabetics. But, further loss of kidney function itself prevented the increase in serum ADPN/CRP levels. To estimate progression in the advanced stages of DR, serum ADPN/CRP was a valuable follow-up marker in DR, if there was no urinary loss of ADPN.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, iç ve dış denetçiler arasındaki iş birliğine ve dış denetçilerin iç denetim çalışmasına olan güvenine özellikle vurgu yaparak, iç ve dış denetçiler arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında ayrıca bu iş birliği algılamalarının çeşitli demografik değişkenlere göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği de ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.Yöntem: Araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulmuş on maddelik anket formu kullanılarak, elektronik ortamda 93 bağımsız denetçiden araştırmanın verileri toplanmıştır.Bulgular: Çalışmada öncelikle, oluşturulan Denetçiler Arası İş Birliği Ölçeğinin geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği sınanmış ve başarılı bulunmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen hipotezlerden iki tanesi desteklenmiştir. Bu kapsamda bağımsız denetçilerin iş birliği algılamalarının yaş ve tecrübe değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre yaş ve tecrübesi daha fazla olan grubun iş birliği algılamaları, daha düşük olanlara nazaran anlamlı şekilde düşük gerçekleşmiştir.Sonuç: Çalışmada bağımsız denetçilerin, denetçiler arası iş birliği seviyesine yönelik algılamalarının tam orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Background Understanding health-seeking behaviors and determining factors help governments to adequately allocate and manage existing health resources. The aim of the study was to examine the health-seeking behaviors of people in using public and private health facilities and to assess the factors that influence healthcare utilization in Northern Cyprus. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 polyclinics among 507 people using a structured intervieweradministered questionnaire. Health-seeking behaviors were measured using four indicators including routine medical check-ups, preferences of healthcare facilities, admission while having health problems, and refusal of health services while ill. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to explore factors influencing the use of health services. Results About 77.3% of the participants reported to have visited health centers while they had any health problems. More than half (51.7%) of them had a routine medical check-up during the previous year, while 12.2% of them had refused to seek healthcare when they felt ill during the last five years. Of all, 39.1% of them reported preferring private health services. Current smokers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.17-3.14), having chronic diseases (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.95-2.16), having poor perceptions on health (AOR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.563.48), and spending less on health during the last three months (AOR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.43- 3.01) had about twice the odds of having routine checkups. Higher education (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.38-2.55) was shown to be a positive predictor for the health-seeking behaviors, whereas having self-care problems (AOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.08-0.40) and having a moderate-income (AOR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.57-0.81) were inversely associated with seeking healthcare. Conclusion The utilization of public and private health sectors revealed evident disparities in the socio-economic characteristics of participants. The health-seeking behaviors were determined by need factors including chronic disease status and having poor health perception and also by enabling factors such as education, income, insurance status and ability to pay by oneself. These findings highlight the need for further nationwide studies and provide evidence for specific strategies to reduce the socioeconomic inequalities in the use of healthcare services.

AIM: To compare two different anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment regimens’-a priori pro re nata (PRN) and PRN regimen following the loading phase-anatomical and functional results in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients. METHODS: Totally 544 nAMD patients followed and treated with aflibercept (n=135) and ranibizumab (n=409) at 9 different centers between 2013 and 2015 were enrolled into this retrospective multicenter study. Patients with initial best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) interval of 1.3-0.3 (logMAR) and a minimum follow-up of 12mo were included. Patients under two different regimens-a priori pro re nata (1+PRN) or 3 consecutive intravitreal injections followed by a PRN regimen (3+PRN)-were compared in BCVA at 3th, 6th and 12th months, and in central macular thickness (CMT) at 6th and 12th months. The total study group, intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) and intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) groups were evaluated separately. RESULTS: The mean CMT decreased in the 1+PRN (n=101) regimen from 407 to 358 and 340 µm and in the 3+PRN (n=443) group from 398 to 318 and finally to 310 µm at months 6 and 12, respectively. Anatomically, the CMT reduction at 6th month (48.5 vs 76.4; P

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, Lefkoşa’daki bir tıp fakültesinin birinci sınıf öğrencilerinde acil kontrasepsiyon konusundaki bilgi ve tutumlarını değerlendirmek olarak belirlenmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu kesitsel araştırmanın verileri Şubat 2016’da gözlem altında anket uygulanarak toplanmıştır. Tıp Fakültesi’nin toplam 467 birinci sınıf öğrencisinden 418’i anket sorularına yanıt vermiştir (yanıt hızı %89.5). Bulgular: Öğrenciler 24 ülkeden gelmekle birlikte, çoğunluk Türkiye (%58.0), Nijerya (%11.8) ve Kuzey Kıbrıs (8.2%) yurttaşıdır. Acil kontrasepsiyonun tanımını doğru bilme düzeyi %57.6, amacını doğru bilme %57.2’dir. Acil kontrasepsiyonun ve acil kontrasepsiyon haplarının tanımını bilme açısından ülke kıta grupları arasında önemli fark bulunmuştur, en düşük oran Asya ülkeleri üyeleri arasındadır. Acil kontrasepsiyonun etkili olduğu zaman süresini doğru bilenler toplamda %33.9, acil kontrasepsiyon haplarının tanımını doğru bilenler ise %14.2’dir. Acil kontraseptiv hapları ve en etkili zaman süresi konusunda bilgisi olmadığını söyleyenler dışarıda bırakıldığında, bildiğini belirtenlerin bu iki kavramı bilme düzeyi her biri için %36.7’dir. Seksüel aktif katılımcılar arasında aile planlaması kullanımı %49.5, acil kontrasepsiyon uygulama %23.1’dirSonuç: Tıp öğrencilerinin acil kontrasepsiyon konusundaki bilgi düzeyi ve davranışları yetersiz bulunmuştur. Tıp öğrencilerine ve üniversiteye yeni başlayan tüm diğer öğrencilere acil kontrasepsiyon eğitimi sağlanmalıdır.

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, Lefkoşa’nın bir bölgesindeki 65 yaş ve üzeri bireylerin sosyal yaşama katılım düzeyini belirlemek olarak tanımlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı nitelikte olan araştırmanın evrenini, Lefkoşa ilçesi Göçmenköy bölgesinde yaşayan ve 2011 nüfus sayımına göre belirlenen 65 yaş ve üstü 515 birey oluşturmaktadır. Nüfusun tümüne ulaşılması hedeflenmiş, araştırmacılar evlerde yüz yüze anket uygulayarak veri toplamışlardır. Bulgular: Katılımcıların %57’si kadın, yaş ortalaması 73.0±6.6 yıl, %68’i evlidir. Katılımcıların %78’inde en az bir hastalık bulunmaktadır. Katılımcıların yalnızca %2.4’ü gelir getirici bir işte çalışmakta; %16’sı günlük etkinliklerde yardıma gereksinim duymaktadır. Teknoloji kullanımı cep telefonu dışında %50’nin altındadır. Araba ve cep telefonu kullanımı erkeklerde önemli derecede daha yüksektir. Evli olanlarda ve eğitim düzeyi ortaokul ve üstünde olanlarda teknoloji kullanımı, alışveriş yapma, dışarı yalnız çıkma ve yürüyüş yapma düzeyleri istatistiksel olarak önemli derecede daha yüksektir.Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, yaşlı nüfusun, özellikle kadınların sosyal katılımı yetersiz bulunmuştur. Yaşlılığa bağlı kısıtlılıklar, sosyal ve fiziksel diğer belirleyiciler, yaşlıların sosyal katılımını engelleyebilmektedir. Oysa sosyal katılım yaşlıların yaşam kalitesini artırmakta, ayrıca topluma sosyoekonomik katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, kamunun görevi engelleri ortadan kaldırmak olmalıdır.

Today, the rapid development of technology causes a great change and transformation process in the field of education. In this process, the importance of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) increases for teachers to use technology effectively. In this process, it is thought that mathematics teachers should improve their TPACK, especially in the use of measurement tools in EBA. In addition, for students to be successful in mathematics, mathematics teachers should have sufficient knowledge about teaching methods, materials, and the use of technological tools. At this point, teachers' TPACK is thought to be critical for optimizing students' learning process and providing an effective mathematics education. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine mathematics teachers' TPACKs within the framework of their demographic characteristics and frequency of using EBA assessment tools. The study was designed with the survey model of quantitative method. The study's participants are the math teachers employed by public and private schools in the province of Eskisehir. Within the scope of the study, the link of the relevant data collection tool was sent to the study group by obtaining the necessary application permissions and data were collected from 369 mathematics teachers. As a result of the study, it is concluded that mathematics teachers need to develop their TPACK to improve students' mathematics skills and optimize students' learning process and that teachers should have knowledge about the use of technological tools and online assessment tools such as EBA and be able to use these tools effectively. In addition, in light of this study, it is recommended that mathematics teachers should research technological tools and materials that they can use in mathematics education and use EBA assessment and evaluation tools more frequently to improve their TPACK. Finally, it is suggested that in-service courses, trainings, etc. on the use of technology in education should be organized for teachers to ensure their personal development.

This research aimed to investigate the effects of giving learners self directed learning (SDL) instruction based on the Staged Self-Directed Learning Model (SSDLM) during distance English learning on their SDL readiness, achievement, attitudes toward English course and distance education. The study sample consisted of one hundred forty-six freshmen enrolled in two different departments at the Faculty of Education in Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University in Türkiye in 2017/2018 Academic Year. All the participants took part in a twelve-week quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test. The English course program was common to both groups, but the SDL instruction program prepared according to the principles of SSDLM was unique to the experimental group only. The research data were collected using the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, Attitude toward English Courses Scale, Attitude toward Distance Education Scale, and Achievement Test developed specifically for this English course. The obtained data were analyzed through the independent samples t-tests with bootstrap technique. The findings revealed no observable difference in SDL readiness scores between the groups. It may be because changing the way people learn requires longer time. However, remarkable differences in some other variables were observed in favor of the experimental group. These variables were attitude toward learning, importance of English and attitude toward distance education. These findings can be evaluated as the indication of some developments on the brink. All the findings were discussed in detail with this in mind and, suggestions were made accordingly.

This study is aimed to find out the mediating role of work-life balance in the relationship between job stress and career satisfaction. The responses of high school teachers to career satisfaction, work life balance and work stress scales were utilized in the study. The data was analyzed using SPSS 26, Lisrel 8.80 and Jamovi 2.3. According to the results, one of the important determinants of teachers' career satisfaction is the work-life balance; there is a negative relationship between job stress and career satisfaction, and as the job stress increases, the work-life balance decreases. Finally, in the model, it was found that teachers' job stress has a direct effect on career satisfaction, but also has an indirect effect through work-life balance. Based on all these results, educational organizations need to reorganize the work environment and conditions that will provide career satisfaction and work-life balance to their employees. However, while making these arrangements, it is of great importance to eliminate or even remove the factors that create job stress.

During the early stages of childhood, educators play a pivotal role as influential figures in a child's life. The dynamic between teacher and child holds the potential to either foster or jeopardize the child's developmental trajectory. The present study investigated the predictive role of teacher-child relationships in behavior problems for Turkish children. A predictive correlation design was used in this study. Eight preschool teachers rated the quality of their relationships with 138 children aged 4-6 years and their externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. Findings revealed that the quality of the teacher-child relationships was a significant predictor of both externalizing and internalizing problems. Closeness in teacher-child relationships is associated with a decrease in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Conflicts in teacher-child relationships, in contrast, have been linked to increased problem behaviors exhibited by children. Notably, conflict emerges as a more influential predictor for externalizing behavior problems, whereas the level of closeness exerts a more substantial influence on internalizing behavior problems. Findings provide new perspectives on how teacher-child relationship patterns affect children's behavior problems in Turkey context.