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The purpose of this chapter is, thus, to contribute to the extant studies on tourism development as a component of local development policies, through amixed research strategy, at the intersections of the qualitative and quantitative traditions.More specifically, we contribute to this debate by constructing a theoretical space on which the planning documents produced by SNAI’s 22 pilot inner areas can be properly classified in order to assess the coherence with respect to their goals. This theoretical space was built on the basis of a literature review carried out through an anthropological lens, highlighting the role of communities and their cultures in bottom-up, placebased, and participative policy-making strategies. This review stresses the necessity of studying policy narratives to effectively categorise planned tourism interventions within the intersections between different policy approaches (spatially bling vs. place-based) and tourism development possibilities (based on emergent or existing resources). Hence, within the tradition of socio-statistical methods, we perform a content analysis of the planning documents using textual statistics techniques.

High labor turnover imposes costs on a firm and hinders the accumulation of human capital. In an increasingly competitive market, retaining competent employees is a necessity. To avoid excessive labor turnover, it is necessary to identify which characteristics influence career pathways for employees. Becoming employed and/or staying employed within a certain firm or sector is normally not binary, but rather should be studied as employment-related events within a career trajectory. The combination of the timing and the order of distinct events that form a unique career pathway for an individual can be studied by using sequential analysis. In this paper, we systematically identify the common career paths of individuals who work in retail or wholesale.

The opponents of big‐box entry argue that large retail establishments generate a variety of negative externalities. The advocates, on the contrary, argue that access to a large retail market not only delivers direct economic benefits, but also a variety of positive spill‐over effects, and therefore, can be considered a consumer amenity that increases the attractiveness of the entry location. To test the validity of these competing arguments, we use the entry of IKEA in Sweden as a quasi‐experiment and investigate if increased access to retail is associated with place attractiveness, where attractiveness is proxied by residential property values. We find that entry by IKEA increases prices of the properties sold in the entry cities by, on average, 4.2% or 62,980 SEK (approximately 6,600 USD), but such an effect is statistically insignificant for the properties in the immediate vicinity of the new IKEA retail trade area. We also observe an attenuation of the effect with distance from the new IKEA store, where the properties located 10 km away experience a 2% price increase. Our results indicate that large retailers have the potential to increase place attractiveness, but perhaps not in the immediate vicinity of the new establishment.

We investigate to which extent shopping centers are drivers of economic development by studying how distance to newly established shopping centers affects the performance of incumbent firms located in the suburbs of the three Swedish major metropolitan areas (Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö) between 2000 and 2016. We use a regression setup with 27,000 firm-year observations and explore the possible heterogeneity imposed on the results from two main elements of spatial economics theory: the size of the new retail area and the distance from the new retail area to the analyzed incumbents. We observe a clear difference in the direction of the effects of large versus small shopping centers. While competition forces are much stronger when large shopping centers make entry, yielding an average negative effect of 5% on incumbent firm revenue and 3% on firm employment, results indicate an opposite pattern for smaller shopping centers, with firm revenue and firm employment increasing by 4 and 3%, respectively. Moreover, we also observe that both agglomeration and competition effects attenuate sharply with distance from the new entrant, confirming one of the central premises of retail location theory. Finally, the results indicate that the geographical scope of the effects is much wider in the case of larger shopping centers, with the estimates becoming insignificant at about 9-10 km from the new entry, as compared to 3-4 km in the case of smaller retail centers.

The retail sector accounts for a large share of employment in many economies, and many young individuals regard the retail sector as a steppingstone in the labor market. As the retail sector comprises various types of employment and diverse tasks, those employed in the retail sector are able to transition across different roles. Retail firms, however, often experience high labor turnover, which is costly to firms. This paper addresses how the human capital of full-time retail employees relates to labor turnover. We study individuals working in the retail sector between 1990 and 2018 and analyze how their human capital is associated with their likelihood of remaining in the same establishment and/or in the retail sector at large. Results indicate that firm-specific human capital decreases the probability of quitting, while formal education has the opposite effect. Industry experience and specific retail education, however, decreases the probability of leaving an establishment.

The university process, which is an important step for adulthood, is also a process in which many changes are experienced in student life. In primary, secondary and high school terms, more teacher effective system where responsibilities are left to the student, achieving academic success, ensuring personal development and even it leaves more order to take new decisions that will change its life. School life the position of the university gained with these changes, away from family / undergoing this process, adulthood the relationship between friendship, material management and adaptation to life, which is one of the most important factors that are experienced more frequently during the transition to the second semester and continue in the rest of life, can be the basis for the problems that the student will face. To be able to solve these problems correctly and it needs to be supported in order for the process to proceed in a healthy way with minimal damage to life. One of the important points that should be taken into consideration while providing this support is that it has a qualitative approach by approaching it in an objective manner and guiding the person to make a decision for the solution of the problem. Here it is important to define the problem and to include psychological counseling in the solution process. Because sometimes the problem is clarified in a healthy way and by the expert is the most important way to the solution. This work; The aim of this study is to determine the effect of psychological counseling in the process of solving the problems faced by university students in psychological, social, cultural, educational, health, economic, personal development and other fields. The research was conducted at Sakarya University Esentepe Campus. Data were collected by interview technique. Another important aim of the study is to provide psychological counseling services and to prepare the ground for the creation of societies that display healthier behaviors., Yetişkinlik dönemi için önemli bir adım olan üniversite süreci aynı zamanda öğrencilik hayatında birçok değişikliğin de yaşandığı bir süreçtir. İlkokul, ortaokul ve lise dönemlerindeki daha çok öğretmen etkin sistem yerini, sorumlulukların öğrenciye bırakıldığı, öğrencinin akademik başarı elde etmek, kişisel gelişimini sağlamak ve hatta hayatını değiştirecek yeni kararları alması adına daha çok söz sahibi olduğu bir düzene bırakır. Okul hayatındaki bu değişikliklerle beraber kazanılan üniversitenin konumu, aileden uzakta/birlikte bu süreci geçirme, yetişkinlik dönemine geçişte daha sık yaşanan ve hayatın geri kalanında da devam eden farklı düzeylerdeki arkadaşlık ilişkileri, maddiyat yönetimi ve en önemli etkenlerden biri olan bu yaşama adaptasyon süreci öğrencinin karşılaşacağı problemler için zemin oluşturabilmektedir. Kişinin karşılaştığı bu problemlerin doğru şekilde çözülebilmesi ve yaşamında en az hasarı bırakacak şekilde sürecin sağlıklı ilerleyebilmesi için desteklenmeye ihtiyacı vardır. Kendisine bu desteği sağlarken dikkat etmesi gereken önemli noktalardan biri de bu desteğin ona tarafsız bir şekilde yaklaşarak problemin çözümü için kişinin karar verebilmesine kılavuzluk edebilecek bir vasfa sahip olmasıdır. Burada sorunun tanımlanması ve çözüm sürecine psikolojik danışmanlık hizmetinin dahil edilmesi önem kazanır. Çünkü bazen problemin sağlıklı şekilde ve uzmanı tarafından netleştirilmesi çözüme giden en önemli yoldur. Bu çalışma; üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik, sosyal, kültürel, eğitim, sağlık, ekonomik, kişisel gelişim ve diğer alanlarda karşılaştıkları problemlerin çözüm sürecinde psikolojik danışmanlık almalarının etkisini ortaya koymak amacıyla planlanmıştır. Araştırma, Sakarya Üniversitesi Esentepe Kampüsü’nde yürütülmüş olup, öğrencilerden bire bir görüşme tekniği ile veri toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın önemli amaçlarından bir diğeri de psikolojik danışmanlık hizmetinin yaygınlaştırılıp daha sağlıklı davranışlar sergileyen toplumlar oluşturulması adına zemin hazırlamaktır.

WOS: 000480458900009 Amaç: Resimli Psikososyal ve Davranış Sorunları Kontrol Listesinin (RPDSKL) okul öncesi 4-5 yaş grubu çocuklarda geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmanın evreni Düzce’de 26 okul öncesi eğitim kurumuna devam eden 4-5 yaş grubunda çocuğu olan 1512 anne-babadan oluşmaktadır. Evrenin tamamına ölçek, çocuklar aracılığıyla ulaştırılmış, 759 anne-baba ölçeği yanıtlamıştır. RPDSKL’nin geçerliliğini desteklemek ve en uygun ölçüm modeline ulaşmak amacıyla sırasıyla MINRES faktör analizi ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizinden (DFA) yararlanılmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenilirliğini değerlendirmek için Cronbach alfa, test-tekrar test, Spearman-Brown güvenilirlik katsayıları ve madde-toplam korelasyon matrisi hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular: Veri setinin çok değişkenli normallik ve çoklu bağlantı varsayımlarını sağladığı belirlenmiştir. MINRES Faktör analizi ile beş boyutlu model elde edilmiş ve bu faktörün varyansı açıklama oranı %43.49 olarak bulunmuştur. Belirlenen faktör yapısının geçerliğini test etmek için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmıştır (χ2=460.02, df=365, p=0.001). Model uyum indekslerine göre 29 maddelik ‘dışsallaştırma, içselleştirme, depresif duygulanım, dikkat ve sınıflandırılmamış’ alt boyutlarından oluşan beş faktörlü model, genel olarak kabul edilebilir uyum göstermektedir (RMSEA

This study shows that in Sweden, contrary to other European countries, refugees have been disproportionately placed in peripheral and rural areas with high unemployment and rapid native depopulation where the prospects for integration, both socially and economically, are poor. We explore and evaluate some potential reasons for this outcome. Factors such as an intimidating political and intellectual climate in favor of receiving large numbers of asylum seekers and immigrants and the economic support given by the central government to municipalities that accept refugees are not sufficient to understand the actions of rural local governments. Instead, we argue that Tetlock's seminal work on "expert political judgment" may provide a useful approach for understanding the seemingly irrational actions of local politicians in rural and peripheral municipalities.

The European Union officially proclaims to have a common refugee policy. However, the common treaties leave a great deal of discretion to the individual member countries, which allows them to regulate refugee migration while still upholding international treaties. Member countries have authority over border controls, the processing of asylum applications as well as economic benefits provided to refugees. We show that the differences in refugee flows are so extensive and systematic that the existence of a common EU refugee policy is debatable. The commitments made by the member countries are largely voluntary, and refugee policy is mainly determined at the national level. The discrepancies between the member countries strongly signal that the European Union may not be an optimal region for a common refugee policy. A refugee policy should instead be determined at the national level concordant with the regional and local level, where integration measures are implemented in practice. Meanwhile, the European Union can play an important role through refugee aid to afflicted countries, treaties with third countries, rescue actions in the Mediterranean and control of the external EU borders.

This article analyses the relationship between the size and the quality of ethnic enclaves on immigrants' labour market integration. Using exogenously defined grid cells to delineate neighbourhoods we find robust empirical evidence that the employment rate of the respective immigrant group in the vicinity (as a measure of enclave quality) facilitates labour market integration of new immigrants. The influence of the overall employment rate and the share of co-nationals in the neighbourhood tend to be positive, but less robust. We thus conclude that the quality is more important than the size of the ethnic enclave in helping new immigrants finding jobs.

Tez (yüksek lisans) - Anadolu Üniversitesi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü, Resim Anasanat Dalı, Kayıt no: 481884, Su, evrenin varoluşundan bu yana temel ihtiyaç maddesi olmasından öte, farklı anlamlar yüklenerek ihtiyaçlara, inançlara, kültürlere ve teknolojiye göre değişim, gelişim ve çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Sınırları ayırmasının yanı sıra kültürleri bağlayan, insanlar arasındaki ortak bağ olan ve her zaman aynı kalan su ögesinin, Türk resim sanatında ele alınma biçimlerinin değişim ve dönüşüm göstermesi bu araştırmanın konusu olmuştur. Kültürel bir öge olan su kavramı, sanat tarihi boyunca ilk tasarım formlarından başlayıp, günümüzdeki disiplinler arası anlatımlarla sanat eserlerinde çok çeşitli anlam katmanları ile ele alınmaktadır. İlk bölümde, kültürel gelişimin kaynağı olan su ögesinin, Antik çağlarda tanrısal ve kutsal bir öge olarak görülmesinden, mitolojilere yansımasından, insanlara her konuda yaratıcılık katmış olduğundan ve sanatsal algılarını da şekillendirdiğinden bahsedilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde su ögesinin Türk resim sanatının ortaya çıkmasında oynadığı rol, minyatürlerin içinde görülmesine rağmen tema olarak sanat eserlerinde yerini almasında, ilk Türk ressamları olan deniz harp okulu mezunu asker ressamların etkisi ve 14 Kuşağı ile su betimlemelerinin gelişimi incelenmiştir. Son bölümde, Cumhuriyet’ten günümüze kadar Türk resim sanatında su ögesinin değişen sanat anlayışları ile birlikte hem teknik, hem üslup, hem de kavramsal olarak dönüşüm gösterme sürecinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.

The relevance of residential segregation and ethnic enclaves for labor market sorting of immigrants has been investigated by a large body of literature. Previous literature presents competing arguments and mixed results for the effects of segregation and ethnic concentration on various labor market outcomes.The geographical size of the area at which segregation and/or ethnic concentration is measured, however, is left to empirical work to determine. We argue that ethnic concentration and segregation should not be used interchangeably, and more importantly, the geographical area at which they are measured relates directly to different mechanisms. We use a probabilistic approach to identify the likelihood that an immigrant is employed or a self-employed entrepreneur in the year 2005 with respect to residential segregation and ethnic concentration at the level of the neighborhood, municipality and local labor market level jointly. We study three groups of immigrants that accentuate the differences between forced and pulled migrants: (i) the first 15 member states of European Union (referred to as EU 15) and the Nordic countries, (ii) the Balkan countries, and (iii) countries in the Middle East. We find that ethnic enclaves, proxied by ethnic concentration at varying levels indicate mixed results for the different immigrant groups we study, both for their employment and entrepreneurship probability. Whereas residential segregation has a more uniformly distributed result where its relationship to any of the two labor market outcomes is almost always negative or insignificant.

We explore the effects of neighborhood-level ethnic enclaves on the propensity of immigrants to use business ownership as a vehicle to transcend from labor market outsiders to insiders. We exploit an exogenously partitioned grid of geocoded 1-by-1 km squares to approximate neighborhoods, and match it with Swedish full-population data from 2011-2012 to study immigrants from the Middle East. We demonstrate a robust tendency for people to leave non-employment for self-employment if many members of the neighborhood ethnic diaspora are business owners, while we observe weak effects emanating from business ownership in other groups. Net of these effects, the overall scale of the enclave, measured by local concentration of co-ethnic peers, negatively influences the propensity to become self-employed. The results are consistent with the argument that it is not the scale, but the quality of local ethnic enclaves that influence labor market outcomes for immigrants.