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Abstract Background Exploring the dynamics of gut microbiome colonisation during early-life stages is important for understanding the potential impact of microbes on host development and fitness. Evidence from model organisms suggests a crucial early-life phase when shifts in gut microbiota can lead to immune dysregulation and reduced host condition. However, our understanding of gut microbiota colonisation in long-lived vertebrates, especially during early development, remains limited. We therefore used a wild population of common buzzard nestlings (Buteo buteo) to investigate connections between the early-life gut microbiota colonisation, environmental and host factors. Results We targeted both bacterial and eukaryotic microbiota using the 16S and 28S rRNA genes. We sampled the individuals during early developmental stages in a longitudinal design. Our data revealed that age significantly affected microbial diversity and composition. Nest environment was a notable predictor of microbiota composition, with particularly eukaryotic communities differing between habitats occupied by the hosts. Nestling condition and infection with the blood parasite Leucocytozoon predicted microbial community composition. Conclusion Our findings emphasise the importance of studying microbiome dynamics to capture changes occurring during ontogeny. They highlight the role of microbial communities in reflecting host health and the importance of the nest environment for the developing nestling microbiome. Overall, this study contributes to understanding the complex interplay between microbial communities, host factors, and environmental variables, and sheds light on the ecological processes governing gut microbial colonisation during early-life stages.

The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis is a feedback network which influences diverse physiological processes and plays a pivotal role in overall health and wellbeing. Although research in humans and laboratory mice has shed light into the associations and mechanisms governing this communication network, evidence of such interactions in wild, especially in young animals, is lacking. We therefore investigated these interactions during early development in a population of common buzzards (Buteo buteo) and their effects on individual condition. In a longitudinal study, we used a multi-marker approach to establish potential links between the bacterial and eukaryotic gut microbiota, a panel of immune assays and feather corticosterone measurements as a proxy for long-term stress. Using Bayesian structural equation modeling, we found no support for feedback between gut microbial diversity and immune or stress parameters. However, we did find strong relationships in the feedback network. Immunity was negatively correlated with corticosterone levels, and microbial diversity was positively associated with nestling body condition. Furthermore, corticosterone levels and eukaryotic microbiota diversity decreased with age while immune activity increased. The absence of conclusive support for the microbiota-immune-brain axis in common buzzard nestlings, coupled with the evidence for stress mediated immunosuppression, suggests a dominating role of stress-dominated maturation of the immune system during early development. Confounding factors inherent to wild systems and developing animals might override associations known from adult laboratory model subjects. The positive association between microbial diversity and body condition indicates the potential health benefits of possessing a diverse and stable microbiota.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the mortality relationship between COVID-19 and ABO blood groups and comorbid diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether ABO blood groups and comorbid diseases can be used as a prognostic factor for hospitalization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included patients aged ≥ 18 years presenting to the adult emergency COVID-19 outpatient clinic. COVID-19 patients were divided into four stages according to their clinical status: mild, moderate, severe, and critical. Those with the comorbid disease were classified as Group I, and those without comorbid disease were classified as Group II. RESULTS: Of the 384 patients included in the study, 190 (49.5%) were male and 194 (50.5%) were female, with a mean age of 47.3 ± 18.4 years. The clinical data of the patients were scanned from the hospital automation system. Although the risk of transmission was higher, especially in people with A blood type, this rate was lower in the O blood group. The clinical course of the disease was more severe and the mortality rates were higher in the AB blood group (p < 0.001). In the hospital, 35 people who were treated for COVID-19 disease died. CONCLUSIONS: Certain ABO blood types and comorbid diseases were important risk factors for COVID-19 and were associated with mortality. We found that some ABO blood groups and comorbid diseases are associated with COVID-19 and may be important risk factors. While the risk of transmission of COVID-19 is high in blood group A, we think that the clinical course of COVID-19 may be more severe and the death rate higher in blood group AB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has had significant impacts on social and economic sectors worldwide. International travel and tourism are restricted as preventive measures to combat the disease. However, it is clearly visible that the mobility from urban to rural areas continues within the borders of the countries during the pandemic. Mobility to the countryside is named as lifestyle mobility. It varies significantly in motivations, frequency, push and pull factors, and duration of stay. It is also considered an essential agent of change that causes gentrification in rural vicinities regarding economic structure, real estate market, and sociocultural life. The recent spread of COVID-19 has also been deemed a vital push for urban-rural mobility. The present study is aimed to explore the gentrification of lifestyle mobilities in the Yaylas of the Taurus Mountains during the pandemic. A mixed-method approach using questionnaire and interview techniques was applied. Results revealed that the duration and frequency of seasonal mobility towards second homes in Turkey have changed with the spread of COVID-19. Moreover, it is found that the selected mountain areas confront the impacts of urbanization, increase in housing prices, and commercial occupation of land. The research concludes that such changes are augmented due to the increased mobility of urbanites belonging to the new middle class of Mersin and Adana metropolitan cities to rural areas to escape COVID-19. Due to the increase in lifestyle mobility, gentrification takes place in rural and mountainous areas, and accordingly, rural residents tend to move to the city.

Abstract Background The establishment of the gut microbiota in early life is a critical process that influences the development and fitness of vertebrates. However, the relative influence of transmission from the early social environment and host selection throughout host ontogeny remains understudied, particularly in avian species. We conducted conspecific and heterospecific cross-fostering experiments in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) and Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata domestica) under controlled conditions and repeatedly sampled the faecal microbiota of these birds over the first 3 months of life. We thus documented the development of the gut microbiota and characterised the relative impacts of the early social environment and host selection due to species-specific characteristics and individual genetic backgrounds across ontogeny by using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Results The taxonomic composition and community structure of the gut microbiota changed across ontogenetic stages; juvenile zebra finches exhibited higher alpha diversity than adults at the post-breeding stage. Furthermore, in early development, the microbial communities of juveniles raised by conspecific and heterospecific foster parents resembled those of their foster family, emphasising the importance of the social environment. In later stages, the social environment continued to influence the gut microbiota, but host selection increased in importance. Conclusions We provided a baseline description of the developmental succession of gut microbiota in zebra finches and Bengalese finches, which is a necessary first step for understanding the impact of the early gut microbiota on host fitness. Furthermore, for the first time in avian species, we showed that the relative strengths of the two forces that shape the establishment and maintenance of the gut microbiota (i.e. host selection and dispersal from the social environment) change during development, with host selection increasing in importance. This finding should be considered when experimentally manipulating the early-life gut microbiota. Our findings also provide new insights into the mechanisms of host selection. Video Abstract

Abstract Urbanisation is a major anthropogenic perturbation presenting novel ecological and evolutionary challenges to wild populations. Symbiotic microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tracts (gut) of vertebrates have mutual connections with host physiology and respond quickly to environmental alterations. However, the impact of anthropogenic changes and urbanisation on the gut microbiota remains poorly understood, especially in early development. To address this knowledge gap, we characterised the gut microbiota of juvenile great tits (Parus major) reared in artificial nestboxes and in natural cavities in an urban mosaic, employing two distinct frameworks characterising the urban space. Microbial diversity was influenced by cavity type. Alpha diversity was affected by the amount of impervious surface surrounding the breeding location, and positively correlated with tree cover density. Community composition differed between urban and rural sites: these alterations covaried with sound pollution and distance to the city centre. Overall, the microbial communities reflect and are possibly influenced by the heterogeneous environmental modifications that are typical of the urban space. Strikingly, the choice of framework and environmental variables characterising the urban space can influence the outcomes of such ecological studies. Our results open new perspectives to investigate the impact of microbial symbionts on the adaptive capacity of their hosts.

Microbial communities residing in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals have profound impacts on the physiological processes of their hosts. In humans, host-specific and environmental factors likely interact together to shape gut microbial communities, resulting in remarkable inter-individual differences. However, we still lack a full understanding of to what extent microbes are individual-specific and controlled by host-specific factors across different animal taxa. Here, we document the gut microbial characteristics in two estrildid finch species, the Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata domestica) and the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) to investigate between-species and within-species differences. We collected fecal samples from breeding pairs that were housed under strictly controlled environmental and dietary conditions. All individuals were sampled at five different time points over a range of 120 days covering different stages of the reproductive cycle. We found significant species-specific differences in gut microbial assemblages. Over a period of 3 months, individuals exhibited unique, individual-specific microbial profiles. Although we found a strong individual signature in both sexes, within-individual variation in microbial communities was larger in males of both species. Furthermore, breeding pairs had more similar microbial profiles, compared to randomly chosen males and females. Our study conclusively shows that host-specific factors contribute structuring of gut microbiota.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results of the cases that underwent radical nephrectomy due to renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and to discuss the results together with the literature. Eighty-three patients (51 males), who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy because of renal tumor between 2005 and 2011 were retrospectively evaluated 70 patients underwent open radical nephrectomy and 13 patients underwent open partial nephrectomy. With regard of tumor localization, 50 were localized in the left and 33 were localized in the right kidney. Tumor sizes varied between 2 cm to 16 cm. According to the subtypes of RCC, five-year survival rate was 72% for clear cell, 80% for papillary carcinoma, 66.6% for chromophobe, and 71.4% for other malignant lesions. Five-year disease specific survival rates of the patients with T1, T2, T3, and T4 renal carcinoma were 91.3%, 87.5%, 50%, and 0%, respectively. Radical nephrectomy is the standard method for the treatment of RCC. Survival rate in the patients with renal tumor is directly associated with the tumor stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of financial innovations on the tourism enterprises in Istanbul. In this context, a qualitative research method is used. The restaurants, five star hotels, group A travel agencies active in Istanbul constitute the universe of the research. This research is carried out in Istanbul, one of the metropolis cities of Turkey. In this regard, 6 businesses including 2 hotels, 2 restaurants, 2 travel agencies constitute the unit of analysis. By creating the data form, the data was obtained from the senior managers of the enterprises determined beforehand. As a result of the research, it came up that using or creating financial innovations in the hotel enterprises effects performance. Also, it emerged that businesses take into account their financial, customer and internal processes, partially learning and development. That the research is conducted in one city only and the data is acquired from only six businesses comprise the limitation of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outsourcing is a modern management approach, and often used as a strategic management tool by modern establishments nowadays. Outsourcing helps the organizations to leave the costly investments to external firms, to focus on core activities for achieving better quality and cheaper service rather than producing them within the company. The aims of this study is to identity how it can be do effectively of advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing approach for hotels. The study has two parts. In the first part, conceptual information is presented about outsourcing. In the second part, it is discussed that the outsourcing activities carried out by the hotel organizations, and the outsourcing fields of hotels. In the conclusion, the successful factors are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secale L. is a small but important genus that includes cultivated rye. Although genetic diversity of cultivated rye is high, patterns of genetic diversity in the whole genus, and potential factors affecting the distribution of genetic diversity remain elusive. The population structure and distribution of genetic variation within Secale, and its correlation with taxonomic delimitation, cultivation status or spatial distribution in relation to geography and climate zones were analyzed in this study. A collection of 726 individual plants derived from 139 different accessions representing Secale cereale, S. vavilovii, S. strictum, and S. sylvestre were investigated using SSR analysis and sequence diversity analysis of a nuclear EST region. Our results indicated that perennial S. strictum subspecies are genetically divergent from annual forms of the genus. Existence of two distinct clusters within the annual taxa was observed, one corresponding to samples from Asia, and a second to those outside of Asia. No clear genetic structure was observed between different annual species/subspecies, indicating introgression between these taxa. The analysis of cultivated rye revealed that landrace populations from the Middle East have the highest genetic diversity, supporting the idea of the area being the center of origin for cultivated rye. Considering high adaptive potential of those populations, Middle Eastern landraces should be regarded as genetic resources reservoirs for new niches and future breeding programs.

Abstract: In this prospective study, the diagnostic performance of MicroV Doppler ultrasonography (US) and Q-pack application in distinguishing malignant thyroid nodules from benign nodules will be examined. Given the emerging irregular vascular structures in malignant nodules, it is thought that MicroV Doppler US and Q-pack application can help in diagnosis. One hundred sixteen nodules that were suggested a biopsy by a clinician were examined with B-mode US, color, X-flow, and MicroV Doppler US, respectively. In addition, during MicroV Doppler US examination, thyroid nodule and its adjacent thyroid parenchyma were evaluated with Q-pack application. After US examinations, biopsy was performed on the nodules and histopathological results were obtained. Eighty-nine nodules were histopathologically proven as benign, and the rest of them were malignant. In Doppler types, the thyroid findings in score 1, 2, and 3 nodule blood supply type were benign, whereas the thyroid findings in the score 4 have a possibility of malignancy between 63% and 66.7%. It was found that MicroV Doppler was significantly superior to X-flow and color Doppler ( P = 0.037 and P = 0.042, respectively). Nodule/parenchyma Q-pack mean values were statistically significantly higher in malignant findings compared with benign findings ( P < 0.001). Nodule/parenchyma Q-pack peak values were also statistically significantly higher in malignant findings compared with benign findings ( P < 0.001).As a result, although Q-pack application enables us to obtain quantitative values about vascularity, due to its ability to demonstrate slow blood flow, microvascular vessel structure, and distribution, MicroV Doppler US has promises to detect malignant thyroid nodules., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Development of monoclonal antibody therapeutics against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) protein, which is the main regulator in angiogenesis, has been a major challenge for years. In the current study, we engineer an inclusion body forming single-chain variable fragment (scFv) against VEGFR-2 by using complementarity determining regions (CDR) grafting technique to improve its solubility and investigate the activity of the engineered molecule. CDR sequences of the target scFv were grafted into the framework of another intrinsically soluble scFv molecule. Based on the computational results, CDR grafting has increased the solubility of the grafted scFv molecule. Results confirmed that the grafting approach increased in vivo folding properties of the target scFv molecule compared with the original scFv molecule. Similar binding affinities to the VEGFR-2 were observed for the original and the grafted scFv by surface plasmon resonance assays. Biological activity assays, including human umbilical vein endothelial cells proliferation and wound healing assays, showed that grafted scFv molecule has an antiangiogenic property. This study suggests that an antiangiogenic scFv fully expressed as an inclusion body can be rescued by grafting its CDR regions to a scFv expressed in a soluble form without any loss in its binding property and its activity., (© 2021 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the mortality relationship between COVID-19 and ABO blood groups and comorbid diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether ABO blood groups and comorbid diseases can be used as a prognostic factor for hospitalization., Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included patients aged ≥ 18 years presenting to the adult emergency COVID-19 outpatient clinic. COVID-19 patients were divided into four stages according to their clinical status: mild, moderate, severe, and critical. Those with the comorbid disease were classified as Group I, and those without comorbid disease were classified as Group II., Results: Of the 384 patients included in the study, 190 (49.5%) were male and 194 (50.5%) were female, with a mean age of 47.3 ± 18.4 years. The clinical data of the patients were scanned from the hospital automation system. Although the risk of transmission was higher, especially in people with A blood type, this rate was lower in the O blood group. The clinical course of the disease was more severe and the mortality rates were higher in the AB blood group (p < 0.001). In the hospital, 35 people who were treated for COVID-19 disease died., Conclusions: Certain ABO blood types and comorbid diseases were important risk factors for COVID-19 and were associated with mortality. We found that some ABO blood groups and comorbid diseases are associated with COVID-19 and may be important risk factors. While the risk of transmission of COVID-19 is high in blood group A, we think that the clinical course of COVID-19 may be more severe and the death rate higher in blood group AB.

Background: Calcaneal spur and hallux valgus are common foot deformities and both conditions have been shown to disrupt foot biomechanics., Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between calcaneal spur and hallux valgus using radiographic and demographic data., Methods: A total of 1375 patients (1083 women; mean age: 45.5 years) with standard ankle lateral and foot conventional anteroposterior radiographs were evaluated. The following data were obtained: age, gender, laterality, hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), and calcaneal spur. Patients with a HVA of 15∘ and above were considered to have hallux valgus. Patients with hallux valgus were classified into three different groups according to the HVA., Results: The prevalence of calcaneal spur was higher in older age and women (45.8%, 30.2%; p< 0.01, p< 0.01, respectively). Subjects with and without calcaneal spurs had similarities in terms of their laterality, having a HVA of ⩾ 15∘ and an IMA of ⩾ 11∘ (p> 0.05). Hallux valgus severity was not associated with calcaneal spur (p> 0.05). In addition, the hallux valgus prevalence was higher in patients who were over 50 years old (58.2%, p= 0.046)., Conclusions: The presence of calcaneal spurs does not affect the prevalence of hallux valgus. The severity of hallux valgus determined according to the HVA was similar in patients with and without calcaneal spurs. In addition, female gender and older age were identified as risk factors for calcaneal spurs, while only older age was a risk factor for hallux valgus.

In December 2019 a novel coronavirus was detected in Wuhan City of Hubei Province-China. Owing to a high rate of transmission from human to human, the new virus called SARS-CoV-2 differed from others by its unexpectedly rapid spread. The World Health Organization (WHO) described the most recent coronavirus epidemic as a global pandemic in March 2020. The virus spread triggered a health crisis (the COVID-19 disease) within three months, with socioeconomic implications. No approved targeted-therapies are available for COVID-19, yet. However, it is foreseen that antibody-based treatments may provide an immediate cure for patients. Current neutralizing antibody development studies primarily target the S protein among the structural elements of SARS-CoV-2, which mediates the cell entry of the virus through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of host cells. This review aims to provide some of the neutralizing antibody development strategies for SARS-CoV-2 and in vitro and in vivo neutralization assays., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST: none declared, (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s).)

Background. This experimental study aimed to assess the effects of Vitamins C and E on orthodontic tooth movement. Methods. Fifty-one male Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: five appliance groups and one control group. The appliance groups had an orthodontic appliance consisting of a closed-coil spring ligated between the maxillary incisor and maxillary first molar (50 g). Vitamin E and C (150 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally per day in the first and second groups, respectively. Vitamins E and C (20 μL) were locally injected into the periodontal gap of the moving teeth in the third and fourth groups, respectively, once every three days. No vitamin was injected in the last (fifth) appliance group.The experimental period was 18 days. Histological and biochemical (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and NTx levels) evaluations of the samples were performed, and maxillary incisor‒molar distance was measured before and after the experiment. Results. The amount of tooth movement was similar in the appliance groups. All the vitamin groups showed significantly increased osteoblastic activity, while those treated with systemic vitamins exhibited significantly increased numbers of collagen fibers on the tension side compared to the appliance control group (P<0.05). Conclusion. Vitamin C and E supplements positively affected bone formation on the tension side of the teeth during experimental orthodontic tooth movement., (© 2020 The Authors.)

We report a 14-year-old boy who presented with pain in the left foot and ankle for about 9 months. The clinical symptoms of the patient suggested complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging studies ravealed a bone tumor in the talus, consistent with an osteoblastoma. The patient underwent operative treatment with curettage and grafting. The complaints of the patient completely resolved by 6 months after surgery, and there was no recurrence at the postoperative 23th month follow-up., (Copyright © 2018 Turkish Association of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between the calcaneal spur incidence and age, gender and side., Methods: Lateral ankle X-rays of 1335 patients (550 (41.2%) females and 758 (58.8) males; mean age: 46.5 ± 13.5 years) who referred to our hospital because of trauma were reviewed. Incidence of plantar calcaneal spur, posterior calcaneal spur and association of such incidences with age, gender and side were all evaluated., Results: Incidences of plantar calcaneal spur and posterior calcaneal spur were detected as 32.2% (male: 31%, female: 34%) and 13.1% (male: 11%, female: 16%), respectively. Incidence of plantar calcaneal spur increased by age whereas there was not any association with gender and location. The highest incidence was detected as 41.8% over 70 years of age. Incidence of posterior calcaneal spur increased by age and female gender whereas no significant association was observed with location. The highest incidence was detected as 22.3% between 61 and 70 years of age., Conclusion: Incidences of plantar and posterior calcaneal spur were detected as 32.2% and 13.1%, respectively. Both plantar and posterior calcaneal spur incidence increases by age. Posterior calcaneal spur occurs significantly more frequently in females while, no difference is found between the males and females in incidence of the plantar calcaneal spur., Level of Evidence: Level IV, diagnostic study., (Copyright © 2018 Turkish Association of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. All rights reserved.)