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there are not a sufficient number investigating the factors in splenic injuries influencing mortality. In this study, we aimed to investigate the factors affecting mortality in splenic injuries.All 237 patients with splenic injury between 2005 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups, survivors and non-survivors. Age, gender, mechanism of injury, grade of splenic injury, pulse, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin levels, number of transfusions, surgical procedure, ISS, RTS and hospitalization period were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to compare survivors and non-survivors.The average age of the patients was 32 and most (82.7%) were male. Mortality was observed in 18 patients (7.6%). Mortality was found significantly lower in patients who had isolated splenic injury (p=0.048). In univariate analyses, decreased RTS (p0.001), increased number of blood transfusion (p0.001), decreased hemoglobin level (p=0, 025) and increased ISS (p0.001) were found significant in non-survivors. In multivariate analysis; number of transfusions, ISS and RTS were found as independent risk factors for mortality.We found high number of transfusions, high ISS and low RTS as independent risk factors for mortality in patients with splenic injury.Mortality, ISS, RTS, Splenic trauma.La mortalità per lesioni spleniche può creare problemi medico-legali. Nonostante numerosi studi riguardanti le lesioni spleniche, non vi sono numeri sufficienti su indagini riguardanti i fattori che influenzano la mortalità in questi casi. Con questo studio ci si propone di indagare appunto questi fattori. Si è proceduto all’analisi retrospettiva di 237 pazienti con lesioni spleniche compresi tra il 2005 ed il 2014, dividendoli in due gruppi, e cioè i sopravvissuti ed i deceduti, prendendo in considerazione età, sesso, meccanismo del danno, grado di danno splenico, frequenza cardiaca e respiratoria, pressione sanguigna sistolica, livello emoglobinico, numero di trasfusioni, procedimenti chirurgici adottati, ISS (Injury Severity Score) e RTS (Revised Trauma Score), e durata del ricovero. È stata usata l’analisi univariata e multivariata per confrontare le sopravvivenze ed i decessi. L’età media dei pazienti era di 32 anni e prevaleva il sesso maschile (82,7%). È stata rilevata la mortalità di 18 pazienti (7.6%), significativamente inferiore in quelli con lesioni spleniche isolate (p= 0,0048). Nei soggetti non sopravvissuti, con l’analisi univariata sono risultati significativi una minore RTS (p0,001), l’aumento del numero delle trasfusioni (p0, 001), il minore livello emoglobinico (p=0,025) ed un aumento dell’ISS (p0, 001). Con l’analisi multivariata il numero delle trasfusioni, elevato ISS e basso RTS sono risultati fattori di rischio indipendenti per la mortalità da lesione splenica.

In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of dexpanthenol and N-acetylcysteine on wound healing. The wound healing process is a multifaceted sequence of activities associated with tissue restoration process. A number of investigations and clinical studies have been performed to determine new approaches for the improvement of wound healing. A total of 30 rats were divided into 3 equal groups. A linear 2-cm incision was made in the rats' skin. No treatment was administered in the first (control) group. Dexpanthenol cream was administered to the rats in the second group and 3% N-acetylcysteine cream was administered to the rats in the third group. The wound areas of all of the rats were measured on certain days. On the 21st day, all wounds were excised and histologically evaluated. The epithelialization and granulation rates between the groups were revealed to be similar in microscopic evaluations. Although the fibrosis was remarkable in the control group as compared with the other groups, it was similar in N-acetylcysteine and dexpanthenol groups. Angiogenesis rate was remarkable in the N-acetylcysteine group compared with the others. In multiple-comparison analysis, Dexpanthenol and N-acetylcysteine groups had similar results in terms of wound healing rates (P < 0.05), which were both higher than in the control group (P > 0.05). The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in wound healing is comparable to dexpanthenol, and both substances can be used to improve wound healing.

As a serious complication of cholelithiasis, gangrenous cholecystitis presents greater mortality than noncomplicated cholecystitis. The aim of this study was to specify the risk factors on mortality. 107 consecutive patients who underwent surgery due to gangrenous cholecystitis between January 1997 and October 2011 were investigated retrospectively. The study included 60 (56.1%) females and 47 (43.9%) males, with a mean age of 60.7 ± 16.4 (21–88) years. Cardiovascular diseases were the most frequently accompanying medical issues (24.3%). Thirty-six complications (33.6%) developed in 29 patients, and surgical site infection was proven as the most common. Longer delay time prior to hospital admission, low white blood cell count, presence of diabetes mellitus, higher blood levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin, pericholecystic fluid in abdominal ultrasonography, and conversion from laparoscopic surgery to open surgery were identified as risk factors affecting mortality (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.044, P = 0.005, P = 0.049, P = 0.009, P = 0.022, P = 0.011, and P = 0.004, respectively). Longer delay time prior to hospital admission and low white blood cell count were determined as independent risk factors affecting mortality.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate thyroid nodules using virtual touch quantification (VTQ) of force impulse acoustic radiation (ARFI) imaging and to investigate a cutoff value for the differentiation of malignant thyroid nodules. Ninety-five patients with quantitatively-assessed (VTQ) thyroid nodules were evaluated with ARFI imaging in this prospective study. ARFI imaging with VTQ was performed only on the nodules which were expected to undergo fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). All of the thyroid lesions were examined histopathologically. The mean shear wave velocity (SWV) value of the malignant nodules (3.18 ± 0.39 m/s) was higher than that of the benign nodules (2.11 ± 0.53 m/s). There was a statistically significant difference between the mean SWV values of benign and malignant nodules (p

We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in differentiating between hepatic lesions. The prospective study included 117 patients with liver masses. Shear wave velocity (SWV) values for lesions were determined by ARFI imaging and compared statistically. The difference between SWV values for benign and malignant hepatic masses was significant ( p < 0.01). The threshold SWV value for malignant hepatic lesions was established at 2.52 m/s, and the sensitivity and specificity of this cut-off value were 97% and 66%, respectively. We concluded that ARFI elastography provides supplementary data that aid in the differential diagnosis of liver masses.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of L-glutamine (GLN) against liver and kidney injury caused by acute toxicity of deltamethrin (DLM). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-two rats were indiscriminately separated into 4 groups with 8 rats each: control group (distilled water; 10 ml/kg, perorally [p.o.]), DLM group (35 mg/kg p.o. one dose.), GLN group (1.5 gr/kg, p.o. single dose.) and DLM (35 mg/kg p.o. one dose.) + GLN group (1.5 gr/kg, p.o. one dose after 4 hours.). Testing for total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) analyses were performed on tissue samples, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, and creatinine were analyzed on serum samples. Liver and kidney samples were histopathologically analyzed. RESULTS The TOS level in liver was significantly higher in the DLM group than in the control group, and the level in DLM+GLN group was considerably lower than in the DLM group. The TAS level in the DLM+GLN group was considerably higher than in the control and DLM groups. The TAS level in kidney tissues was considerably lower in the DLM group than in controls, but was similar to other groups. Histopathological analyses of liver tissues established a significant difference between DLM and DLM+GLN groups in terms of grade 2 hepatic injury. However, no significant difference was found between DLM and DLM+GLN groups in terms of kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS Glutamine leads to significant improvement in deltamethrin-induced acute hepatotoxicity in terms of histopathologic results, tissue oxidative stress parameters, and serum liver function marker enzymes.

Introduction: We aimed to analyze the approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with fascioliasis in light of current literature. Methodology: Thirty-nine patients with fascioliasis admitted to the Surgery Clinic of Dicle Medical Faculty (Turkey) were included in this study. The demographic, clinical, diagnostic, treatment and outcome data were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Abdominal pain (n = 37; 95%) and eosinophilia (n = 31; 79%) were the most common findings. Twenty-seven patients were diagnosed by clinical and radiological findings. Patients were treated with triclabendazole. Thirty-six (92.4%) of the patients improved after medical treatment. Conclusions: The presence of typical clinical, laboratory and radiological findings is sufficient for diagnosis. Triclabendazole administration is often an effective treatment, with improvements occurring over the course of a few months.

Wound healing is a dynamic, interactive process that is initiated in response to injury. A number of investigations and clinical studies have been performed to determine new approaches for the improvement of wound healing. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of dexpanthenol, a molecule that is widely used for improving wound healing, and nebivolol, a molecule that increases nitric oxide release, on wound healing. A total of 30 rats were divided into three equal groups (n = 10). A linear 2 cm incision was made in the rats' skin. No treatment was administered in the first (control) group. Dexpanthenol cream was administered to the rats in the second group and 5% nebivolol cream was administered to the rats in the third group. The wound areas of all of the rats were measured on certain days. On the 21(st) day, all wounds were excised and histologically evaluated. The wound healing rates of the dexpanthenol and nebivolol groups were higher than those of the control group (P < 0·05). However, the wound healing rates of the dexpanthenol and nebivolol groups were not significantly different. Nebivolol and dexpanthenol have comparable effects on wound healing.

Warfarin which is widely used for prevention of thromboembolic events is the most commonly used oral anticoagulant. Warfarin use increases the risk for hematoma as other anticoagulants. While hematoma is observed in other body parts, it is rare in the breast. It may result in skin necrosis and mastectomy unless attention. Herein, we presented a case who developed hematoma in the left breast and progression to skin lesion was prevented., Tromboembolik olayların önlenmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan warfarin en sık kullanılan oral antikoagülandır. Warfarin kullanımına bağlı diğer antikoagülanlarda olduğu gibi hemoraji ve hematom riski artmaktadır. Hematom daha çok ciltte, karında, sırtta ve bacaklarda oluşmaktadır. Memenin cildinde hemoraji ise oldukça nadir olarak gözlenmektedir. Memenin cildinde nekroza kadar ilerleyen hemoraji, dikkat edilmezse, mastektomi gibi ciddi sonuçlar doğurabilir. Bu konuya ilgi çekmek amacıyla Warfarin kullanımına bağlı tek bir memede areola çevresinde oluşan meme hematomlu vaka sunulmuştur.

Wandering spleen (WS) is a rare clinical condition resulting from an abnormally long splenic pedicle and the absence or weakening of the supporting splenic ligaments that help to hold the spleen stationary. WS is more commonly seen in females aged between 20 and 40 years. Congenital and acquired factors are reported as the predisposing factors for WS. Patients with WS may be asymptomatic, or may be evident with a painful abdominal mass or an acute abdomen due to gastrointestinal symptoms and torsion of the WS. The diagnosis of WS can be established incidentally or during the Ultrasonography (USG) or Computed Tomography (CT) explorations performed for other pathologies. A high index of suspicion aids in the diagnosis of WS. WS is mostly treated by surgery and splenopexy remains the method of choice. In the cases with persistent ischemia following detorsion, splenectomy should be performed either via laparoscopy or laparotomy. In the present report, we present a 37-year-old woman who presented with a wandering spleen causing ileus. The patient underwent laparoscopic splenectomy. Wandering spleen is a rare condition which should be suspected as a potential cause of ileus and acute abdomen.

Liposarcomas are one of the most common primary lesions of the retroperitoneal region. They rarely exhibit intra-abdominal location. Because the symptoms emerge later on, they often remain unnoticed until they grow large. Our aim in this paper is to present a case of myxoid liposarcoma of descending mesocolon origin, 40 cm wide and weighing 7000 g, seen in a 47-year-old male patient. No cases at this weight and radius, originating from descending mesocolon, belonging to the myxoid sub-type, were found in our literature scan.

The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of the treatment methods of ostomy and primary repair in rectal injuries. A total of 63 patients with rectal injury who had been treated at Dicle University Hospital between 2000 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. To determine the outcomes of the treatment methods, the patients were divided into 2 groups (ostomy group: patients who underwent ostomy plus primary repair; repair group: patients who only underwent primary repair) and compared. The patients included 51 men and 12 women. A total of 44 patients underwent ostomy, whereas 19 patients underwent primary repair. No morbidity was detected in either group with grade II intraperitoneal rectal injury. The outcomes of the patients with grade II intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal rectal injury were similar. In the treatment of patients with low-grade rectal injuries, primary repair can be preferred to ostomy.

Objective: Lymphadenopathy may be the first symptom of many diseases. Enlarged lymph nodes may show significant regional differences in the etiologic profile. In this study we investigated patients with peripheral lymphadenopathy diagnosed by excisional biopsy. Methods: A retrospective study was done of 67 lymph node biopsy specimens obtained from adult patients and submitted for histopathological examination over a 5-year period. Results: The average age of the patients was 37.9±15 years, 29 (43.3%) were male. The regions of the lymphadenopathy excised were axillary (n = 36, 53.7%), inguinal (n = 22, 32.8%), and cervical area (n = 9, 13.4%) respectively. About one-third (n=23; %34.3) of the patients had malignancies. Malignancies were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n=11, 16.4%), Hodgkin lymphoma (n= 7, 10.4%) and metastases (n = 5, 7.5%), respectively. Tuberculosis lymphadenitis (n=20; %29.9) and non-specific lymphadenitis (n=19; %28.4) were the other common causes. Non-specific lymphadenitis included reactive hyperplasia, benign follicular hyperplasia, and mixed follicular hyperplasia. Lymphadenopathy diameter and the presence of generalized lymphadenopathy were significantly higher in malignant tumors. Conclusion: Although fine-needle aspiration biopsy may be useful in the differentiation of benign and malignant lymphadenopathies, inability of the diagnosis is often encountered. In addition, an excisional biopsy is needed for the diagnosis of lymphoma. Excisional biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that can be applied safely with minimal morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, especially in patients with tuberculosis lymphadenopathy incisional biopsy is contraindicated as it can lead to sinus and fistula formation., Amaç: Lenfadenopati pek çok hastalığın ilk bulgusu olabilir. Büyümüş lenf nodlarının etyolojik profili önemli ölçüde bölgesel farklılıklar gösterebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada kliniğimizde eksizyonel biyopsiyle tanı konmuş periferik lenfadenopatili hastalar incelendi. Yöntemler: Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Genel Cerrahi Kliniği\'nde 5 yıllık dönemde periferik lenfadenopati nedeniyle eksizyonel biyopsi yapılan 67 hastaya ait veriler geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Sonuçlar: Hastaların yaş ortalaması 37,9±15 olup, 29\'u (%43,3) erkekti. Eksizyonel biyopsi uygulanan lenfadenopati bölgeleri sıklık sırasına göre aksiller (n=36; %53,7), inguinal (n=22; %32,8) ve servikal bölgeydi (n=9; %13,4). Patolojik incelemede, en sık maligniteler (n=23; %34,3) gözlendi. Maligniteler sıklık sırasına göre non-hodgkin lenfoma (n=11; %16,4), hodgkin lenfoma (n=7; %10,4) ve metastaz (n=5; %7,5) idi. İkinci sıklıkta tüberküloz lenfadenopati (n=20; %29,9) görüldü. Non-spesifik lenfadenit üçüncü sırada (n=19; %28,4) görülmüş olup; reaktif hiperplazi, benign foliküler hiperplazi, ve miksed foliküler hiperplaziyi içermekteydi. Granulomatöz lenfadenit (n=4; %5,9) ve sistemik lupus eritomatozis (n=1; %1,5) en az sayıda görüldü. Malign olgularda lenfadenopati çapı ve generalize lenfadenopati varlığı anlamlı olarak daha fazlaydı. Sonuç: Lenfadenopati tanısı için ince-iğne aspirasyon biyopsisi benign-malign ayrımında yararlı olabilir ancak tanı için yetersizlik durumuyla sık karşılaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca lenfoma tanısı için eksizyonel biyopsi gerekir. Eksizyonel biyopsi, minimal morbidite ve mortalite ile güvenli bir şekilde uygulanabilen bir tanı yöntemidir. Öte yandan, özellikle tüberküloz lenfadenopati olgularında insizyonel biyopsi sinüs ve fistül oluşumuna yol açabildiğinden dolayı kontrendikedir.

AIM This study aimed to investigate protective effects of ellagic acid on lungs in an experimental obstructive jaundice model. METHODS Four groups were established, each consisting of ten randomly selected rats: Group 1: sham, Group 2: ellagic acid, Group 3: obstructive jaundice, and Group 4: obstructive jaundice + ellagic acid. Ellagic acid was administered orally at a dose of 60 mg/kg/day to group 2 and 4. The animals were sacrificed eight days later. The total oxidative status and the total antioxidant capacity in their lung tissue were determined, and malondialdehyde levels in their blood were measured. Histopathological changes in the lungs were examined. RESULTS In the obstructive jaundice group treated with ellagic acid, there was a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and a reduction in the total oxidative status and the oxidative stress index, whereas the total antioxidant capacity increased (p < 0.001). The histopathological examination showed that neutrophil leukocyte infiltration and edema formation decreased and destruction of lung parenchyma disappeared following the treatment with the ellagic acid (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study shows that ellagic acid has a protective effect against oxidative damage in lung tissue in obstructive jaundice.

Objective The most common procedure to prevent seroma formation, a common complication after breast and axillary surgery, is to use prophylactic surgical drains. Ongoing discussions continue regarding the ideal time for removing drains after surgical procedures. In this study, we aimed to investigate factors that affect drain indwelling time (DIT). Materials and methods From 2014 to 2015, a total of 91 consecutive patients with breast cancer were included in the study. The demographic characteristics of the patients, treatment methods, histopathologic features of the tumor, size of removed breast tissue (BS), tumor size (TS), number of totally removed lymph nodes (TLN), and metastatic lymph nodes (MLN), whether they had neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and the DIT were retrospectively recorded from the hospital database. Results The mean age of the patients was 48.9 years, and the mean DIT was 4.8 days. The mean size of breast removed was 17.3 cm and tumor size was 4.7 cm, and the mean number of metastatic lymph nodes was 3.3, and mean total number of lymph nodes was 14.1. Patients who had neoadjuvant chemotherahpy had longer DIT. There was a positive correlation between the BS, TS, TLN, MLN, length of hospital stay, and DIT. Linear regresion analysis revealed that the BS, TLN, and history of neoadjuvant chemotherahpy were independent risk factors for DIT. Conclusion DIT primarily depends on BS, TLN, and history of neoadjuvant chemotherahpy. A policy for the management of removing drains to prevent seroma formation should thus be individualized.

Objective: This survey aims to elucidate patient and health system related factors leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in Southeastern Anatolia. Methods: Hundred patients admitted to Department of General Surgery at Dicle University between December 2012 and July 2014, and diagnosed with breast cancer in preceding 6 months were included in the survey after their consent. The survey has 4 chapters (patient and health system related factors, demographic data, and assessment of cancer stage) and 25 questions. Results: Fifty-eight percent of patients visited a physician with a 3 months delay after realization of breast cancer symptoms. Only 8% of patients had regular check-ups. Nine percent of patients were suspicious of breast cancer due to the lesion in the breast. 86% of patients did not consider it to be a serious matter. Lack of female physicians cited by 2% as the reason for avoiding doctor’s visit. Seven percent cited lack of knowledge and 23% being scared. Seventy-seven percent were able to get a doctor’s appointment, 82% to get mammography, 78% underwent biopsy in a week. Women between the ages of 30-50 had higher concern about cancer (p

Systemic damage in acute pancreatitis (AP) can be characterized by oxidative stress and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Roflumilast has been shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of roflumilast in cerulein-induced AP. Thirty-two male rats were divided into four groups: group 1 (sham), group 2 (Roflumilast), group 3 (AP), and group 4 (AP + Roflumilast). AP was induced by injecting 4 × 75 μg/kg of body weight at an interval of 1 h. Rats were killed after 12 h following the last cerulein administration. AP was confirmed by measuring the serum amylase level and inflammatory features. Morphological changes were observed in the pancreas. Amylase levels were higher in the AP and AP + Roflumilast groups than the sham and Roflumilast groups. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 increased in the AP group, whereas they decreased in the Roflumilast group. The total oxidant activity (TOA) was higher and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in the AP group. The administration of roflumilast decreased the TOA and increased the TAC in comparison with the AP group (p

Objective: It is crucial to assess non-operative management (NOM) of risk failures before it is preferred as a management option for treatment of splenic trauma or rupture. The purpose of this study is to investigate the outcome of non-operative management of splenic trauma, and to determine the independent predictive factors effecting NOM failure. Material and Methods: Seventy-seven patients among all of consecutive patients admitted with splenic trauma between January 2005 and June 2015 were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1: Successfully treated with non-operative management, and Group 2: The failure of non-operative management. Data recorded included patient demographics, vital signs, injury mechanism, Injury Severity Score (ISS), splenic trauma grade, hematologic parameters, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), transfusion requirements, and length of hospital stay. Results: There were 66 (85.7 %) patients in group 1, while only 11 patients (14.3%) in group 2. Mechanism of injury was blunt in seventy-one patients and, penetrating in 6 patients. ISS [Odds Ratio=1.293; 95% CI=1.045-1.601; p=0.018] and blood transfusion [Odds Ratio=2,739; 95% CI= 1.140-6,581; p=0.024] were detected to be an independent predictive factors for the failure of non-operative management. Group 1 has significantly higher hospitalization period (7.73±2.867 vs 6.67±2.289). Conclusions: Non-operative management failure risk is crucial and higher in patients with high ISS and in patients who require much blood transfusion in first 24 hours. Special attention should be paid to these patients if non-operative management becomes the preferred management option.

Objective: The aim of this study was to report our management and outcomes of patients who underwent surgery with the diagnosis of non-traumatic small bowel perforation.Methods: The records of 30 patients who underwent surgery for non-traumatic small bowel perforation between 2005 and 2013 were examined. Age, gender, complaints, duration of symptoms, comorbid disease(s), perforation location, length of stay in hospital, etiology, surgical treatment, morbidity, and mortality data were recorded. Patients were divided into two groups, survivors and non-survivors, and their features were compared.Results: The mean age of the patients was 51.3±19.9 years. Signs of peritoneal irritation were present in 22(73.3%) patients. In surgical exploration, generalized purulent peritonitis was observed in 14(46.6%) patients, while localized peritonitis was observed in the others. Bowel resection was performed in 27(90%) patients, while primary suture was performed in only 3(10%) patients. A diverting ileostomy was performed in 18(60%) patients. Mortality was observed in 9 (30%) patients. Duration of the symptoms and multiple perforations were significantly higher in non-survivors.Conclusion: A delay in diagnosis and presence of multiple perforations are the most important causes of mortality. Every effort should be made to avoid delay in diagnosis; however, once the diagnosis is delayed, especially in patients with multiple perforations, extensive surgery such as bowel resection and ileostomy should not be avoided. J Clin Exp Invest 2015; 6 (2): 130-134Key words: Non-Traumatic, small bowel perforation, diagnosis, management, Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, travmatik olmayan ince barsak perforasyonu nedeniyle ameliyat edilen hasta yönetimimizi ve sonuçlarını sunmaktır.Yöntemler: Kliniğimizde 2005 ve 2013 arasında travmatik olmayan ince bağırsak perforasyonu nedeniyle ameliyat edilen 30 hastanın kayıtları incelendi. Hastalara ait yaş, cinsiyet, şikayetler, belirtilerin süresi, eşlik eden hastalık(lar), perforasyon yeri, hastanede kalış süresi, etyoloji, cerrahi tedavi, morbidite ve mortalite verileri kaydedildi. Hastalar yaşayanlar ve ölenler olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı ve grupların çeşitli özellikleri karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Hastaların yaş ortalaması 51,3±19,9 yıl idi. Periton irritasyonu bulguları 22 (% 73,3) hastada vardı. Eksplorasyonda 14 (% 46,6) hastada yaygın pürülan peritonit gözlenirken, diğerlerinde lokalize peritonit mevcuttu. Primer sütürasyon sadece 3(%10) hastaya uygulanırken, barsak rezeksiyonu 27 (%90) hastaya uygulandı. Saptırıcı ileostomi 18 (%60) hastaya uygulandı. Mortalite 9 (%30) hastada gözlendi. Semptom süresi ve çoklu perforasyon varlığı mortalite gelişen hastalarda anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu.Sonuç: Tanıda gecikme ve çoklu perforasyon varlığı mortalitenin en önemli nedenleridir. Tanıda gecikmeyi önlemek için her türlü çaba harcanmalıdır; ancak, eğer tanı gecikmişse, özellikle çoklu perforasyonu olan hastalarda bağırsak rezeksiyonu ve/veya ileostomi gibi geniş cerrahi prosedürlerden kaçınılmamalıdır

Objectives Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in women, and early detection is the key to successful treatment. Unfortunately, even with technological advances, the specificity of imaging modalities is still low. Therefore, we evaluated the value of a newly developed noninvasive technique, acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, for differentiating benign versus malignant breast lesions. Methods We prospectively examined 141 breast lesions in 122 patients. All lesions were classified according to the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) for mammography, BI-RADS for sonography, and Virtual Touch tissue imaging (VTI; Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA) pattern. Internal and marginal shear wave velocity (SWV) values for the lesions were noted. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values for VTI and Virtual Touch tissue quantification (VTQ; Siemens Medical Solutions) were calculated. Results The marginal SWV values were statistically higher in malignant lesions (mean ± SD, 5.41 ± 1.37 m/s) than benign lesions (2.91 ± 0.88 m/s; P < .001). When the SWV cutoff level was set at 4.07 m/s, and the higher of the internal and marginal values was adopted, the combination of VTI and VTQ showed 95.1% sensitivity, 99.0% specificity, and 97.8% accuracy. Conclusions Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 4 lesions are the main focus of research for early detection of breast cancer. Unfortunately, BI-RADS category 4 assessment covers a wide range of likelihood of malignancy (2%–95%). This wide range reflects the necessity for a more specific imaging modality. The combination of VTI and VTQ could increase the diagnostic performance of conventional sonography.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare benign chronic inflammatory disease. Etiology is unknown, but an autoimmune mechanism is suspected. Erythema nodosum is rare extramammillary manifestation of IGM, and few cases have been reported in the literature. In this study, we presented 28-year-old female patient with IGM associated with erythema nodosum. IGM can be caused by autoimmune mechanism and treated with steroid or surgical treatment. J Clin Exp Invest 2015; 6 (1): 84-85 Key words: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, erythema nodosum, steroid, surgery

Objective: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, a rare, benign, chronic inflammatory condition of the breast, which usually mimics breast carcinoma. In this study, we report on the management of 49 cases of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and their clinical presentation. Methods: The breast and anatomical databases of one center were reviewed from 2007 to 2012 to identify patients with histological diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Clinical and demographic characteristics were retrieved and treatment modalities were were recorded. Results: The mean patient age was 37.71±7.1 years. There were no differences between the management groups about etiological and demographic factors. The rate of recurrence in group 1, group 2, and group 3 was 8.3%, 14.8% and 20%, respectively; there were no statistically significant difference among the groups. Conclusion: Steroids and surgical methods codified in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis may be preferred. We recommend steroid therapy as first-line treatment. However, prospective, randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the treatment algorithm. Key words: Idiopathic, granulomatous, mastitis, management, Amaç: İdiopatik granulomatöz mastit, nadir görülen, benign, kronik inflamatuar bir hastalık olup meme kanserini taklit eder. Bu çalışmada idiopatik mastitli 49 hastanın tedavisini ve kliniğini sunmayı amaçladık. Yöntemler: Hastane otomasyon sisteminde 2007-2012 yılları arasında histolojik olarak granulomatöz tanısı konulmuş hastalar incelendi. Hastalara ait klinik bulgular, demografik veriler ve tedavi yöntemleri kaydedildi. Bulgular: Ortalama yaş 37.71±7.1 idi. Tedavi gruplar arasında etiyolojik ve demografik açıdan istatistiksel fark yoktu. Nüks oranları grup 1, grup 2 ve grup 3’te sırasıyla %8,3, %14,8 %20 olup, gruplar arasında istatistiksel anlamlı farklılık yoktu. Sonuç: Steroid ve cerrahi tedavinin idiopatik granulomatöz mastitli hastalarda uygulanabileceğini, steroid tedavisinin ilk basamak tedavi olması gerektiği kanaatindeyiz. Bununla birlikte tedavi algoritması belirlenebilmesi için prospektif, randomize klinik çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır

Objective: Peripheral nerve blocks are usually used either alone or along with general anesthesia for postoperative analgesia. We also aimed to present the results and experiences. Materials and methods: This retrospective study was conducted to scan the files of patients who underwent ortho-pedic upper extremity surgery with peripheral nerve block between September 2009 and October 2010. After ethics committee approval was obtained, 114 patients who were ASA physical status I-III, aged 18-70, performed upper ex-tremity surgery in the Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic were included to study. Patients\' demographic data, clini-cal diagnoses, premedication status, peripheral block type, local anesthetic dose, stimuplex needle types, blok başarı oranları, ek blok ihtiyacı hemodynamic parameters at the during surgery, the first postoperative analgesic require-ments, complications and patient satisfaction were recorded. Results: Demographic data were similar to each other. Brachial plexus block was commonly performed for the fore-arm surgery. Infraclavicular block was performed the most frequently to patients. As the classical methods in the su-pine position were preferred in 98.2% of patients, Stimuplex A needle (B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Germany) have been used for blockage in 80.7% of patients. Also, in 54.4% of patients, 30 ml of local anesthetic solution composed of bupivacaine + prilocaine was used for blockade. Blocks applied to patients had provided adequate anesthesia. Conclusion: Since the brachial plexus blockade guided peripheral nerve stimulator for upper extremity surgery pro-vide adequate depth of anesthesia and analgesia, it may be a good alternative to general anesthesia because of un-wanted side effects., Amaç: Periferik sinir blokları genellikle anestezi amacıyla tek başına veya genel anesteziye ek olarak postoperatif analjezi amacıyla kullanılır. Biz de kendi deneyimlerimizi ve sonuçlarımızı sunmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışma 2009 Eylül ile 2010 Ekim ayları arasında ortopedik üst ekstremite cerrahisi için periferik sinir bloğu uygulanmış hastaların dosyalarının taranmasıyla yürütülmüştür. Etik kurul izni alındıktan son-ra Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji kliniğinde üst ekstremite cerrahisi geçiren, ASA I-III grubu, 18-70 yaş arası 114 hasta ça-lışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Hastaların demografik verileri, klinik tanıları, premedikasyon durumu, periferik blok tipi, kulla-nılan lokal anestezik çeşit, doz ve volümü, stimulasyon iğne çeşitleri, blok başarı oranları, ek blok ihtiyacı, cerrahi sü-re, girişim öncesi ve sonrası hemodinamik parametreler, postoperatif ilk analjezik gereksinimleri, işlem esnasında ve-ya sonrasında gelişen komplikasyonlar, hasta ve cerrahi memnuniyet verileri kaydedildi. Bulgular: Hastaların demografik verileri benzer bulundu. En sık ön kol cerrahisi nedeni ile brakial pleksus bloğu uy-gulanmıştı. Hastalara en sık infraklaviküler blok uygulanmıştı. Blok için hastaların %98.2\'sinde supin pozisyonda kla-sik yöntemler tercih edilirken, %80.7\'sinde 50 mm Stimupleks A iğnesi (B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Germany) kullanıl-mıştı. Hastaların %54.4\'ünde 30 ml Bupivakain + Prilokain karışımının lokal anestezik olarak uygulandığı görüldü. Hastalara uygulanan blokların yeterli anestezi sağladığı görüldü. Sonuç: Üst ekstremite cerrahisi için periferik sinir stimulatörü yardımı ile uygulanan brakial pleksus blokajı yeterli anestezi ve analjezi sağladığı için genel anestezinin istenmeyen yan etkilerinden korunmada iyi bir alternatif olabilir.

Aim: To determine the usefulness of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a diagnostic tool for the early detection and prediction of acute pancreatitis (AP) severity compared with that of C-reactive protein (CRP). Material and Methods: The medical records of 464 patients hospitalized with AP between 2006 and 2014 were reviewed. The patients were classified into two groups: severe AP (SAP) and mild/moderate AP groups. Lymphocyte and neutrophil counts and CRP levels at the time of admission were noted. Results: Out of the total number of patients (n = 464), 67 had severe AP. The median NLR was significantly higher in the SAP group (median of 11.1) than in the mild/moderate AP group (median of 6.9) (p < 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of NLR were 83.6% and 49.4%, respectively, with a cut-off value of 6.8 and an AUC of 0.68. CRP levels were also significantly higher in the SAP group (median of 189 mg/L) than in the mild/moderate AP group (median of 53.5 mg/L) (p < 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of the CRP values were 83.6 % and 74.9 %, respectively, with a cut-off value of 113 mg/L and an AUC of 0.83. Conclusion: The NLR was significantly higher in patients with severe AP. However, CRP measurement was superior to NLR as an early predictor of severe disease.

The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of malignancy in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and to investigate the reliability of preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The retrospective study included 44 patients who were operated on for nodular goiter between December 2010 and October 2011. The patients underwent thyroidectomy following a cytologic analysis plus FNAB. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was confirmed on histopathology in all patients. FNAB results were defined as benign in 14 (31.8%), suspicion for malignancy in 17 (38.6%), malignant in 9 (20.5%), and inadequate in 4 (9.1%). Following the thyroidectomy, presence of papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma were detected in 10 patients (22.7%) and 1 (2.3%) patient, respectively. The FNAB results were interpreted in terms of malignancy, which revealed the sensitivity as 80%; specificity, 40%; false positives, 69.2%; false negatives, 14.3%; positive predictive value, 31.8%; negative predictive value, 85.7%; and diagnostic accuracy, 50%. The coexistence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with papillary thyroid carcinoma is quite common. The FNAB results for such cases are hard to evaluate, and they are likely to increase the number of false positives.

Background/Aims: Levels of the hormones ghrelin and leptin in rat models of acute pancreatitis (AP) have been investigated in several experimental studies. However, there are very few clinical studies addressing the connection between hormone levels and AP. A few recent studies investigating the changes in ghrelin and leptin levels in patients with AP have been reported; however, our study is the first clinical study to investigate the change of nesfatin-1 levels in patients with gallstone-induced AP. Materials and Methods: Forty patients were enrolled in this study, eight of which presented with severe AP. Two blood samples were obtained from each study patient. The first blood samples were obtained at patient admission to the hospital and the second was obtained at patient discharge. All samples were collected after at least 6 h of fasting. Plasma nesfatin-1, leptin, and ghrelin levels were measured. Results: In all 40 patients, nesfatin-1 and leptin levels were higher at admission and had decreased at discharge. In contrast, the ghrelin levels at discharge were significantly higher than those at admission. Only the changes in these hormones in the mild AP group were significant. Conclusion: Levels of these hormones were altered during the course of gallstone-induced AP. These changes might be associated with the clinical outcomes of the disease. To clarify whether the magnitude of the change in hormone levels at AP onset can be used as a biomarkers to predict the severity of the disease requires further investigation.

Difficulties in the detection of pancreatic damage result in morbidity and mortality in cases of pancreatic trauma. This study was performed to determine factors affecting morbidity and mortality in pancreatic trauma. The records of 33 patients who underwent surgery for pancreatic trauma between January 2004 and December 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. The types of injury were penetrating injury and blunt abdominal trauma in 75.8 and 24.2 % of all cases, respectively. Injuries were classified as stage 1 in 6 cases (18.2 %), stage 2 in 18 cases (54.5 %), stage 3 in 5 cases (15.2 %), and stage 4 in 4 cases (12.1 %). The average injury severity scale (ISS) value was 25.70 ± 9:33. Six patients (18.2 %) had isolated pancreatic injury, 27 (81.2 %) had additional intraabdominal organ injuries and 10 patients (30.3 %) had extraabdominal organ injuries. The mean length of hospital stay was 13.24 ± 9 days. Various complications were observed in eight patients (24.2 %) and mortality occurred in three (9.1 %). Complications were more frequent in patients with high pancreatic damage scores (p = 0.024), additional organ injuries (p = 0.05), and blunt trauma (p = 0.026). Pancreatic injury score was associated with morbidity, while the presence of major vascular injury was associated with mortality. Complications were significantly more common in injuries with higher pancreatic damage scores, additional organ injuries, and blunt abdominal trauma. Pancreatic injury score was associated with morbidity, while the presence of major vascular injury was associated with mortality.

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Sulforaphane on ischemia/ reperfusion (IR) injury of the liver and distant organs resulting from liver blood flow arrest. Materials and methods Fourty Wistar rats were assigned into four groups, each included 10 rats were used. Group I as only laparatomy, Group II laparatomy and Sulforaphane application, Group III hepatic IR; and Group IV as hepatic IR and Sulforaphane application group. Animals were subjected to liver ischemia for 30 min and then reperfusion is started. 5 mg/kg Sulforaphane was applied via oral lavage 15 minutes before initiating the experimental study. Blood samples were taken from the animals for biochemical analysis at 60th minutes of the experiment in the first and second groups; 30 minutes after beginning reperfusion in the third and forth groups. Simultaneously, liver, lung and kidney tissues were sampled for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Results The administration of sulforaphane significantly reduced the serum TOA and liver TOA levels, increased the serum TAC and liver TAC levels and also decreased The OSI and liver OSI levels. In the histopathologic examination, the injury was reduced by the administration of sulforaphane. Administration of sulforaphane did not lead to any significant changes in any parameter including histopathological parameters in both the kidney and the lung. Conclusions Sulforaphane reduced the liver oxidative stress from I/R injury. A histological injury in liver was reduced by sulforaphane administration. However, there were no significant effects of sulforaphane on the remote organ injuries induced by IR.

Gallstone ileus is a rare but serious complication of cholelithiasis. It is a rare cause of small bowel obstruction but it accounts up to 25% of non-strangulated small bowel obstructions in elderly. Obstruction usually occurs in the terminal ileum. Although the most frequent mechanism of gallstone ileus is migration of the gallstone through a gallbladder-duodenal fistula, there have been cases of bowel obstruction caused by gallstones without any findings of bilio-enteric fistula during the operation. The diagnosis is usually delayed due to nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms. Abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scan is the optimal way to diagnose the gallstone ileus. It can identify the site and nature of the obstruction. The optimal surgical approach is a matter of debate. Enterolithotomy is the most performed operation. One stage operation should be performed in selected low risk patients. In this study, we report a 55 years old male patient who underwent surgical intervention due to gallstone ileus. During the operation, we observed that two individual gallstones lead to obstruction in anastomotic stricture which was due to the patient's prior small bowel resection. Also, no fistula was found during the operation between the gall bladder and the gastrointestinal tract of patient. The gallstones were removed by enterolithotomy. Because there was no gallstone in the gallbladder, we did not perform cholecystectomy. J Clin Exp Invest 2015; 6 (1): 72-74. Safra taşı ileusu, kolelitiazis'in nadir ama ciddi bir komplikasyonudur. İnce barsak tıkanıklıklarının nadir bir nedeni olmasına rağmen, yaşlılarda strangulasyon'a bağlı olmayan ince barsak tıkanıklıklarının %25'inin sebebidir. Tıkanıklık, genellikle terminal ileum'da gerçekleşir. Safra taşı ileusu'nun en sık oluş mekanizması safra kesesi duodenum arasındaki bir fistülden safra taşının migrasyonu olsa da, ameliyat sırasında bilio-enterik fistül saptanamayan vakalar da rapor edilmiştir. Hastalığın tanısı, nonspesifik belirti ve bulgular nedeniyle genellikle gecikir. Safra taşı ileusu tanısını koymada abdominal bilgisayarlı tomografi ideal olan bir yöntemdir. Tıkanıklığın yerini ve özelliğini gösterebilir. En uygun cerrahi yöntem ise tartışmalıdır. Enterolitotomi en sık uygulanan yöntemdir. Tek aşamalı ameliyat ise, sadece seçilmiş düşük riskli hastalarda yapılmalıdır. Bu çalışmamızda, safra taşı ileusu nedeniyle ameliyat ettiğimiz 55 yaşındaki erkek bir hastayı sunuyoruz. Ameliyatta, 2 adet safra taşının hastanın daha önce geçirdiği ince barsak rezeksiyonundan sonra oluşan anastomoz darlığında tıkanıklığa neden olduğu saptandı. Ayrıca, hastanın safra kesesi ile gastrointestinal kanalı arasında fistülün olmadığı da saptandı. Enterolitotomi ile safra taşları çıkartıldı. Safra kesesinde taş saptanmadığı için, kolesistektomi yapılmadı.

Objectives: Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is a condition still with high morbidity and mortality which is associated with severe acute pancreatitis because parenchyma necrosis occurs during illness. Our aim in this study is to examine the factors affecting mortality in patients undergoing surgery because of acute necrotizing pancreatitis and present our surgical outcomes. Materials and methods: The clinical features, Ranson and APACHE II scores of 38 patients operated in clinic (2006-2012) for acute necrotizing pancreatitis were recorded retrospectively. Results: From the patients included in the study, 11 (28.9%) were male and 27 (71.1%) were female with an age average of 55.1±16.0 years. No relationship was found between age, C-reactive proteins, amylase and liver enzymes, pancreatitis etiology, complications seen after surgery and mortality (p>0.05). The effects of white blood cell values, width of necrosis area and the APACHE II and Ranson values upon admission on mortality were significant (p, Amaç: Akut nekrotizan pankreatit, seyri sırasında parankim nekrozu geliştiği için şiddetli akut pankreatit ile özdeşleşmiş, morbidite ve mortalitesi hala yüksek olan bir durumdur. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız akut nekrotizan pankreatit nedeniyle cerrahi uygulanan hastalarda mortaliteyi etkileyen faktörleri incelemek ve cerrahi tedavi sonuçlarımızı sunmaktır. Gereç ve yöntem: Kliniğimizde 2006-2012 yılları arasında akut nekrotizan pankreatit nedeniyle ameliyat edilen 38 hastanın özellikleri, Ranson ve APACHE II skorları retrospektif olarak kaydedildi. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen hastaların 11\'i (%28.9) erkek, 27\'si (%71.1) kadın ve yaş ortalamaları 55.1±16.0 idi. Yaş, C-reaktif protein, amilaz ve karaciğer enzimleri, pankreatit etiyolojisi, ameliyat sonrası görülen komplikasyonlar ile mortalite arasında ilişki saptanamadı (p>0.05). Beyaz küre değerleri, nekroz alanının genişliği, başvuru anındaki APACHE II ve Ranson değerlerinin mortalite üzerindeki ilişkisi anlamlı idi (p

Background: The aim of this study was to discuss the possibility of mean platelet volume (MPV) being a new risk factor in the etiology of portal venous thrombosis (PVT). Methods: Study participants were categorized into 2 different groups: group I, control group (n = 35) and group II, PVT group (n = 34). Demographic data and MPV values were recorded retrospectively. Results: No differences were determined between the 2 groups regarding hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking ( P > .05). The average hemoglobin levels were 10.8 ± 2.1 in group II and 14.0 ± 1.7 in group I ( P < .001). Although the MPV levels of group II patients were 8.2 ± 0.52, the average level in group I was determined as 7.8 ± 0.62 ( P = .012). In the performed receiver–operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the cutoff value for patients with PVT for MPV was determined as 7.9 (area under curve: 0.674), sensitivity as 70.6%, and specificity as 65.7% ( P = .013). Conclusion: The current study shows that MPV is significantly higher in patients with PVT than in the control group.

Aims: Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) has become the first line of treatment for primary hyperparathy- roidism caused by solitary parathyroid adenoma. In order to increase the sensitivity of high-resolution ultrasonography (hUS), surgeon performed ultrasonography (SUS) has been increasingly used preoperatively. However, a radiologist and surgeon performing ultrasonography (RSUS) has not been a usual practice. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical contribution of RSUS on MIP. Material and methods: From 2012 to 2014, a total of 30 consecutive patients (4 male, 26 female, mean age 48.87±14.52 years) with solitary parathyroid adenoma, were included in the study. All patients underwent preoperative hUS and Technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy. In patients, demographic characteristics, diagnostic tools used, levels of bio- chemical parameters, duration of operation, and length of hospital stay were recorded. Results: Adenomas were successfully localized by US in all patients and the surgical approach was determined according to this localization. Parathyroidectomy with MIP was successfully performed under local anesthesia in all patients. Mean operation time was 19.87±3.35 min. Post- operative PTH and calcium values were significantly decreased. All patients were discharged from the hospital in the same day. None of the patients had complications such as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hematoma, or injury to nearby organs. None of the patients had drains placed. Conclusions: Adenoma is well localized by US and thus, MIP can be completed under local anesthesia. US provides a very important clinical contribution to the success of MIP. In addition to these, RSUS helps in determining the location of the incision and the shortest way to achieve the lesion; therefore, it provides a small incision and shortens duration of the operation with a minimal dissection.