Search

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of intravaginal laser therapy applied concurrently with mesh excision for the treatment of vaginal polypropylene mesh exposure or extrusion, which is the most common complication after transobturator tape (TOT), on the recurrence of incontinence. Material and Method: The data of 49 patients who underwent mesh excision due to vaginal mesh exposure or extrusion in our clinic between January 2009 and January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups as simultaneous intravaginal laser therapy during the mesh excision (EL, n=23) and only mesh excision (EO, n=26). Data of the patients and long-term stress urinary incontinence (SUI) recurrence rates were determined and the groups were compared. Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.4±9.9 years and the mean follow-up period was 33.3±22.1 months. SUI recurrence in 1-h pad test was significantly lower in the EL group than the EO group at the 12 th month evaluation (8.7% vs 34.6% p=0.030 respectively). According to multivariate regression analysis operation type was an independent risk factor for SUI recurrence (p=0.021). However, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of postoperative incontinence quality of life questionnaire (I-QOL) scores (p=0.082). Conclusion: Concomitant laser treatment applied with the mesh excision for the treatment of vaginal meshexposure or extrusion secondary to TOT surgery provides a significant advantage in preventing the recurrence of SUI.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) and transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) are common urological operations. Our aim was to show whether there was an association of the adenosine molecular pathway with postoperative pain level and malignancy status. A total of 93 patients with ages between 55 and 72 years old who underwent TUR-P (n = 47) and TUR-BT (n = 46) under spinal anesthesia between August 2017 and July 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. On the day of surgery, at the postoperative 24th and 48th hours, plasma adenosine levels and serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels were measured. The malignant group had significantly higher adenosine (median 171.51 IQR = 147.69–196.32 vs. median 57.82, IQR = 54.06–62.34, p

Objective: We aimed to indicate the effectiveness of local anesthesia in the treatment of hydrodistention in women with Bladder Pain Syndrome/interstitial Cystitis (BPS/IC) in our study. Material and Method: The data of a total of 77 female patients who underwent hydrodistention treatment for BPS/IC in our clinic between January 2015 and July 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups as local anesthesia (LA, n=41) and spinal anesthesia (SA, n=36) groups according to the type of anesthesia applied. The groups were compared by determining the preoperative and postoperative O'Leary symptom index (SI) and problem index (PI), minimum voiding volume (MinVV), maximum voiding volume (MaxVV), average voiding volume (AvgVV) and daily frequency. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.97±11.09 years in the LA group and 45.19±14.35 years in the SA group (p=0.197). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the preoperative European Society for the Study of Interstitial Cystitis (ESSIC) group (p=0.999). During the postoperative period, a median (IQR) improvement of 11.0 (2.0) points was observed in the SI of the LA group, while a median improvement of 11.0 (2.0) points were observed in the SA group (p=0.437). The median improvement in PI score was 8.4 (4.0) points in the SA group, while it was 7.0 (3.0) points in the LA group (p=0.415). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of improvements in minVV, maxVV, avgVV and daily frequency (p=0.480, p=0.460, p=0.614 and p=0.910, respectively). Conclusion: Hydrodistention treatment in women with BPS/IC can be performed safely and with high success rate under local anesthesia and it is well tolerated by the patients. Local anesthesia offers a minimally invasive treatment option as well as the advantage of avoiding possible complications of spinal, epidural or general anesthesia.

Amaç: Preoperatif tam kan ve biyokimyasal parametrelerden nötrofil-lenfosit oranı (NLO), trombosit-lenfosit oranı (TLO), lenfosit-monosit oranı (LMO), sistemik immün-inflamasyon (SII) indeksi ve De-Ritis oranının testis tümörü tanısındaki yerinin belirlenmesi.Gereç ve Yöntem: Ekim 2010 ile Aralık 2019 tarihleri arasında kliniğimizde testis tümörü nedeniyle inguinal orşiektomi yapılan hastaların ve kontrol grubu olarak varikoselektomi yapılan hastaların verileri retrospektif olarak incelendi. Verileri eksik olan, 18 yaşın altında olan veya ek morbiditesi olan hastalar çalışma dışında bırakıldı. NLO, TLO, LMO, SII indeksi ve De-Ritis oranı için kestirim değerleri belirlendi ve bu parametrelerin testis tümörü tanısındaki yeri incelendi.Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen hastaların 34’ünü (%14,1) testis tümörlü hastalar, 207’sini (%85,9) varikoselektomi yapılan hastalar oluşturmaktaydı. Hastaların ameliyat esnasındaki ortanca yaşlarının 27 (23-32) yıl olduğu görüldü. Testis tümörlü hastaların 18’inde (%52,9) seminom, 12’sinde (%35,3) mikst germ hücreli tümör, 3’ünde (%8,8) yolk sac tümörü ve 1’inde (%2.9) embriyonel karsinom izlendi. Testis tümörlü hastaların %61,8’inin T2 evresinde ve %35,3’ünde metastaz olduğu belirlendi. NLO, TLO, LMO ve SII indeksi için sırasıyla kestirim değerleri 1,76, 133,43, 7,81 ve 571,63 olarak belirlendi. De-Ritis oranı için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir kestirim değeri bulunamadı (p=0.183). Çok değişkenli analiz yapıldığında, sadece SII indeksinin testis tümörünün öngörülmesinde anlamlı olduğu görüldü (p, Aim: To determine the value of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic immune-inflammation (SII) index and De-Ritis ratio, which are among preoperative whole blood and biochemical parameters, in the diagnosis of testicular tumor.Materials and Methods: The data of patients who underwent inguinal orchiectomy for testicular tumor in our clinic between October 2010 and December 2019 and patients who underwent varicocelectomy, as a control group, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with missing data, under 18 years of age or with additional morbidity were excluded from the present study. Prediction values for NLR, PLR, LMR, SII index and De-Ritis ratio were determined and the value of these parameters in the diagnosis of testicular tumor was examined.Results: Thirty-four (14.1%) patients underwent inguinal orchiectomy while 207 (85.9%) patients underwent varicocelectomy in the present study. The median age of the patients during surgery was 27 (23-32) years. The number of patients with seminoma, mixt germ cell tumor, yolk sac tumor and embryonal carcinoma was 18 (52.9%), 12 (35.3%), 3 (8.8%) and 1 (2.9%), respectively. It was determined that 61.8% of the patients with testicular tumors were in the T2 stage and 35.3% had metastasis. The cut-off values for NLR, PLR, LMR and SII index were determined as 1.76, 133.43, 7.81 and 571.63, respectively. There was no statistically significant cut-off value for De-Ritis ratio (p = 0.183). The only significant factor for predicting testicular tumor was SII index in multivariate analysis (p

Amac: Biz bu tek merkezli calismada, daha once ayni taraf sok dalga litotripsi (SWL), perkutan nefrolitotomi (PNL) veya acik bobrek tas cerrahisi olan ve olmayan cocuk hastalarda uyguladigimiz PNL ope- rasyonlarinin perioperatif sonuclarini karsilastirmayi amacladik. Gerec ve Yontemler: 2008–2016 tarihleri arasinda klinigimizde PNL operasyonu uygulanmis 18 yas alti cocuklarin verileri retrospektif olarak degerlendirildi. Olgular, bobrek tasi tanisi ile daha once ayni taraf SWL, PNL veya acik cerrahiyi iceren tas tedavisi oykusu olanlar (grup 1) ve olmayanlar (grup 2) olarak iki gruba ayrildi. Demografik veriler ile preoperatif ve operatif veriler belirlenen gruplar arasinda karsilastirildi. Postoperatif 6. haftada cekilen direkt uriner sistem grafisinde (radyolusent taslarda kontrastsiz bilgisayarli tomografide) 4 mm ve uzeri taslar reziduel tas olarak kabul edildi. Postoperatif komplikasyonlar modifiye Clavien siniflamasina gore kaydedildi. PNL sonrasi reziduel tas varligi ve komplikasyonlar iki grup arasinda karsilastirildi. Bulgular: Calismaya alinan toplamda 122 cocuk PNL olgusunun ortalama yasi (mean±SD) 7.14±4.86 olarak saptandi. 122 PNL olgusunun 35’inde (%28.69) ayni taraf bobrek tasina yonelik tedavi oykusu vardi. Hemoglobin degerlerinde degisim (p=0.997), operasyon (p=0.584) ve hastanede kalis (p=0.997) suresi acisindan iki grup arasinda istatistiksel olarak anlamli fark yoktu. Gruplar arasinda karsilastirilan reziduel tas (p=0.365) ve postoperatif komplikasyon (p=0.886) oranlari arasinda da istatiksel anlamli fark saptanmadi. Sonuc: Bu calismanin sonuclari, PNL’nin bobrek tasi tedavisi gecirmis cocuk hastalarda guvenli bir sekilde uygulanabilecegini ortaya koymaktadir.

Introduction: Our century has witnessed a significant increase in obesity, which in its turn, bears several major risks in management of systemic anesthesia. In this context, use of this treatment without general or regional anesthesia is of critical importance for patients under this group. Aim: In present study, it was aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of holmium laser lithotripsy (HLL) under local anesthesia in obese male patients with bladder stones. Material and Method: In our study, we evaluated a total of 64 obese male patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, diagnosed with bladder stones and treated HLL under local anesthesia. Demographic data, stone size, operative time, urethral catheterization time and length of hospital stay of the patients were analyzed. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores was calculated for each patient during the procedure. Complications were graded according to modified Clavien classification system. Results: The mean age of patients was 50.58 ± 13.04 years and BMI was 33.46 ± 2.59 kg/m2. Mean stone size was 2.51 ± 1.04 cm and operative time was 43.91 ± 15.92 minutes. None of the patients had severe pain and the mean VAS score was calculated as 2.31 ± 1.02. Mean length of hospital stay was 1.25 ± 1.04 days. Grade 3 or higher complications were not observed according to modified Clavien classification system. Mean urethral catheterization time was 1.56 ± 1.45 days, although varying due to underlying etiological factor. All patients were stone-free and there was a marked improvement in clinical findings. Conclusion: Use of HLL under local anesthesia is a safe and efficacious approach in obese male patients with bladder stone.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of semi-rigid or flexible ureteroscopic surgery and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, which is the standard method for the surgery of ≥2 cm upper ureteral impacted stones . Materials and Methods: The data of 123 patients who underwent stone surgery for ≥2 cm impacted ureteral stones in the upper ureter in our clinic were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups as ureteroscopic surgery group (URS, n = 59) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy group (PNL, n = 64) according to the type of operation. Patients with stones impacted in the ureter at the level between the L4 vertebra and ureteropelvic junction were included in the study. Preoperative demographic data and postoperative results of the patients in two groups were compared. Results: Average operation time was similar in both groups (p = 0.147). Mean hospital stay was significantly higher in the PNL group compared to the URS group (3.28 ± 0.57 days vs 1.11 ± 0.32 days, p = 0.001). Mucosal injury was developed in 10 (16.9%) patients in the URS group during the operation, while it was only 3 (4.7%) in the PNL group (p = 0.027). Postoperative urinary tract infection development was found to be similar in URS and PNL groups (8.5% vs 4.7%, p = 0.479). Postoperative stone-free rate was found to be significantly higher in the PNL group compared to the URS group (95.3% vs 79.7%, p = 0.008). Conclusion: PNL is a very effective and safe procedure in the surgical treatment of stones ≥2 cm in diameter impacted in the upper ureter. The complication rate of PNL is comparable with URS; however, it is seen that the PNL is more advantageous than URS in terms of postoperative total stone-free rate.

Background To compare the patients who underwent early surgical repair of penile fracture, which is one of the urological emergencies, and patients who recovered with conservative treatment concerning long-term sexual functions. Methods The data of 42 patients who applied to our clinic with penile fracture between January 2010 and January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were categorized into two groups as early operated and followed-up conservatively. The preoperative and postoperative findings of the patients were compared with the International Erectile Function Scale (IIEF-6) scores in the long-term follow-up. Results The median age of the patients was 35 (20-65) years and the median follow-up period was 52 (8-120) months. The postoperative mean IIEF-6 score of the patients was 22.98±6.52. There was no significant difference between the surgical and the conservative groups concerning postoperative complications (p=0.460). In the follow-up period, the presence of palpable plaque on the rupture area was significantly higher in the conservative group (p=0.041). However, there was no significant difference between the groups concerning IIEF-6 scores (p=0.085). Conclusion Although there is no significant difference in long-term IIEF-6 scores between the two groups, the rate of palpable plaque formation is higher in patients followed-up conservatively. Therefore, early surgical repair should be considered in the foreground, especially in patients with a large rupture area.

Objective: To report our experience in percutaneous nephrolithotomy and endoscopic urinary tract stone surgery in patients with urinary diversion and vesicostomy. Materials and Methods: Data of 21 patients with urinary diversion or vesicostomy who underwent surgery for urinary tract stones in our clinic between January 2008 and January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Eight patients (38%) underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 2 patients (9.5%) underwent antegrade flexible ureteroscopy, 4 patients (19.0%) underwent retrograde semi-rigid or flexible ureteroscopy, 5 patients (23.8%) underwent retrograde pouch lithotripsy and 2 patients (9.5%) underwent percutaneous cystolithotripsy with vesicostomy tract entrance.Preoperative and postoperative data of the patients were evaluated. Results: The male to female ratio was 16/5. The mean age of the patients was 54.6 ± 10.1 years and mean preoperative stone diameter was 2.8 ± 4.5 cm. It was determined that 14 patients (66.6%) had ileal conduit (Bricker anastomosis), 5 patients (23.8%) had ureterocutaneostomy, and 2 patients (9.5%) had vesicostomy. Stone-free rate was 85.7% after single session of treatment. In the postoperative period, febrile urinary tract infection was observed in 4 (19.0%) patients, urinary system obstruction secondary to stone in 3 (14.2%) patients and anastomotic leakage in 1 (4.7%) patient. Conclusion: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, antegrade ureterorenoscopy, retrograde ureterorenoscopy and vesicostomy entry cystolithotripsy are highly effective and safe methods in patients with urinary diversion and vesicostomy. The most important factors affecting the success are the experience of surgical team that can apply procedural options together with careful preoperative preparation and correct instrumentation.

In contrast to the linear economic model that has existed since industrialization, the concept of circular economy aims to reduce negative environmental impacts. There is a growing debate about the compatibility of increasing consumption with the Earth’s finite resources, calling for a system that minimizes losses. This concept is also of great interest for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because the key role of LIBs in the transformation of the mobility sector is expected to increase their production exponentially over the next few years. So far, there is no established business model that defines the further procedure with LIBs that have reached the end of their useful life. The aim of this study is to investigate the potentials and challenges of the circular economy and how they can be addressed using the case study of LIBs. The method of Systematic Literature Review is used to identify the relevant literature on this topic in a reproducible way while avoiding content-related distortions. The results are presented in a structured way and divided into the three topics of “reuse”, “repurposing” and “recycling” according to the circular economy approach. These are further divided into the subcategories of technical, economic, social, logistical, and ecological challenges, which are explained in detail and possible solutions are suggested.

Amac: Cocukluk caginda uyguladigimiz perkutan nefrolitotomi (PNL) operasyonlarinin ortaya koydugu sonuclari ve gozlemlenen komplikasyonlari degisik yas gruplari arasinda karsilastirmali bir sekilde sunduk. Gerec ve Yontemler: 2008–2016 tarihleri arasinda klinigimizde PNL operasyonu uygulanmis 18 yas alti cocuklarin verileri retrospektif olarak degerlendirildi. PNL operasyonu olan cocuklar >6, 6-11, 12-17 yas olarak gruplara ayrildi. Demografik veriler ile preoperatif ve operatif veriler belirlenen yas gruplari arasinda karsilastirildi. Postoperatif 6. haftada cekilen direkt uriner sistem grafisinde (radyolusent taslarda kontrastsiz bilgisayarli tomografide) 4 mm ve uzeri taslar reziduel tas olarak kabul edildi. Postoperatif komplikasyonlar modifiye Clavien siniflamasina gore kaydedildi. PNL sonuclari olarak reziduel tas varligi ve komplikasyonlar belirlenen uc yas grubu arasinda karsilastirildi. Bulgular: Calismaya alinan toplamda 122 PNL cocuk olgusunun median (ceyrekler arasi aralik–IQR) yasi 6 (3-11) olarak saptandi. Artan yas ile gruplar arasi vucut kitle indeksinde ve gecirilmis bobrek tasi girisim oykusunde istatistiksel olarak anlamli fark vardi (p

Objectives: It was aimed to evaluate the effectivenessof combined use of ultrasonography (US) and plain radiography(PR) in the postoperative follow-up of patientsundergoing retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS).Materials and methods: The charts of 207 patients whounderwent RIRS for renal stones in a 3-years-periodwere retrospectively reviewed. Fifty-eight patients wereincluded to study who were evaluated with combinationof urinary US, PR and computed tomography (CT) at 1month after surgery.Results: Of 58 procedures with perioperative completestone fragmentation, 49 were completely stone-free(84.4%), while fragments (≥ 3 mm) were observed in 9patients and hydronephrosis was detected in 5 patients(8.6%) on the CT. Of the 9 residual stones and 5 hydronephrosis,the radiologists truly diagnosed 6 stones (66.6%)and 5 hydronephrosis (100%) by using the combination ofUS and PR. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negativepredictive values of US and PR for detecting presenceof residual stone and hydronephrosis were 66.6%and 100%, 98% and 98%, 85.7% and 83.3%, 94.2% and100%, respectively.Conclusions: A combination of urinary US and plain filmhas clear advantages about lack of radiation exposureover CT scan and it is a highly specific and sensitive testfor detecting hydronephrosis. However this procedurehas limited accuracy for detecting small residual stones,so we believe that CT scan is only necessary when patienthas persistent pain or sonographic evidence of hydronephrosisis present.Key words: Renal stone, plain abdominal film, retrogradeintrarenal surgery, ultrasonography

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to assess the clinical efficacy of a single dose of fosfomycin trometamol for the treatment of both asymptomatic and symptomatic bacteriuria in the third trimester of pregnancy compared with a 7-day regimen of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid MATERIAL – METHODS: In this study clinical efficiency of single dose of 3 g fosfomycin trometamol and 7 day 675 mg amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were compared on 85 pregnant women in 3rd trimester with symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriauria. Patients divided into four groups and single dose of fosfomycin trometamol applied on group 1 (asymptomatic bacteriauria patients) and group 3 (symptomatic bacteriauria patients) while 7 day 675 mg amoxicillin-clavulanic acid applied on group 2 (asymptomatic bacteriauria patients) and group 4 (symptomatic bacteriauria patients). Microbiological assessments ( urine analyses and culture ) and rutine biochemical tests were performed before and at 7 days after the administration. No serious side effects have been reported related with both drugs. Negative urine cultures performed 7 days after the initial positive cultures were considered as bacteriological eradication and the absence of the initial urinary symptoms were considered as clinical success. RESULTS: Escherichia coli was the most frequently observed microorganism in urine culture of all four groups with clinical success and bacterial eradication of 95-100% of the patients treated with fosfomycin trometamol in groups 1 and 3, respectively and 95-90% of the patients treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in groups 2 and 4, respectively. Both treatments were well tolerated in all groups without any serious side effects. No significant difference was detected between the success rates of both drugs. CONCLUSION: A single dose of fosfomycin trometamol is a safe and effective alternative in the treatment of both asymptomatic and symptomatic urinary tract infections in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2014 yılına ait Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) kapsamındaki eğitim teknolojileri alanında önde gelen uluslararası sekiz dergideki makalelerin içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmesidir. Araştırmada “Eğitim Teknolojileri Yayın Sınıflama Formu” adı ile Sözbilir ve Kutu (2008), Masood (2004), Reeves (1995) çalışmalarından yararlanılarak Göktaş vd. (2012) tarafından geliştirilip, ardından Kiliç-Çakmak vd. (2013)’ın üzerinde bazı değişiklikler yaparak “Makale İnceleme Formu (MİF) (Article Review Form)” olarak adlandırdıkları veri toplama aracı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları incelendiğinde makalelerde; yöntem olarak en çok “nicel yöntem”, veri toplama aracı olarak en çok “anket”, veri toplama yöntemi olarak en çok “klasik”, örneklem seçimi olarak en çok “kolay ulaşılabilir örneklem”, örneklem sayısı olarak en çok “31-100 aralığı”, örneklem düzeyi olarak en çok eğitim fakültesi dışındaki fakültelerde “lisans (diğer)”, örneklem türü olarak en çok fen, matematik, sosyal dışındaki “diğer”, veri analiz yöntemi olarak en çok “kestirimsel analiz” yönteminin daha çok tercih edildiği ve “öğretim tasarımı” ve “eğitimde bilişim teknolojileri” konularının ise en çok incelenen konular olduğunu görülmüştür. The aim of this study to examine the articles published in eight leading international journals in 2014, which are covered in Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), in the field of educational technology, through the content analysis method. Article Review Form (ARF/MIF), which was first developed by Göktaş et al. (2012) who used the studies of Sözbilir and Kutu (2008), Masood (2004), Reeves (1995); and then was revised by Kiliç-Çakmak et al. (2013), was used as data collection tool in the article with the name of “Educational Technology Publications Classification Form”. It was observed in the study that “quantitative method” as the method; “survey” as the data collection tool; “classical” as the data collection method; “convenience sampling” as the sampling; “31-100 range” as the sampling size; “undergraduate (other)” studying at faculties other than faculty of education as the sampling level; “other” out of science, math and social sciences as the sampling type; “inferential statistics” as the data analysis method that were used most in these articles. According to the findings, the most examined issues in these articles were the ones on "Instructional design" and "information technology in education”

Mesane taslari tum uriner sistem taslarinin %5’ini olusturmaktadir. Siklikla ileri yasli erkeklerde gorulurler ve prostat hiperplazisi, norojenik mesane gibi infravezikal obstruksiyonlara sekonder olusurlar. Enfeksiyonlar, yabanci cisim, kadinlarda anti inkontinans cerrahisi ve nadiren gebelik mesane taslari icin predispozan faktor olabilmaktedir. Endemik mesane taslari ise, cocuklarda ve herhangi bir predispozan faktor olmaksizin saglikli genclerde gorulebilmektedir. Bu olgu sunumunda dev endemik mesane tasi olan ve sistolitotomi yaptigimiz 23 yasindaki bir erkek hastayi sunduk. Tasin agirligi 102 gr, boyutlari ise 53x52x43 mm olarak olculdu. Tas analiz sonucu ise kalsiyum oksalat tasi olarak rapor edildi. Bu dev mesane tasi icin hicbir predispozan faktor yoktu. Bu olgu sunumuyla hicbir predispozan faktor olmaksizin genc ve saglikli erkeklerde de mesane tasi olusabilecegi ve DUS grafi ve/veya uriner sistem USG ile kolaylikla tani konulabilecegini vurgulayi amacladik

Bladder calculi account for 5% of all urinary system calculi. They are usually seen in older men and occur because of infravesical obstructions such as prostate hyperplasia , neurogenic voiding dysfunction. Infection, foreign bodies, anti incontinence surgery in woman and rarely pregnancy can also be predisposing factors for bladder calculus. But they can be rarely seen in children and young, healthy patiants without any predisposing factors and are called endemic bladder calculi. İn this case report we present a 23 years old man who has endemic giant bladder calculus and on whom we performed cystolithotomy . The stone weighed 102 gr and measured 53x52x43 mm in size. And it was composed of calcium and oxalate. There were no predisposing factors in this giant bladder calculus. The aim of this case report was to emphasize the fact that bladder calculi can develop in young healthy men without any predisposing factors and that it can be diagnosed readily with DUSG and/or urinary tract USG.

Kilic, Murat/0000-0002-1377-2021 WOS: 000312424500009 This study investigated the immunohistochemical staining characteristics of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) alpha, pi, mu, and theta in prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma (PCA), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and benign prostatic tissues from 19 patients. Relationships between GST isoenzyme expression in benign, PIN, and PCA tissue were examined by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and clinicopathological data were examined by the Spearman correlation rank test. When the benign, PIN, and PCA tissues from these cases were compared according to their staining intensity, GST alpha, pi, mu, and theta expressions in tumor cells were significantly lower than in benign epithelial cells (P0.05).