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© TÜBİTAK.Background/aim: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood, is diagnosed clinically by assessing the symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Also, there are limited objective assessment tools to support the diagnosis. Thus, in this study, a new electrooculography (EOG) based on visual stimulus tracking to support the diagnosis of ADHD was proposed. Materials and methods: Reference stimulus one-to-one tracking numbers (RSOT) and colour game detection (CGD) were applied to 53 medication-free children with ADHD and 36 healthy controls (HCs). Also, the test was applied six months after the treatment to children with ADHD. Parameters obtained during the visual stimulus tracking test were analyzed and Higuchi fractal dimension (HFD) and Hjorth parameters were calculated for all EOG records. Results: The average test success rate was higher in HCs than in children with ADHD. Based on machine learning algorithms, the proposed system can distinguish drug-free ADHD patients from HCs with an 89.13% classification performance and also distinguish drug-free children from treated children with an 80.47% classification performance. Conclusion: The findings showed that the proposed system could be helpful to support the diagnosis of ADHD and the follow-up of the treatment.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada OSB hastalarında öğrenme ve hafıza güçlükleri ile NEURL1 ve RGS14 genleri arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmeyi amaçladık.Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya OSB'li 40 çocuk (20 OSB, 20 yüksek fonksiyonlu otizm (HFA)) ve 20 sağlıklı kontrol dahil edildi. Gönüllülerin kan örneklerinde NEURL1 ve RGS14 genlerinin ekspresyonları kantitatif Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) yöntemi ile değerlendirildi. Hastalardaki klinik ve demografik bulgular belirlenerek gen ekspresyonları ile ilişkisi incelendi.Bulgular: Bulgularımıza göre her iki hasta grubunda da kontrol grubuna göre NEURL1 gen ekspresyonu azaldı (p0.05). HFA hastalarında öğrenme ve bellek güçlükleri ile RGS14 gen ekspresyonu arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulundu (p = 0.045). OSB hastalarının NEURL1 ve RGS14 gen ekspresyonları arasında pozitif korelasyon görüldü (p=0.032, r=0,59).Sonuç: Bu çalışmada NEURL1 geninin OSB hastalarında öğrenme ve hafıza güçlüğünü etkileyebileceğini gösterdik. Ancak, her iki genin daha fazla hasta ve tercihen beyin dokuları ile çalışılmasını öneriyoruz. Bu genler ilk kez otizmle ilgili bir klinik çalışmada değerlendirilmiştir, bu açıdan literatüre katkı sağlayacağına inanıyoruz., Aim: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between learning-memory difficulties and NEURL1 and RGS14 genes in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).Method: Forty children with ASD (20 ASD, 20 high functioning autism (HFA)) and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. NEURL1 and RGS14 gene expressions in blood samples of volunteers were assessed by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR). The clinical and demographical findings in patients were determined and examined in relation to the gene expressions.Results: According to our findings, NEURL1 gene expression was decreased in both patient groups compared to the control (p0.05). A statistically significant correlation was found between learning and memory difficulties and RGS14 gene expression in HFA patients (p=0.045). A positive correlation was observed between NEURL1 and RGS14 gene expressions of ASD patients (p=0.032, r=0,59).Conclusion: In this study, we showed that the NEURL1 gene may affect learning and memory difficulties in ASD patients. Nonetheless, we recommend that both genes be studied with more patients and preferably with brain tissues. These genes were evaluated for the first time in a clinical study on autism, and we believe that they will contribute to the literature in this respect.

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between learning-memory difficulties and NEURL1 and RGS14 genes in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Method: Forty children with ASD (20 ASD, 20 high functioning autism (HFA)) and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. NEURL1 and RGS14 gene expressions in blood samples of volunteers were assessed by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRTPCR). The clinical and demographical findings in patients were determined and examined in relation to the gene expressions. Results: According to our findings, NEURL1 gene expression was decreased in both patient groups compared to the control (p0.05). A statistically significant correlation was found between learning and memory difficulties and RGS14 gene expression in HFA patients (p=0.045). A positive correlation was observed between NEURL1 and RGS14 gene expressions of ASD patients (p=0.032, r=0,59). Conclusion: In this study, we showed that the NEURL1 gene may affect learning and memory difficulties in ASD patients. Nonetheless, we recommend that both genes be studied with more patients and preferably with brain tissues. These genes were evaluated for the first time in a clinical study on autism, and we believe that they will contribute to the literature in this respect.

Özetçe—Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu (DEHB) çocukluk çağının en sık gözlenen nörogelişimsel bozukluklarından biridir. DEHB’in klinik özellikleri göz önüne alınarak tanımlanmış 3 alt tipi bulunmaktadır: Dikkat eksikliği baskın tip (DEHB-DE), aşırı hareketlilik/dürtüsellin baskın olduğu tip (DEHB-HI), her iki tipin özelliklerini taşıyan birleşik tip (DEHBB). Çalışmada işitsel oddball paradigması esnasında alınan EEG sinyallerinin nonlineer özelliklerinin DEHB alt tiplerinde farklılık gösterip göstermediği araştırılmıştır. Çalışmaya yaşları 7-12 arasında değişen 14 kontrol grubu, 26 DEHB’li grup olmak üzere (9 DEHB-DE, 6 DEHB-HI, 11 DEHB-B) 40 çocuk katılmıştır. Kontrol grubunun Lempel-Ziv Karmaşıklık (LZC) değerlerinin tüm DEHB alt tiplerinden anlamlı olarak daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Fraktal boyut (FD) değerleri incelendiğinde kontrol grubu ile DEHB-B ve DEHB-DE gruplar arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu gözlenirken, DEHB-HI grubuyla anlamlı bir fark gözlenmemiştir. FD ve LZC değerleri DEHB alt tiplerinde anlamlı bir farklılık göstermemiştir. Sonuçlar DEHB’de EEG karmaşılığının azaldığını göstermektedir. EEG sinyallerinin nonlineer analizinde DEHB alt tiplerinde anlamlı bir farklılık gözlenmemesi, bu alt tiplerin aynı bozukluğun birer varyantı olduğu görüşünü destekler niteliktedir., — Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. ADHD is categorized into three groups according to clinical symptoms: predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype (ADHD-HI) and combined subtype that combines features of both the other types (ADHD-C). A total of 40 children; 14 control group, and 26 ADHD group (9 with ADHD-DE, 6 with ADHD-HI and 11 with ADHD-C type) were included in the study. This study investigates the nonlinear features of EEG signals regarding ADHD subtypes while performing an auditory oddball task. Lempel-Ziv Complexity (LZC) values of control group were significantly higher than all ADHD subtypes. Fractal dimension (FD) measures showed there was a significant difference between the control group and ADHD-C and ADHD-I groups, but no significant difference was observed with the ADHD-HI group. FD and LZC values did not differ significantly in ADHD subtypes. The results show that EEG complexity is reduced in ADHD. ADHD subtypes did not differ significantly from another in EEG nonlinear analysis during an executive task that supports the subtypes are variants of the same condition.

In this study, our aim was to investigate gender effects on prefrontal cortex oxygenation. Auditory oddball paradigm used as cognitive task. Prefrontal cortex oxygenation is assessed by monitoring changes in blood oxygenation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The fNIRS were recorded during the 'oddball' paradigm in which two stimuli (target and standard) were presented in random order. Subjects were asked to press a button in response to the target stimulus. 12 male healthy children and 9 female healthy children were included the study. As a result; it is observed that the males exhibited higher prefrontal activation during auditory oddball task than females. This results suggest that gender had an effect on prefrontal cortex oxygenation therefore gender matching is important for studies of brain function using fNIRS.

GİRİŞ ve AMAÇ: Epilepsi en sık görülen kronik nörolojik bozukluklardan biridir. Epilepsili çocukların sağlıklı çocuklara ve diğer kronik hastalıkları olan çocuklara göre daha çok psikiyatrik hastalığa sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma ile epilepsili çocuklardaki psikopatoloji, yaşam kalitesi algıları, ebeveynlerindeki psikopatolojiyi belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalışmaya 48 epilepsili çocuk ve 48 sağlıklı çocuk ve ailesi dahil edildi. Değerlendirmeler için Ankara Gelişim Tarama Envanteri (AGTE), Kısa 1-3 Yaş Sosyal ve Duygusal Değerlendirme Ölçeği (K-1/3SDD), Erken Çocukluk Envanteri–4: Ebeveyn Formu (EÇE-4: EF), Çocuklar için Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği (ÇİYKÖ), Ruhsal Belirti Tarama testi (SCL-90) kullanıldı. BULGULAR: 1-3 yaş grubundaki epilepsili çocukların sosyal ve duygusal değerlendirme ölçek puanları kontrol grubu ile benzer bulundu. 4-6 yaş çocukları için EÇE-4: EF ile yapılan değerlendirmede, dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB), distimik bozukluk, yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu (YAB), travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) ve eliminasyon bozuklukları kontrollere kıyasla yüksek oranda tespit edildi. Epilepsili grubun annelerinde somatizasyon, depresyon, anksiyete, öfke-düşmanlık, fobik anksiyete ve ek skala puanları anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur. Epilepsili grubun yaşam kalitesi toplam puan ve alt ölçek puanları kontrol grubu ile benzer tespit edildi. TARTIŞMA ve SONUÇ: Bu çalışmada 1-3 yaş grubu epilepsili çocuklarda her hangi bir psikopatoloji saptanmazken, 4-6 yaş epilepsili çocuklarda psikopatoloji sıklığı artmıştır. Epilepsili çocukların annelerinde ruhsal belirti sıklığının arttığı tespit edilmiştir. INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders. It is known that epileptic children have more psychiatric diseases than normal population and children with other chronic diseases. The present study was aimed to identify the psychopathology of children with epilepsy, their life quality and the psychopathology of their parents. METHODS: 48 children with epilepsy, 48 children for control group and their parents were included in this study. We used Ankara Development Screening Inventory (ADSI), Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), Early Childhood Inventory-Parent Scale (ECI-4), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90) for assessments. RESULTS: There was no difference between the epilepsy and the control groups in BITSEA scores for 1-3 years. In the ECI-4 assessment for 4-6 years, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), general anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SP), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dysthymic disorders and elimination disorder (ED) were found higher in the children with epilepsy. In the mothers of the children with epilepsy, psychiatric symptoms were found higher than the controls. There was no difference in quality of life scores between the children with epilepsy and the control groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In the present study, no psychopathology was detected in the children with epilepsy 1-3 years of age, while frequency of psychopathology was increased in those 4- 6 years of age. Also, it was found that the frequency of psychiatric symptoms was increased in the mothers of the children with epilepsy.

Taş ocaklarında üretim prosesi sırasında partikül maddeler oluşmakta ve meteorolojik koşullara dayalı olarak atmosfere yayılmaktadır. Oluşan partikül maddelerin dağılımının hesaplanması amacıyla Gauss matematiksel modeline dayanan, çizgisel ve alansal kirlilik kaynaklarına göre modifiye edilmiş modeller kullanılmaktadır. Yüksek lisans dönem projesi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışma kapsamında taş ocaklarının faaliyetleri sırasında ortaya çıkan partikül maddelerin miktar ve dağılımlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla Denizli’de bulunan taş ocaklarının özelliklerini ortalama olarak yansıtan pilot bir tesis ele alınmış ve modelleme amacıyla ISCST3 hava kalitesi modeli kullanılmıştır. Pilot tesis için hesaplanan kontrollü ve kontrolsüz toplam toz emisyonları 1,0 kg/saat’ten fazla çıkmıştır. Kontrolsüz ve kontrollü durum emisyon faktörleri kullanılarak yapılan hesaplamalar sonucunda gerekli önlemlerin alınması durumunda oluşacak toplam toz emisyonu miktarlarında % 50’lik bir azalma sağlanabileceği belirlenmiştir. Particulate matters occur during production processing quarries. These particulate matters disperse to the atmosphere depending on meteorological conditions. The models which based on Gauss mathematical model are used at particulate dispersion calculations. These models have been modified according to line and area sources of pollution. In the scope of this study which prepared as master of science term project, pilot plant which have characteristics of quarries in Denizli has been processed so as to determine the amount and dispersion of particulates occurred during facilities of quarries. ISCST3 air quality model has been used for modeling. The controlled and uncontrolled total particulate emissions calculated for pilot plant have been determined above 1.0 kg/hour. It has been identified that 50% reduction of total particulate emissions will obtain provided that taking necessary precautions as a result of emission calculations made by controlled and uncontrolled emission factors.