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Microsatellite data for Atlantic Mackerel

Hér er fjallað um reynslu kennara á unglingastigi grunnskóla af því að vinna í anda stefnu um skóla án aðgreiningar. Tekin voru eigindleg viðtöl við sex umsjónarkennara í jafnmörgum grunnskólum í fjórum bæjarfélögum á höfuðborgarsvæðinu. Niðurstöður leiddu í ljós að þeir upplifðu miklar skorður af völdum: a) formgerðar grunnskólans á efri stigum sem þeim þótti hafa tekið mun minni breytingum í átt að skóla án aðgreiningar en yngri stig grunnskólans, b) tiltekinna menntastrauma og stefna sem þeim fannst vinna gegn skóla án aðgreiningar og loks c) skorts á faglegum stuðningi í takt við starfsaðstæður þeirra. Það var skoðun kennaranna að jaðarsetning sumra nemenda yrði meira afgerandi eftir því sem á skólagönguna liði. Kennararnir upplifðu sig oft og tíðum eins og milli steins og sleggju þar sem þeim væri gert erfitt um vik að tengja hlutverk sitt sem umsjónarkennarar þekkingu og björgum sem þeir hefðu yfir að ráða. Hjá öllum viðmælendunum kom fram að faglegt sjálfstæði hefði rýrnað og björgum fækkað á síðustu árum, sem rekja mætti til aukinnar markaðs- og stjórnunarvæðingar, og lítið svigrúm gæfist fyrir vangaveltur um siðferðilegt hlutverk og inntak skólans. Kennurunum varð tíðrætt um mikilvægi þess að þeir væru hafðir með í ráðum í hvers kyns stefnumótun í kennslu., Inclusive education is based on core values of human rights, democracy and equality. The research question is inspired by the authors’ experience of how some students move silently closer to the social margins as they draw nearer to the end of compulsory education in spite of the teacher’s full intention and effort that all students feel equally valued and active participants from beginning until the end of compulsory school. In the Icelandic Compulsory Education Act (Lög um grunnskóla nr. 91/2008) it is stated that any form of alienation is rejected and the aim is to protect students who for any reasons are socially vulnerable or in danger of not gaining full access to everyday school life. The aim of this research is to explore teachers’ experience of inclusive teaching of students in secondary classroom settings (14-16 year-old). The macro structures, as well as policy and institutional features are the main focus, and how these shape and influence teachers’ professional autonomy, ideals and values. This is a qualitative interview study. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers in six compulsory schools in four different municipalities which were all part of the metropolitan area of Reykjavík. The schools were located in socially different areas of the Reykjavík metropolitan area. The socio-cultural classroom situation was different for each of the teachers as can be gathered from their narratives. All the teachers shared a long-term professional experience (15 years or more), as well as being positive and proactive towards inclusive education. Results indicate that teachers feel openness to schooling practices and opportunities for inclusivity diminish closer to the end of compulsory schooling. The teachers sometimes felt stuck between a rock and a hard place as it was made difficult for them to balance their role between being a classroom teacher and their working conditions and resources. All participants felt that formal access to resources was delivered and defined by other professions, as for example how much and what kind of assistance or support is needed. Teachers’ ideas of democracy in education with active student participation were clearly defined but had no resonance with the individualization that emphasizes competition and, as a result, often works against the ideology of the inclusive school and its educational principles. Values that do not pertain to rules of the market are marginalized and there is little space for questions on the content and ethical value of schools, teachers and other influences on school work. Teachers mentioned the importance of their direct participation in policy making or agenda pertaining to teaching. There was a clear call for increased flexibility in the school framework, smaller classes and more emphasis on offering art and craft

Karlsson, S., Spets, M.H., Eriksen, L.B & Ólafsdóttir, G. 2017. The genetic background of Stofnfiskur breeding lines of farmed Atlantic salmon - NINA Report 1401. 17 pp. Stofnfiskur is a breeding company of Atlantic salmon located in Iceland, and delivers salmon eggs to the fish farming industry, including the Norwegian aquaculture industry. Escaped farmed salmon is considered one of the most important threats to wild salmon populations. Foreign genetic origin of the farmed salmon may possess an extra negative effect on wild salmon populations and is therefore discouraged in Norwegian legislation, and in NASCO guidelines. Documentation of the genetic origin is mandatory before approved to be used in Norwegian aquaculture. According to the information from Stofnfiskur, the Stofnfiskur breeding lines are of Norwegian origin and is a mixture of farmed salmon from the three major breeding companies in Norway: at that time Bolaks, Mowi and the National selective breeding program. The Norwegian Environment Agency has ordered a molecular genetic analysis to confirm the Norwegian origin. DNA extraction and genotyping at 96 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of fish from the Stofnfiskur breeding lines and of wild salmon from five Icelandic rivers was conducted at Matís, Icelandic Food and Biotech R&D, Iceland. We compared the genetic profiles of salmon from Stofnfiskur and the wild Icelandic salmon with the large database of Norwegian wild salmon at NINA. As a group, the Stofnfiskur salmon was genetically similar to the southern phylogenetic group in Norway and distinctively different from the Icelandic wild populations. At the individual level, 186 of 187 fish (99.5%) from Stofnfiskur assigned genetically to Norwegian rather than Icelandic wild populations, and one fish assigned with a high relative probability (98.4%) to Iceland populations. One out of 362 Icelandic wild salmon assigned to Norway rather than to Iceland, and two out of 2087 Norwegian salmon assigned to Iceland. Our analyses confirm that the salmon at Stofnfiskur is of Norwegian origin. Because Stofnfiskur is now in use in fish farms in Norway, we were also interested in to what extent we could trace this fish in events of escapes and interbreeding with wild Norwegian salmon. We used the same genetic markers and statistical analyses that are currently in use in Norway. The salmon from Stofnfiskur were not as genetically different from the Norwegian wild salmon as the current Norwegian breeding lines at the genetic markers developed to differentiate farmed from wild salmon. Unless a new set of markers are being developed including all farmed strains in Norway, genetic introgression of escaped salmon from the Stofnfiskur breeding line will lead to an underestimate of farmed genetic introgression, in events of escapes. Karlsson, S., Spets, M.H., Eriksen, L.B & Ólafsdóttir, G. 2017. The genetic background of Stofnfiskur breeding lines of farmed Atlantic salmon - NINA Report 1401. 17 pp. Stofnfiskur er et islandsk avlsselskap for oppdrettslaks og leverer rogn til akvakulturindustrien. Stofnfiskur leverer også rogn til Norge. Rømt oppdrettslaks vurderes som en av de alvorligste truslene mot norsk villaks. Fremmed fylogenetisk opphav kan påføre en ekstra negativ effekt på villaksbestander og er derfor uønsket. Før godkjent i bruk i Norge må derfor opphavet kunne dokumenteres. I henhold til informasjon fra Stofnfiskur er deres laks av kun norsk opphav og består av en blanding av oppdrettslaks fra Bolaks, Mowi og det nasjonale avlsprogrammet (senere Salmobreed, Mowi og AquaGen). Miljødirektoratet har pålagt selskapet om å bekrefte dette ved molekylærgenetiske analyser. DNA-ekstraksjon og genotyping av 96 enkeltnukleotid polymorfismer (SNPer) for laks fra Stofnfiskur og for laks fra fem forskjellige islandske ville populasjoner ble gjort ved Matís, Icelandic Food and Biotech R&D, på Island. Vi sammenliknet den genetiske profilen til laksen fra Stofnfiskur og laksen fra de islandske populasjonene med en stor genetisk database over norsk villaks ved NINA. Som gruppe var laksen fra Stofnfiskur genetisk lik den sør-norske fylogenetiske gruppen og genetisk distinkt forskjellig fra de islandske ville populasjonene. På individnivå ble 186 av 187 fisk (99,5 %) fra Stofnfiskur tilordnet norske populasjoner istedenfor de islandske populasjonene og én ble tilordnet de islandske populasjonene med en høy relativ sannsynlighet (98,4 %). Blant 362 villaks fra Island ble én tilordnet norske populasjoner og to individer fra 2087 laks fra Norge ble tilordnet de islandske populasjonene. Våre analyser bekrefter at det genetiske opphavet til Stofnfiskur er norsk. Siden laksen fra Stofnfiskur allerede er i bruk i Norge, var vi interessert i å undersøke hvorvidt denne laksen kunne spores i tilfelle rømming og innkrysning med villaks. Vi brukte de genetiske markørene og statistiske analysene som brukes i dag for å skille mellom villaks og oppdrettslaks i Norge. Laksen fra Stofnfiskur viste ikke like store genetiske forskjeller til norsk villaks som oppdrettslaksen fra Salmobreed, Mowi og AquaGen. Ved å bruke de samme markørene som i dag vil derfor i tilfelle rømming, innkrysning med villaks fra nye avlslinjer som den fra Stofnfiskur, bli underestimert. Det vil derfor bli et behov for å utvikle nye genetiske markører som inkluderer alle nye avlslinjer.