72 results on '"École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne"'
Search Results
2. Optically enhanced solid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy
- Author
-
Federico De Biasi, Michael Hope, Claudia Avalos, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Gilles Casano, Aditya Mishra, Saumya Badoni, Gabriele Stevanato, Dominik Kubicki, Jonas Milani, Jean-Philippe Ansermet, Aaron Rossini, Moreno Lelli, Olivier Ouari, Lyndon Emsley, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States, and Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Subjects
[CHIM]Chemical Sciences - Abstract
Low sensitivity is the primary limitation to extending nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to more advanced chemical and structural studies. Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) is an NMR hyperpolarization technique where light is used to excite a suitable donor–acceptor system, creating a spin-correlated radical pair whose evolution drives nuclear hy-perpolarization. Systems that exhibit photo-CIDNP in solids are not common and this effect has, up to now, only been observed for 13C and 15N nuclei. However, the low gyromagnetic ratio and natural abundance of these nuclei trap the local hyperpolarization in the vicinity of the chromophore and limit the utility for bulk hyperpolarization. Here we report the first example of optically enhanced solid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy in the high-field regime. This is achieved via photo-CIDNP of a donor–chromophore–acceptor molecule in a frozen solution at 0.3 T and 85 K, where spontaneous spin diffusion among the abundant strongly coupled 1H nuclei relays polarization through the whole sample, yielding a 16-fold bulk 1H signal enhancement under continuous laser irradiation at 450 nm. These findings enable a new strategy for hyperpolarized NMR beyond the current limits of conventional microwave-driven DNP.
- Published
- 2023
3. Flutter Echo Modeling
- Author
-
Gloria Dal Santo, Karolina Prawda, Vesa Valimaki, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Dept Signal Process and Acoust, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
audio signal processing ,flutter echo ,digital filter ,reverb algorithm ,artificial reverberation - Abstract
Flutter echo is a well-known acoustic phenomenon that occurs when sound waves bounce between two parallel reflective surfaces, creating a repetitive sound. In this work, we introduce a method to recreate flutter echo as an audio effect. The proposed algorithm is based on a feedback structure utilizing velvet noise that aims to synthesize the fluttery components of a reference room impulse response presenting flutter echo. Among these, the repetition time defines the length of the delay line in a feedback filter. The specific spectral properties of the flutter are obtained with a bandpass attenuation filter and a ripple filter, which enhances the harmonic behavior of the sound. Additional temporal shaping of a velvet-noise filter, which processes the output of the feedback loop, is performed based on the properties of the reference flutter. The comparison between synthetic and measured flutter echo impulse responses shows good agreement in terms of both the repetition time and reverberation time values.
- Published
- 2022
4. Ionosomes: Observation of Ionic Bilayer Water Clusters
- Author
-
Evgeny Smirnov, Sunny Maye, Haiqiang Deng, Xinjian Huang, Hubert H. Girault, Daniel Mandler, Pekka Peljo, Sujoy Sarkar, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Midea Corporate Research Center, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
transients ,salts ,Ionic bonding ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Catalysis ,Emulsification procedure ,Colloid and Surface Chemistry ,Phase (matter) ,Molecule ,univalent ions ,Polarization (electrochemistry) ,emulsion droplet collisions ,single ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Aqueous solution ,Bilayer ,General Chemistry ,oxygen reduction ,0104 chemical sciences ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,electrochemical detection ,interface ,nanoparticles ,solvation ,Counterion - Abstract
D.M. and H.D. thank the Israel Science Foundation (Contract No. 641/18) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21904143) for financial support. P.P. and S.M. are grateful for the financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation under Grant Ambizione Energy 160553. P.P. also gratefully acknowledges the Academy Research Fellow funding (Grant No. 315739) and project funding (Grant No. 334828) from the Academy of Finland. E.S. is grateful to the Development Program of Lomonosov Moscow State University and the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 19-13-00283). H.H.G. acknowledges the Swiss National Science Foundation grants: 200021_175745 “Photo Induced Charge Transfer Reaction at Molecular Interfaces: towards new routes of solar energy storage” and 20SC-1_193608 “Photoproduction of hydrogen in biphasic systems with electron donor recycling (PHOTO2H)”. Emulsification of immiscible two-phase fluids, i.e., one condensed phase dispersed homogeneously as tiny droplets in an outer continuous medium, plays a key role in medicine, food, chemical separations, cosmetics, fabrication of micro- and nanoparticles and capsules, and dynamic optics. Herein, we demonstrate that water clusters/droplets can be formed in an organic phase via the spontaneous assembling of ionic bilayers. We term these clusters ionosomes, by analogy with liposomes where water clusters are encapsulated in a bilayer of lipid molecules. The driving force for the generation of ionosomes is a unique asymmetrical electrostatic attraction at the water/oil interface: small and more mobile hydrated ions reside in the inner aqueous side, which correlate tightly with the lipophilic bulky counterions in the adjacent outer oil side. These ionosomes can be formed through electrochemical (using an external power source) or chemical (by salt distribution) polarization at the liquid–liquid interface. The chargedensity of the cations, the organic solvent, and the synergistic effects between tetraethylammonium and lithium cations, all affecting the formation of ionosomes, were investigated. These results clearly prove that a new emulsification strategy is developed providing an alternative and generic platform, besides the canonical emulsification procedure with either ionic or nonionic surfactants as emulsifiers. Finally, we also demonstrate the detection of individual ionosomes via single-entity electrochemistry.
- Published
- 2021
5. Critical parametric quantum sensing
- Author
-
Di Candia, R., Minganti, F., Petrovnin, K.V., Paraoanu, G.S., Felicetti, S., Department of Information and Communications Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Centre of Excellence in Quantum Technology, QTF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
state ,Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con) ,Quantum Physics ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Condensed Matter - Superconductivity ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Quantum Physics (quant-ph) - Abstract
Critical quantum systems are a promising resource for quantum metrology applications, due to the diverging susceptibility developed in proximity of phase transitions. Here, we assess the metrological power of parametric Kerr resonators undergoing driven-dissipative phase transitions. We fully characterize the quantum Fisher information for frequency estimation, and the Helstrom bound for frequency discrimination. By going beyond the asymptotic regime, we show that the Heisenberg precision can be achieved with experimentally reachable parameters. We design protocols that exploit the critical behavior of nonlinear resonators to enhance the precision of quantum magnetometers and the fidelity of superconducting qubit readout., Comment: 13 pages + Supplemental Material
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Two-dimensional MXenes for lithium-sulfur batteries
- Author
-
Linfan Cui, Chuanfang (John) Zhang, Jakob Heier, Sina Abdolhosseinzadeh, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Materials science ,COMPOSITE SEPARATOR ,MOLYBDENUM CARBIDE ,Li-S battery ,Nanotechnology ,flexible electronics ,TRANSITION-METAL CARBIDES ,lcsh:TA401-492 ,Lithium sulfur ,LAYERED TI3C2 ,shuttling ,lcsh:T58.5-58.64 ,lcsh:Information technology ,S BATTERIES ,LONG CYCLE-LIFE ,POLYSULFIDE RESERVOIR ,Flexible electronics ,CATHODE MATERIAL ,ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES ,polysulfides ,Li‐S battery ,lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,MXenes ,MXene ,two dimensional materials ,ENERGY-STORAGE - Abstract
Rechargeable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted significant research attention due to their high capacity and energy density. However, their commercial applications are still hindered by challenges such as the shuttle effect of soluble lithium sulfide species, the insulating nature of sulfur, and the fast capacity decay of the electrodes. Various efforts are devoted to address these problems through questing more conductive hosts with abundant polysulfide chemisorption sites, as well as modifying the separators to physically/chemically retard the polysulfides migration. Two dimensional transition metal carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides, so-called MXenes, are ideal for confining the polysulfides shuttling effects due to their high conductivity, layered structure as well as rich surface terminations. As such, MXenes have thus been widely studied in Li-S batteries, focusing on the conductive sulfur hosts, polysulfides interfaces, and separators. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the significant progresses regarding the design of multifunctional MXene-based Li-S batteries and discuss the solutions for improving electrochemical performances in detail. In addition, challenges and perspectives of MXenes for Li-S batteries are also outlined. image
- Published
- 2020
7. Structure and reactivity of the polarised liquid–liquid interface
- Author
-
Gschwend, Gregoire, Olaya, Astrid J., Peljo, Pekka, Girault, Hubert, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
ion transfer ,ITIES ,liquid-liquid interface ,double layer structure ,electron transfer - Abstract
Charge transfer phenomena at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) are electrochemical reactions taking place in soft media. Owing to their liquid nature, the ITIES shows a large panel of electrochemical reactions including electron transfer reactions, ion transfer reactions, coupled electron–ion transfer reactions or biomimetic redox reactions. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which these reactions proceed are yet to be fully understood. The goal of this short review is to summarise the work accomplished over the past decades towards the elucidation of the structure and reactivity at the ITIES, highlighting the main questions still to be answered.
- Published
- 2020
8. Decompositions of log-correlated fields with applications
- Author
-
Eero Saksman, Christian Webb, Janne Junnila, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, University of Helsinki, Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Statistics and Probability ,Pure mathematics ,Gaussian ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Field (mathematics) ,gaussian multiplicative chaos ,01 natural sciences ,Gaussian multiplicative chaos ,010104 statistics & probability ,symbols.namesake ,FOS: Mathematics ,0101 mathematics ,Invariant (mathematics) ,random generalized functions ,Gaussian process ,Mathematical Physics ,Mathematics ,Generalized function ,Probability (math.PR) ,010102 general mathematics ,Multiplicative function ,Mathematical Physics (math-ph) ,Covariance ,Sobolev space ,QUANTUM-GRAVITY ,60G15 ,quantum-gravity ,symbols ,60G57 ,Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty ,Log-correlated Gaussian fields ,Mathematics - Probability ,log-correlated gaussian fields - Abstract
In this article we establish novel decompositions of Gaussian fields taking values in suitable spaces of generalized functions, and then use these decompositions to prove results about Gaussian multiplicative chaos. We prove two decomposition theorems. The first one is a global one and says that if the difference between the covariance kernels of two Gaussian fields, taking values in some Sobolev space, has suitable Sobolev regularity, then these fields differ by a H\"older continuous Gaussian process. Our second decomposition theorem is more specialized and is in the setting of Gaussian fields whose covariance kernel has a logarithmic singularity on the diagonal -- or log-correlated Gaussian fields. The theorem states that any log-correlated Gaussian field $X$ can be decomposed locally into a sum of a H\"older continuous function and an independent almost $\star$-scale invariant field (a special class of stationary log-correlated fields with 'cone-like' white noise representations). This decomposition holds whenever the term $g$ in the covariance kernel $C_X(x,y)=\log(1/|x-y|)+g(x,y)$ has locally $H^{d+\varepsilon}$ Sobolev smoothness. We use these decompositions to extend several results that have been known basically only for $\star$-scale invariant fields to general log-correlated fields. These include the existence of critical multiplicative chaos, analytic continuation of the subcritical chaos in the so-called inverse temperature parameter $\beta$, as well as generalised Onsager-type covariance inequalities which play a role in the study of imaginary multiplicative chaos., Comment: Version 2: added also a global decomposition result and modified some proofs due to this. Version 3: minor changes
- Published
- 2019
9. Comparison of JET-C DD neutron rates independently predicted by the ASCOT and TRANSP Monte Carlo heating codes
- Author
-
H. Weisen, P. Sirén, J. Varje, null JET Contributors, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Monte Carlo orbit code ,Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Jet (fluid) ,Monte Carlo method ,BEAMS ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Nuclear physics ,neutron deficit ,FUSION ,fusion reactions ,neutron rate ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,JET ,0103 physical sciences ,Neutron ,010306 general physics - Abstract
Simulations of the DD neutron rates predicted by the ASCOT and TRANSP Monte Carlo heating codes for a diverse set of JET-C (JET with carbon plasma facing components) plasmas are compared. A previous study (Weisen et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 076029) of this data set using TRANSP found that the predicted neutron rates systematically exceeded the measured ones by factors ranging between 1 and 2. No single explanation for the discrepancies was found at the time despite a large number of candidates, including anomalous fast ion loss mechanisms, having been examined. The results shed doubt on our ability to correctly predict neutron rates also in the deuterium–tritium plasmas expected in the JET D–T campaign (DTE2). For the study presented here the calculations are independently repeated using ASCOT with different equilibria and independent mapping of the profiles of temperature and density to the computational grid. Significant differences are observed between the results from the investigations with smaller systematic differences between neutron rates measurements and predictions for the ones using ASCOT. These are traced back not to intrinsic differences between the ASCOT and TRANSP codes, but to the differences in profiles and equilibria used. These results suggest that the discrepancies reported in reference (Weisen et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 076029) do not require invoking any unidentified plasma processes responsible for the discrepancies and highlight the sensitivity of such calculations to the plasma equilibrium and the necessity of a careful mapping of the profiles of the ion and electron densities and temperatures.
- Published
- 2021
10. Solid electrochemical energy storage for aqueous redox flow batteries
- Author
-
Zanzola, Elena, Gentil, Solène, Gschwend, Grégoire, Reynard, Danick, Smirnov, Evgeny, Dennison, C. R., Girault, Hubert H., Peljo, Pekka, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Solid energy storage material ,Redox mediator ,Aqueous organic redox flow batteries ,Prussian blue analogue - Abstract
All redox flow batteries suffer from low energy storage density in comparison with conventional Li-ion batteries. However, this issue can be mitigated by utilization of solid energy storage materials to enhance the energy storage capacity. In this paper we demonstrate the utilization of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) Prussian blue analogue for this purpose, coupled with N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyl oxy-4-ammonium chloride (TEMPTMA) as a soluble redox mediator to target the redox transitions of the solid material. In this case, indirect charging and discharging of CuHCF suspended in the electrolyte by electrochemically oxidized/reduced TEMPTMA was observed by chronoamperometry. Secondly, electrochemistry of different CuHCF composites with carbon black and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were investigated, highlighting that the high conductivity of the solid energy storage materials is crucial to access the maximal charge storage capacity. Finally, a CuHCF-TEMPTMA/Zn aqueous redox flow battery achieved stable cycling performances with high coulombic efficiency of 95% and volumetric capacity of 350 C mL−1.
- Published
- 2019
11. Mechanistic Study on the Photogeneration of Hydrogen by Decamethylruthenocene
- Author
-
Laurent Vannay, Hubert H. Girault, Micheál D. Scanlon, Clémence Corminboeuf, Lucie Rivier, Pekka Peljo, Heron Vrubel, Sunny Maye, Manuel A. Méndez, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Limerick, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Swiss National Science Foundation
- Subjects
Reaction mechanism ,Hydrogen ,chemistry.chemical_element ,010402 general chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,Photochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Heterolysis ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Deprotonation ,ruthenium ,photochemistry ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,Hydride ,Organic Chemistry ,General Chemistry ,metallocenes ,0104 chemical sciences ,Ruthenium ,hydrogen evolution reaction ,reaction mechanisms ,13. Climate action ,hydrogen ,Methyl group - Abstract
peer-reviewed Detailed studies on hydrogen evolution by decamethylruthenocene ([Cp*2RuII]) highlighted that metallocenes are capable of photoreducing hydrogen without the need for an additional sensitizer. Electrochemical, gas chromatographic, and spectroscopic (UV/Vis, 1H and 13C NMR) measurements corroborated by DFT calculations indicated that the production of hydrogen occurs by a two‐step process. First, decamethylruthenocene hydride [Cp*2RuIV(H)]+ is formed in the presence of an organic acid. Subsequently, [Cp*2RuIV(H)]+ is reversibly reduced in a heterolytic reaction with one‐photon excitation leading to a first release of hydrogen. Thereafter, the resultant decamethylruthenocenium ion [Cp*2RuIII]+ is further reduced with a second release of hydrogen by deprotonation of a methyl group of [Cp*2RuIII]+. Experimental and computational data show spontaneous conversion of [Cp*2RuII] to [Cp*2RuIV(H)]+ in the presence of protons. Calculations highlight that the first reduction is endergonic (ΔG0=108 kJ mol−1) and needs an input of energy by light for the reaction to occur. The hydricity of the methyl protons of [Cp*2RuII] was also considered. ACCEPTED peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2019
12. Topology Optimization for Coils of Electric Machine with Level-set Method
- Author
-
Anouar Belahcen, Xiaotao Ren, Adrien Thabuis, Yves Perriard, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Electric machine ,Electric motor ,Level set function ,business.product_category ,Level set method ,Computer science ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Topology optimization ,torque ,02 engineering and technology ,Function (mathematics) ,Topology ,level set function ,01 natural sciences ,Level set ,Torque ,Electromagnetic coil ,0103 physical sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,business ,topology optimization - Abstract
This work studies the level-set based topology optimization for the optimal layout of winding in electric motor. The functional to optimize is to maximize the torque in the air-gap. The coil domain is initiated by a level set function. The time evolutionary equation is used to update the function. The level set model forms clearly the dynamic boundaries between the conductor and the insulation which determine the optimal distribution of coil by means of the topological changes. This proposed optimization strategy is applied to the winding of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. An optimal layout of coil is generated from this proposed method.
- Published
- 2019
13. Synthetic diagnostic for the JET scintillator probe lost alpha measurements
- Author
-
Varje, J., Kiptily, V, Siren, P., Weisen, H., Abduallev, S., Abhangi, M., Abreu, P., Afanasev, V, Afzal, M., Aggarwal, K. M., Ahlgren, T., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Alarcon, T., Albanese, R., Alegre, D., Aleiferis, S., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alkseev, A., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amosov, V, Sunden, E. Andersson, Andrews, R., Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Angioni, C., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Arena, P., Ariola, M., Arshad, S., Artaud, J., Arter, W., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V, Asunta, O., Asztalos, O., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Axton, M., Ayres, C., Baciero, A., Baiao, D., Balboa, I, Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bandaru, V. K., Banks, J., Baranov, Y. F., Barcellona, C., Barnard, T., Barnes, M., Barnsley, R., Wiechec, A. Baron, Orte, L. Barrera, Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V, Bassan, M., Bastow, R., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baumane, L., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Beaumont, P. S., Beckers, M., Beckett, B., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, K., Belli, F., Belonohy, E., Benayas, J., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Besiliu, C., Betar, H., Beurskens, M., Bielecki, J., Biewer, T., Bilato, R., Biletskyi, O., Bilkova, P., Binda, F., Birkenmeier, G., Bizarro, J. P. S., Bjorkas, C., Blackburn, J., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V, Boboc, A., Bogar, O., Bohm, P., Bohm, T., Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Boncagni, L., Bonfiglio, D., Bonnin, X., Boom, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Bowman, C., Boyce, T., Boyer, H., Bradnam, S. C., Braic, V, Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Brennan, D., Breton, S., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M., Brix, M., Broeckx, W., Brombin, M., Broslawski, A., Brown, B., Brunetti, D., Bruno, E., Buch, J., Buchanan, J., Buckingham, R., Buckley, M., Bucolo, M., Budny, R., Bufferand, H., Buller, S., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burckhart, A., Burroughes, G., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butcher, D., Butler, B., Bykov, I, Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Calacci, L., Callaghan, D., Callaghan, J., Calvo, I, Camenen, Y., Camp, P., Campling, D. C., Cannas, B., Capat, A., Carcangiu, S., Card, P., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P., Carvalho, D. D., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catarino, N., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cave-Ayland, K., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cecil, E., Challis, C. D., Chandra, D., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, B., Chapman, S. C., Chernyshova, M., Chiariello, A., Chitarin, G., Chmielewski, P., Chone, L., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Clark, M., Clark, E., Clarkson, R., Clay, R., Clements, C., Coad, J. P., Coates, P., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I, Colas, L., Colling, B., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, N., Coombs, D., Cooper, S. R., Corradino, C., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Coster, D., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crapper, C., Crisanti, F., Croci, G., Croft, D., Crombe, K., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curson, P., Curuia, M., Czarnecka, A., Czarski, T., Cziegler, I, Dabirikhah, H., Dal Molin, A., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., Darrow, D., David, P., Davies, A., Davis, W., Dawson, K., Day, I, Day, C., De Bock, M., de Castro, A., De Dominici, G., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., De Masi, G., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., de Vries, P., Deane, J., Dejarnac, R., Del Sarto, D., Delabie, E., Demerdzhiev, V, Dempsey, A., den Harder, N., Dendy, R. O., Denis, J., Denner, P., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Maio, F., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dickinson, D., Dinca, P., Dittmar, T., Dobrashian, J., Doerk, H., Doerner, R. P., Domptail, F., Donne, T., Dorling, S. E., Douai, D., Dowson, S., Drenik, A., Dreval, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Duckworth, Ph, Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duran, I, Durodie, F., Dutta, P., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Dylst, K., Edappala, P., V, Edwards, A. M., Edwards, J. S., Eich, Th, Eidietis, N., Eksaeva, A., Ellis, R., Ellwood, G., Elsmore, C., Emery, S., Enachescu, M., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, J., Eriksson, F., Eriksson, L. G., Ertmer, S., Esquembri, S., Esquisabel, A. L., Esser, H. G., Ewart, G., Fable, E., Fagan, D., Faitsch, M., Falie, D., Fanni, A., Farahani, A., Fasoli, A., Faugeras, B., Fazinic, S., Felici, F., Felton, R. C., Feng, S., Fernades, A., Fernandes, H., Ferreira, J., Ferreira, D. R., Ferro, G., Fessey, J. A., Ficker, O., Field, A., Fietz, S., Figini, L., Figueiredo, J., Figueiredo, A., Fil, N., Finburg, P., Fischer, U., Fittill, L., Fitzgerald, M., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Flinders, K., Foley, S., Fonnesu, N., Fontdecaba, J. M., Formisano, A., Forsythe, L., Fortuna, L., Fransson, E., Frasca, M., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Fridstrom, R., Frigione, D., Fuchs, V, Fusco, V, Futatani, S., Gal, K., Galassi, D., Galazka, K., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Galvao, R., Gao, Y., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardener, M., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gaudio, P., Gear, D., Gebhart, T., Gee, S., Geiger, B., Gelfusa, M., George, R., Gerasimov, S., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Ghate, M., Gherendi, M., Ghezzi, F., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Giacometti, G., Gibson, K., Giegerich, T., Gil, L., Gilbert, M. R., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Gloeggler, S., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborod'ko, V, Gomes, R., Goncalves, B., Goniche, M., Goodyear, A., Gorini, G., Goerler, T., Goulding, R., Goussarov, A., Graham, B., Graves, J. P., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griffiths, J., Griph, S., Grist, D., Groth, M., Grove, R., Gruca, M., Guard, D., Guerard, C., Guillemaut, C., Guirlet, R., Gulati, S., Gurl, C., Gutierrez-Milla, A., Utoh, H. H., Hackett, L., Hacquin, S., Hager, R., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S., Hallworth-Cook, S., Ham, C., Hamed, M., Hamilton, N., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Hancu, G., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hasenbeck, F., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hawkins, P., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P., Heinola, K., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Hemming, O., Hender, T. C., Henderson, S. S., Henderson, M., Henriques, R., Hepple, D., Herfindal, J., Hermon, G., Hidalgo, C., Higginson, W., Highcock, E. G., Hillesheim, J., Hillis, D., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Ho, A., Hobirk, J., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Hoelzl, M., Honore, J-J, Hook, M., Hopley, D., Horacek, J., Hornung, G., Horton, A., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S. P., Howell, R., Hubbard, A., Huber, A., Huber, V, Huddleston, T. M., Hughes, M., Hughes, J., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Huynh, P., Hynes, A., Igaune, I., Iglesias, D., Imazawa, N., Imrisek, M., Incelli, M., Innocente, P., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Ivings, E., Jachmich, S., Jackson, A., Jackson, T., Jacquet, P., Jansons, J., Jaulmes, F., Jednorog, S., Jenkins, I, Jepu, I, Johnson, T., Johnson, R., Johnston, J., Joita, L., Joly, J., Jonasson, E., Jones, T., Jones, C., Jones, L., Jones, G., Jones, N., Juvonen, M., Hoshino, K. K., Kallenbach, A., Kalsey, M., Kaltiaisenaho, T., Kamiya, K., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y., Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D. L., Keenan, F. P., Kempenaars, M., Kent, O., Kent, J., Keogh, K., Khilkevich, E., Kim, H-T, Kim, H. T., King, R., King, D., Kinna, D. J., Kirk, A., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kizane, G., Klas, M., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Knight, M., Knight, P., Knipe, S., Knott, S., Kobuchi, T., Kochl, F., Kocsis, G., Kodeli, I, Koechl, F., Kogut, D., Koivuranta, S., Kolesnichenko, Y., Kollo, Z., Kominis, Y., Koeppen, M., Korolczuk, S., Kos, B., Koslowski, H. R., Kotschenreuther, M., Koubiti, M., Kovaldins, R., Kovanda, O., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V, Krawczyk, N., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Ksiazek, I, Kukushkin, A., Kundu, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Kwon, O. J., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lalousis, P., Lam, N., Lamb, C., Lambertz, H. T., Lang, P. T., Lanthaler, S., Neto, E. Lascas, Laszynska, E., Lawless, R., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Leach, R., Learoyd, G., Leerink, S., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichauer, P., Leichtle, D., Leipold, F., Lengar, I, Lennholm, M., Lepiavko, B., Leppanen, J., Lerche, E., Lescinskis, A., Lescinskis, B., Lesnoj, S., Leyland, M., Leysen, W., Li, Y., Li, L., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Linke, J., Linsmeier, Ch, Lipschultz, B., Litaudon, X., Liu, G., Lloyd, B., Lo Schiavo, V. P., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lonnroth, J., Lopez, J. M., Lorenzini, R., Losada, U., Loughlin, M., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R., Lukin, A., Luna, C., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lungu, M., Lunniss, A., Lunt, T., Lupelli, I, Lutsenko, V, Lyssoivan, A., Macheta, P., Macusova, E., Magesh, B., Maggi, C., Maggiora, R., Mahesan, S., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Maingi, R., Makwana, R., Malaquias, A., Malinowski, K., Malizia, A., Manas, P., Manduchi, G., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph, Marandet, Y., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Marconato, N., Mariani, A., Marin, M., Marinelli, M., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marsh, J., Martin, A., Martin de Aguilera, A., Martin-Solis, J. R., Martone, R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Matveev, D., Matveeva, E., Mauriya, A., Maviglia, F., May-Smith, T., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., McAdams, R., McCarthy, P. J., McClements, K. G., McCormack, O., McCullen, P. A., McDonald, D., McHardy, M., McKean, R., McKehon, J., McNamee, L., Meadowcroft, C., Meakins, A., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meisl, G., Meiter, S., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merle, A., Merriman, P., Mertens, Ph, Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Michling, R., Milanesio, D., Militello, F., Militello-Asp, E., Milocco, A., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miron, I, Mistry, S., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynar, J., Moiseenko, V, Monaghan, P., Monakhov, I, Moon, S., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Morales, J., Moran, J., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moro, F., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Moulton, D., Mrowetz, T., Muir, A., Muraglia, M., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Muscat, P., Muthusonai, N., Myers, C., Asakura, N. N., N'Konga, B., Nabais, F., Naish, R., Naish, J., Nakano, T., Napoli, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, V, Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelskiy, I, Nemtsev, G., Nesenevich, V, Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neverov, V. S., Newman, M., Ng, S., Nicassio, M., Nielsen, A. H., Nina, D., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nobs, C. R., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Normanton, R., Noterdaeme, J. M., Nowak, S., Nunes, I, O'Gorman, T., O'Mullane, M., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., Okabayashi, M., Oliver, H., Olney, R., Omoregie, L., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Osborne, T., Otin, R., Owen, A., Owen, T., Paccagnella, R., Packer, L. W., Pajuste, E., Pamela, S., Panja, S., Papp, P., Papp, G., Parail, V, Pardanaud, C., Diaz, F. Parra, Parsloe, A., Parsons, N., Parsons, M., Pasqualotto, R., Passeri, M., Patel, A., Pathak, S., Patten, H., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pavlichenko, R., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Soldan, C. Paz, Peackoc, A., Pehkonen, S-P, Peluso, E., Penot, C., Penzo, J., Pepperell, K., Pereira, R., Cippo, E. Perelli, von Thun, C. Perez, Pericoli, V, Peruzzo, S., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petre, A., Petrzilka, V, Philipps, V, Pigatto, L., Pillon, M., Pinches, S., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., de Sa, W. Pires, dos Reis, A. Pires, Piron, L., Piron, C., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Plyusnin, V, Poli, F. M., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O. G., Pool, P., Popovichev, S., Poradzinski, M., Porfiri, M. T., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Possnert, G., Potzel, S., Poulipoulis, G., Powell, T., Prajapati, V, Prakash, R., Predebon, I, Prestopino, G., Price, D., Price, M., Price, R., Primetzhofer, D., Prior, P., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Puiatti, M. E., Purahoo, K., Pusztai, I, Puetterich, Th, Rachlew, E., Rack, M., Ragona, R., Rainford, M., Raj, P., Rakha, A., Ramogida, G., Ranjan, S., Rapson, C. J., Rasmussen, D., Rasmussen, J. J., Rathod, K., Ratta, G., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Rebai, M., Reed, A., Refy, D., Regana, J., Reich, M., Reid, N., Reimold, F., Reinhart, M., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Cortes, S. D. A. Reyes, Reynolds, S., Ricci, D., Richiusa, M., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Rivero-Rodriguez, J., Roach, C., Robins, R., Robinson, S., Robson, D., Rodionov, R., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez, J., Rohde, V, Romanelli, M., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Saez, X., Safi, E., Sahlberg, A., Saibene, G., Saleem, M., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Samm, U., Sandiford, D., Santa, P., Santala, M. I. K., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schluck, F., Schlummer, T., Schmid, K., Schmuck, S., Schoepf, K., Schweinzer, J., Schworer, D., Scott, S. D., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, A., Sheikh, H., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shiraki, D., Shumack, A., Sias, G., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S., Silva, J., Silva, A., Silva, C., Silvagni, D., Simmons, P., Simpson, J., Sinha, A., Sipila, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Sirinelli, A., Sjostrand, H., Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Skvara, V, Slade, B., Smith, R., Smith, P., Smith, S. F., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Sonato, P., Sos, M., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Sparapani, P., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Sprada, D., Sridhar, S., Stables, G., Stallard, J., Stamatelatos, I, Stamp, M. F., Stan-Sion, C., Stancar, Z., Staniec, P., Stankunas, G., Stano, M., Stavrou, C., Stefanikova, E., Stepanov, I, Stephen, A., V, Stephen, M., Stephens, J., Stevens, B., Stober, J., Stokes, C., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Strom, P., Studholme, W., Subba, F., Suchkov, E., Summers, H. P., Sun, H., Sutton, N., Svensson, J., Sytnykov, D., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, G., Suzuki, T. T., Tabares, F., Tadic, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Taliercio, C., Tallargio, A., Tanaka, K., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Tatali, R., Taylor, D., Tegnered, D., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Teplukhina, A., Terranova, D., Terry, C., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thompson, V. K., Thornton, A., Tierens, W., Tiseanu, I, Tojo, H., Tokitani, M., Tolias, P., Tomes, M., Trimble, P., Tripsky, M., Tsalas, M., Tsavalas, P., Tskhakaya, D., Jun, D. Tskhakaya, Turner, I, Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyshchenko, M., Uccello, A., Uljanovs, J., Urano, H., Urban, A., Urbanczyk, G., Uytdenhouwen, I, Vadgama, A., Valcarcel, D., Vale, R., Valentinuzzi, M., Valerii, K., Valisa, M., Olivares, P. Vallejos, Valovic, M., Van Eester, D., Van Renterghem, W., van Rooij, G. J., Vartanian, S., Vasava, K., Vasilopoulou, T., Vecsei, M., Vega, J., Ventre, S., Verdoolaege, G., Verona, C., Rinati, G. Verona, Veshchev, E., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Villari, S., Villone, F., Vincent, M., Vincenzi, P., Vinyar, I, Viola, B., Vitins, A., Vizvary, Z., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I, Voltolina, D., von Toussaint, U., Vondracek, P., Vuksic, M., Wakeling, B., Waldon, C., Walkden, N., Walker, R., Walker, M., Walsh, M., Wang, N., Wang, E., Warder, S., Warren, R., Waterhouse, J., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Webb, M., Weckmann, A., Weiland, J., Weiland, M., Weiszflog, M., Welch, P., West, A., Wheatley, M., Wheeler, S., Whitehead, A. M., Whittaker, D., Widdowson, A. M., Wiesen, S., Wilkie, G., Williams, J., Willoughby, D., Wilson, J., Wilson, I, Wilson, H. R., Wischmeier, M., Withycombe, A., Witts, D., Wolfrum, E., Wood, R., Woodley, R., Woodley, C., Wray, S., Wright, J. C., Wright, P., Wukitch, S., Wynn, A., Xiang, L., Xu, T., Xue, Y., Yadikin, D., Yakovenko, Y., Yanling, W., Yavorskij, V, Young, I, Young, R., Young, D., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zakharov, L., Zanino, R., Zarins, A., Zarins, R., Fernandez, D. Zarzoso, Zastrow, K. D., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zilli, E., Zocco, A., Zoita, V, Zoletnik, S., Zwingmann, W., Zychor, I, Department of Applied Physics, Culham Science Centre, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Jet (fluid) ,Fusion ,Materials science ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,Gyroradius ,nuclear instruments and methods for hot plasma diagnostics ,Nuclear instruments and methods for hot plasma diagnostics ,Scintillator ,01 natural sciences ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Ion ,Computational physics ,simulation methods and programs ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Orbit (dynamics) ,Simulation methods and programs ,Pitch angle ,Instrumentation ,Mathematical Physics ,Loss rate - Abstract
openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion A synthetic diagnostic has been developed for the JET lost alpha scintillator probe, based on the ASCOT fast ion orbit following code and the AFSI fusion source code. The synthetic diagnostic models the velocity space distribution of lost fusion products in the scintillator probe. Validation with experimental measurements is presented, where the synthetic diagnostic is shown to predict the gyroradius and pitch angle of lost DD protons and tritons. Additionally, the synthetic diagnostic reproduces relative differences in total loss rates in multiple phases of the discharge, which can be used as a basis for total loss rate predictions.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Electric Bus Fleet with Various Operation Intervals
- Author
-
Antti Lajunen, Jari Vepsäläinen, Francesco Baldi, Klaus Kivekäs, Kari Tammi, Agrotechnology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Electric bus ,Cost–benefit analysis ,ta213 ,Computer science ,020209 energy ,Infrastructure for Charging ,02 engineering and technology ,ELECTRIFICATION ,7. Clean energy ,Communication and Controls ,Automotive engineering ,Scheduling (computing) ,Charging station ,Bus network ,Planning ,Electrification ,11. Sustainability ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electric Vehicles ,1172 Environmental sciences - Abstract
Electric buses are particularly suitable for city and suburban routes due to zero local exhaust and noise emissions. The operation schedule interval defines the charging power, bus fleet size and total cost of ownership of a bus. We propose a novel cost-benefit method for the scheduling of an electric city bus fleet on a single route. Three different charging infrastructure scenarios were considered. In the first scenario, only one charging station was used. The second scenario considered two charging stations that were located at the same terminus. In the third scenario, two charging stations were located at opposite terminuses. The costs and utilization rates of the buses were analyzed with operation intervals up to 40 minutes. The first scenario with a single charging station had the lowest costs for the entire bus fleet system when the utilization rate was considered. Furthermore, the results show that certain schedule intervals are more cost-beneficial in terms of vehicle specific life-cycle costs than others. In the future, the proposed method is expanded to aid the design of bus network scheduling under energy demand uncertainty.
- Published
- 2018
15. WEST Physics Basis
- Author
-
Marc Missirlian, Pascale Hennequin, M. Yoshida, T. Loarer, A. Ekedahl, J. Decker, Patrick Maget, M. Firdaouss, Sylvain Brémond, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, E. Tsitrone, C. Grisolia, Lena Delpech, Marina Becoulet, C. Gil, X. Courtois, A. Kallenbach, Philippe Ghendrih, R. Zagórski, L. Colas, C. Fenzi, J.F. Artaud, T. Hoang, Roland Sabot, Guido Ciraolo, James Paul Gunn, Julien Hillairet, Frederic Imbeaux, P. Lotte, G. Giruzzi, P. Devynck, J. Garcia, P. Moreau, Patrick Mollard, Laure Vermare, M. Goniche, O. Meyer, Eric Nardon, Jérôme Bucalossi, B. Pégourié, R. J. Dumont, M. Schneider, P. Monier-Garbet, D. Douai, S. Vartanian, Yannick Marandet, Jochen Linke, Y. Peysson, Jet Contributors, J.-M. Travere, Clarisse Bourdelle, D. Guilhem, Hugo Bufferand, V. Basiuk, Yann Corre, R.P. Doerner, Guilhem Dif-Pradalier, F. Saint-Laurent, M.-L. Mayoral, Nicolas Fedorczak, A. Grosman, R. Guirlet, E. Joffrin, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IRFM-CEA, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Princeton University, Culham Science Centre, Uppsala University, European Commission, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Fusion Research Institute, ITER, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, School services,SCI, Sorbonne Université, Institute for Plasma Research, Universidade de Lisboa, Research Center Julich, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and JET Contributors
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Long pulse ,Tokamak ,Nuclear engineering ,TOKAMAKS ,POWER ,Tore Supra ,PROFILE ,7. Clean energy ,law.invention ,Plasma physics ,Pedestal ,Divertor ,law ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,divertor ,User Facility ,ddc:530 ,tokamak ,LOSSES ,Plasma facing components ,Physics ,TUNGSTEN ,plasma physics ,EXTRAPOLATION ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,plasma facing components ,DENSITY PEAKING ,TRANSPORT ,Heat flux ,BEHAVIOR - Abstract
International audience; With WEST (Tungsten Environment in Steady State Tokamak) (Bucalossi et al 2014 Fusion Eng. Des. 89 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.01.062] 907?12 ), the Tore Supra facility and team expertise (Dumont et al 2014 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 56 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/56/7/075020] 075020 ) is used to pave the way towards ITER divertor procurement and operation. It consists in implementing a divertor configuration and installing ITER-like actively cooled tungsten monoblocks in the Tore Supra tokamak, taking full benefit of its unique long-pulse capability. WEST is a user facility platform, open to all ITER partners. This paper describes the physics basis of WEST: the estimated heat flux on the divertor target, the planned heating schemes, the expected behaviour of the L?H threshold and of the pedestal and the potential W sources. A series of operating scenarios has been modelled, showing that ITER-relevant heat fluxes on the divertor can be achieved in WEST long pulse H-mode plasmas.
- Published
- 2015
16. LOD-Homogenization of Multiscale Eddy Current Problem in Time Domain
- Author
-
Antti Hannukainen, Yves Perriard, Anouar Belahcen, Xiaotao Ren, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Multiscale ,Eddy current problem ,Scale (ratio) ,Magnetic domain ,Property (programming) ,Computer science ,Numerical models ,orthogonal function space ,homogenization ,01 natural sciences ,Homogenization (chemistry) ,Soft magnetic materials ,law.invention ,Time-domain analysis ,Dimension (vector space) ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Eddy current ,Time domain ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Computer Science::Databases ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,010302 applied physics ,Magnetic domains ,Homogenization ,Eddy currents ,Computational modeling ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Electric potential ,Projector ,multiscale ,Orthogonal function space ,Finite Element Method ,Algorithm - Abstract
Publisher Copyright: IEEE Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. Lisätään pdf, kun julkaistu. Devices fabricated from soft magnetic composites (SMCs) are gaining popularity in research and application. The multiscale characteristics require special attention. Solving the quasi-statics Maxwell's equations on such devices consumes huge time and memory if the granular scale of SMCs is resolved. We have proposed a localized orthogonal decomposition (LOD) homogenization strategy, which allows us to compute the problem on a middle scale while retrieving the material dimension. The LOD projector has a localization property so that it can be accurately approximated on a local patch. In this work, we explore the localization characteristic further to show that the projector can be reused at different time steps. The requirement for computational time and memory can be greatly reduced. A numerical example in two dimensions is provided to show the feasibility and advantage of this approach. This technique is applied to a domain of SMCs with randomly distributed polygon-shaped granules. Finally, error analysis isprovided to show the validation of the LOD projector.
17. Overview of ASDEX Upgrade results
- Author
-
Kallenbach, A., Aguiam, D., Aho-Mantila, L., Angioni, C., Arden, N., Parra, R. Arredondo, Asunta, O., Baar, M., Balden, M., Behler, K., Bergmann, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Beurskens, M., Biancalani, A., Bilato, R., Birkenmeier, G., Bobkov, V., Bock, A., Bogomolov, A., Bolzonella, T., Boswirth, B., Bottereau, C., Bottino, A., Brand, H., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Bruhn, C., Buchanan, J., Buhler, A., Burckhart, A., Cambon-Silva, D., Camenen, Y., Carvalho, P., Carrasco, G., Cazzaniga, C., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Cavedon, M., Challis, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, I., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Costea, S., Coster, D. P., Croci, G., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D Arcangelo, O., Day, C., Delogu, R., Marne, P., Denk, S., Denner, P., Dibon, M., D Inca, R., Di Siena, A., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Drube, R., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Eich, T., Elgeti, S., Engelhardt, K., Erdos, B., Erofeev, I., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fantz, U., Faugel, H., Felici, F., Fietz, S., Figueredo, A., Fischer, R., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Freethy, S., Froschle, M., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, J. C., Funfgelder, H., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallo, A., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia-Munoz, M., Geiger, B., Cianfarani, C., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Gleason-Gonzalez, C., Gloggler, S., Gobbin, M., Gorler, T., Goodman, T., Gorini, G., Gradic, D., Grater, A., Granucci, G., Greuner, H., Griener, M., Groth, M., Gude, A., Gunter, S., Guimarais, L., Haas, G., Hakola, A. H., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Hatch, D., Hauer, V., Hayward, T., Heinemann, B., Heinzel, S., Hellsten, T., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Herrmann, A., Heyn, E., Hitzler, F., Hobirk, J., Holzl, M., Hoschen, T., Holm, J. H., Hopf, C., Hoppe, F., Horvath, L., Houben, A., Huber, A., Igochine, V., Ilkei, T., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacob, W., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquot, J., Janky, F., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Joffrin, E., Kasemann, C., Kalvin, S., Kantor, M., Kappatou, A., Kardaun, O., Karhunen, J., Kasilov, S., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kimmig, S., Kirk, A., Klingshirn, H. -J, Koch, F., Kocsis, G., Kohn, A., Kraus, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kramer-Flecken, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurzan, B., Lackner, K., Laggner, F., Lang, P. T., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Lazaros, A., Lebschy, A., Li, L., Li, M., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y., Lohs, A., Luhmann, N. C., Lunt, T., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, J., Maier, H., Maj, O., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, E., Manas, P., Mancini, A., Manhard, A., Manso, M. -E, Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manz, P., Maraschek, M., Martens, C., Martin Oberkofler, Marrelli, L., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mayer, A., Mayer, M., Mazon, D., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcdermott, R., Meisl, G., Meister, H., Medvedeva, A., Merkel, P., Merkel, R., Merle, A., Mertens, V., Meshcheriakov, D., Meyer, H., Meyer, O., Miettunen, J., Milanesio, D., Mink, F., Mlynek, A., Monaco, F., Moon, C., Nazikian, R., Nemes-Czopf, A., Neu, G., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nocente, M., Noterdaeme, J. -M, Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrcil, T., Olsen, J., Orain, F., Palermo, F., Papp, G., Perez, I. Paradela, Pautasso, G., Enzel, F., Petersson, P., Pinzon, J., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Plaum, B., Plockl, B., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poli, E., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Prisiazhniuk, D., Putterich, T., Ramisch, M., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J., Raupp, G., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimold, F., Ribeiro, T., Riedl, R., Rittich, D., Rocchi, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Ross, A., Rott, M., Rubel, M., Ryan, D., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, G., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scarabosio, A., Schall, G., Schmid, K., Schmitz, O., Schneider, P. A., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schwarz-Selinger, T., Schweinzer, J., Scott, B., Sehmer, T., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shao, L., Sharapov, S., Siccinio, M., Sieglin, B., Sigalov, A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simon, P., Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spolaore, M., Stejner, M., Stober, J., Stobbe, F., Stroth, U., Strumberger, E., Suarez, G., Sugiyama, K., Sun, H. -J, Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Terranova, D., Tierens, W., Told, D., Tudisco, O., Trevisan, G., Treutterer, W., Trier, E., Tripsky, M., Valisa, M., Valovic, M., Vanovac, B., Varela, P., Varoutis, S., Verdoolaege, G., Vezinet, D., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Vierle, T., Viezzer, E., Toussaint, U., Wagner, D., Wang, N., Wang, X., Weidl, M., Weiland, M., White, A. E., Willensdorfer, M., Wiringer, B., Wischmeier, M., Wolf, R., Wolfrum, E., Xiang, L., Yang, Q., Yang, Z., Yu, Q., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zarzoso, D., Zhang, W., Zeeland, M., Zehetbauer, T., Zilker, M., Zoletnik, S., Zohm, H., Team, Asdex Upgrade, Team, Eurofusion Mst, Institute of Forest Botany, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institute of Applied Physics (IFA - CSIC), GRIDSEN, IPFN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), CEA Cadarache, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut für Geophysik [Clausthal-Zellerfeld], Technische Universität Clausthal (TU Clausthal), Association EURATOM-ÖAW, University of Innsbruck, Institut für Plasmaforschung [Stuttgart] (IPF), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR (IPP PRAGUE), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] (UMASS), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino and INFN (DF_TORINO), Dipartimento di Fisica infi & Università di Torino, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes (InESS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux (LSPM), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for World Forestry, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Sygen International Plc, Genus Plc, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik [Kiel] (IEAP), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Experimental Medical Science, AUTRES, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Euratom/CCFE Fusion Association, Atomic Energy Research Institute [Budapest], Centre for Energy Research [Budapest] (MTAE), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG), ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, affiliation inconnue, Department of Radiology, St. James's Hospital, Dept of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Database group, Computer Science and engeenering Department [San Diego] (DB CSE UCSD), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, F. Hoffmann-La RocheAG, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institute of Applied Physics ( IFA - CSIC ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa ( IST ), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation ( IMEP-LAHC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] ( IBCP ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung ( AWI ), Laboratoire de Science et Génie des Matériaux et de Métallurgie ( LSG2M ), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 ( UHP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine ( INPL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Department of Information Technology ( INTEC ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Institut fur Geophysical, IPF, Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR ( IPP PRAGUE ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] ( UMASS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino and INFN ( DF_TORINO ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes ( InESS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux ( LSPM ), Université Paris 13 ( UP13 ) -Université Sorbonne Paris Cité ( USPC ) -Institut Galilée-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes ( IBMP ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), IEAP, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel ( CAU ), Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), J. W. Goethe-University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés ( SIMaP ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire - Clermont-Ferrand ( LPC ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), university college cork, University College Cork ( UCC ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule [Zürich] ( ETH Zürich ), Database group, Computer Science and engeenering Department [San Diego] ( DB CSE UCSD ), University of California [San Diego] ( UC San Diego ), Aguiam, D, Aho-Mantila, L, Angioni, C, Arden, N, Parra, R, Asunta, O, Debaar, M, Balden, M, Behler, K, Bergmann, A, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Beurskens, M, Biancalani, A, Bilato, R, Birkenmeier, G, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Bogomolov, A, Bolzonella, T, Boeswirth, B, Bottereau, C, Bottino, A, Van den Brand, H, Brezinsek, S, Brida, D, Brochard, F, Bruhn, C, Buchanan, J, Buhler, A, Burckhart, A, Cambon-Silva, D, Camenen, Y, Carvalho, P, Carrasco, G, Cazzaniga, C, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Casali, L, Castaldo, C, Cavedon, M, Challis, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Clairet, F, Classen, I, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Costea, S, Coster, D, Croci, G, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, D'Arcangelo, O, Day, C, Delogu, R, de Marne, P, Denk, S, Denner, P, Dibon, M, D'Inca, R, Disiena, A, Douai, D, Drenik, A, Drube, R, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Dux, R, Eich, T, Elgeti, S, Engelhardt, K, Erdos, B, Erofeev, I, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Faitsch, M, Fantz, U, Faugel, H, Felici, F, Fietz, S, Figueredo, A, Fischer, R, Ford, O, Frassinetti, L, Freethy, S, Froeschle, M, Fuchert, G, Fuchs, J, Fuenfgelder, H, Galazka, K, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallo, A, Gao, Y, Garavaglia, S, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Cianfarani, C, Giannone, L, Giovannozzi, E, Gleason-Gonzalez, C, Gloeggler, S, Gobbin, M, Goerler, T, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gradic, D, Graeter, A, Granucci, G, Greuner, H, Griener, M, Groth, M, Gude, A, Guenter, S, Guimarais, L, Haas, G, Hakola, A, Ham, C, Happel, T, Harrison, J, Hatch, D, Hauer, V, Hayward, T, Heinemann, B, Heinzel, S, Hellsten, T, Henderson, S, Hennequin, P, Herrmann, A, Heyn, E, Hitzler, F, Hobirk, J, Hoelzl, M, Hoeschen, T, Holm, J, Hopf, C, Hoppe, F, Horvath, L, Houben, A, Huber, A, Igochine, V, Ilkei, T, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacob, W, Jacobsen, A, Jacquot, J, Janky, F, Jardin, A, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Joffrin, E, Kaesemann, C, Kallenbach, A, Kalvin, S, Kantor, M, Kappatou, A, Kardaun, O, Karhunen, J, Kasilov, S, Kernbichler, W, Kim, D, Kimmig, S, Kirk, A, Klingshirn, H, Koch, F, Kocsis, G, Koehn, A, Kraus, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kraemr-Flecken, A, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurzan, B, Lackner, K, Laggner, F, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Lazanyi, N, Lazaros, A, Lebschy, A, Li, L, Li, M, Liang, Y, Lipschultz, B, Liu, Y, Lohs, A, Luhmann, N, Lunt, T, Lyssoivan, A, Madsen, J, Maier, H, Maj, O, Mailloux, J, Maljaars, E, Manas, P, Mancini, A, Manhard, A, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Martens, C, Martin, P, Marrelli, L, Martitsch, A, Mastrostefano, S, Mayer, A, Mayer, M, Mazon, D, Mccarthy, P, Mcdermott, R, Meisl, G, Meister, H, Medvedeva, A, Merkel, P, Merkel, R, Merle, A, Mertens, V, Meshcheriakov, D, Meyer, H, Meyer, O, Miettunen, J, Milanesio, D, Mink, F, Mlynek, A, Monaco, F, Moon, C, Nazikian, R, Nemes-Czopf, A, Neu, G, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nikolaeva, V, Nocente, M, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Oberparleiter, M, Ochoukov, R, Odstrcil, T, Olsen, J, Orain, F, Palermo, F, Papp, G, Paradela Perez, I, Pautasso, G, Enzel, F, Petersson, P, Pinzon, J, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Plaum, B, Ploeckl, B, Plyusnin, V, Pokol, G, Poli, E, Porte, L, Potzel, S, Prisiazhniuk, D, Puetterich, T, Ramisch, M, Rapson, C, Rasmussen, J, Raupp, G, Refy, D, Reich, M, Reimold, F, Ribeiro, T, Riedl, R, Rittich, D, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Ross, A, Rott, M, Rubel, M, Ryan, D, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Sanchis-Sanchez, L, Santos, G, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Scarabosio, A, Schall, G, Schmid, K, Schmitz, O, Schneider, P, Schneller, M, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schwarz-Selinger, T, Schweinzer, J, Scott, B, Sehmer, T, Sertoli, M, Shabbir, A, Shalpegin, A, Shao, L, Sharapov, S, Siccinio, M, Sieglin, B, Sigalov, A, Silva, A, Silva, C, Simon, P, Simpson, J, Snicker, A, Sommariva, C, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stejner, M, Stober, J, Stobbe, F, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Suarez, G, Sugiyama, K, Sun, H, Suttrop, W, Szepesi, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Tierens, W, Told, D, Tudisco, O, Trevisan, G, Treutterer, W, Trier, E, Tripsky, M, Valisa, M, Valovic, M, Vanovac, B, Varela, P, Varoutis, S, Verdoolaege, G, Vezinet, D, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Vierle, T, Viezzer, E, von Toussaint, U, Wagner, D, Wang, N, Wang, X, Weidl, M, Weil, White, A, Willensdorfer, M, Wiringer, B, Wischmeier, M, Wolf, R, Wolfrum, E, Xiang, L, Yang, Q, Yang, Z, Yu, Q, Zagorski, R, Zammuto, I, Zarzoso, D, Zhang, W, van Zeeland, M, Zehetbauer, T, Zilker, M, Zoletnik, S, Zohm, H, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), York Plasma Institute (YPI), University of York [York, UK], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, EURATOM-ENEA-CNR Association, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] (IPFN), Institute of Atomic Physics, Université de Roumanie, FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), FOM Institute DIFFER - Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, The Netherlands, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), University College Cork (UCC), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), National Technical University of Athens [Athens] (NTUA), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering [Univ California San Diego] (MAE - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), General Atomics [San Diego], Ricerca Formazione Innovazione (Consorzio RFX), Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw], Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas ( LPP ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Observatoire de Paris-École polytechnique ( X ) -Sorbonne Universités-PSL Research University ( PSL ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), York Plasma Institute ( YPI ), Culham Science Centre, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. RNM138: Física Nuclear Aplicada, IST, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Max Planck Society, Department of Applied Physics, TEC, JET EFDA, Culham Sci Ctr, Technische Universität München, Consorzio RFX, IRFM, Assoc EURATOM FZJ, Euratom, Julich Research Center, Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res, University of Lorraine, ENEA, Istituto Fisica del Plasma 'Piero Caldirola' (IFP-CNR), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Innsbruck Medical University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IFPiLM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Swedish Research Council (VR), General Atomics & Affiliated Companies, University of Sevilla, University of Texas at Austin, Max Planck Comp & Data Facil, Ecole Polytechnique, Hochschule der Medien, Technical University of Denmark, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, University of California at Santa Barbara, School services, SCI, LPP-ERM/KMS EURATOM Association, Vienna University of Technology, Assoc EURATOM Hellen Republ, NCSR Demokritos, IPP, York University, CCFE Fusion Assoc, BSC, Univ Coll Cork UCC, Princeton University, Ghent University, Chinese Acad Sci, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natl Astron Observ, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Univ Aix Marseille 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Aix-Marseille, Universite de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, UMR 6098, CNRS, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, White, Anne E., Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Arslanbekov, R, Atanasiu, C, Becker, G, Becker, W, Behringer, K, Bolshukhin, D, Borrass, K, Brambilla, M, Braun, F, Carlson, A, Egorov, S, Fahrbach, H, Finken, K, Foley, M, Franzen, P, Gafert, J, Fournier, K, Gantenbein, G, Gehre, O, Geier, A, Gernhardt, J, Gruber, O, Gunter, S, Hartmann, D, Heger, B, Hofmeister, F, Hohenocker, H, Horton, L, Jacchia, A, Jakobi, M, Kaufmann, M, Keller, A, Kendl, A, Kim, J, Kirov, K, Kochergov, R, Kollotzek, H, Kraus, W, Lasnier, C, Laux, M, Leonard, A, Leuterer, F, Lorenz, A, Lorenzini, R, Maggi, C, Mank, K, Martines, E, Mast, K, Meisel, D, Meo, F, Merkl, D, Muck, A, Muller, H, Munich, M, Murmann, H, Na, Y, Neuhauser, J, Nguyen, F, Nishijima, D, Nishimura, Y, Nunes, I, Peeters, A, Pereverzev, G, Pinches, S, Proschek, M, Pugno, R, Quigley, E, Roth, J, Sandmann, W, Savtchkov, A, Schade, S, Schilling, H, Schneider, W, Schramm, G, Schwarz, E, Schweizer, S, Seidel, U, Serra, F, Sesnic, S, Sihler, C, Sips, A, Speth, E, Stabler, A, Steuer, K, Streibl, B, Tabasso, A, Tanga, A, Tichmann, C, Troppmann, M, Urano, H, Vollmer, O, Wenzel, U, Wesner, F, Westerhof, E, Wursching, E, Yoon, S, Zasche, D, Zehrfeld, H, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, EUROfusion MST1 Team, Adamek, J, Aho Mantila, L, Akaslompolo, S, Amdor, C, Bardin, S, Orte, L, Belonohy, E, Boom, J, Brochard, T, Bruedgam, M, Casson, F, Curran, D, da Silva, F, Eixenberger, H, Endstrasser, N, Gal, K, Munoz, M, da Graca, S, Hangan, D, Haertl, T, Hauff, T, Hoehnle, H, Ionita, C, Janzer, A, Kasparek, W, Kocan, M, Konz, C, Koslowski, R, Kubic, M, Kurki Suonio, T, Leipold, F, Lindig, S, Lisgo, S, Makkonen, T, Mehlmann, F, Menchero, L, Merz, F, Mueller, S, Mueller, H, Muenich, M, Neuwirth, D, Nold, B, Podoba, Y, Pompon, F, Polozhiy, K, Pueschel, M, Rathgeber, S, Rooij, G, Sauter, P, Sempf, M, Sommer, F, Staebler, A, Teschke, M, Tsalas, M, Van Zeeland, M, Veres, G, Viola, B, Vorpahl, C, Wachowski, M, Wauters, T, Weller, A, Wenninger, R, Wieland, B, Wuersching, E, Zhang, Y, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Max Planck IPP-EURATOM Assoziation, Universidade de Lisboa, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Technical University of Munich, IRFM-CEA, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Université de Lorraine, and École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Tokamak ,Materials science ,Energies [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,114 Physical sciences ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Electron cyclotron resonance ,H-MODE DISCHARGES ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,ASDEX Upgrade, overview ,ASDEX Upgrade ,law ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,ITER ,0103 physical sciences ,Fusió nuclear ,[SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,010306 general physics ,tokamak ,DEMO ,tokamak physic ,Fusion reactions ,nuclear fusion ,Divertor ,Magnetic confinement fusion ,[ SPI.GPROC ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,[ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,Fusion power ,Condensed Matter Physics ,___ ,Plasma parameter ,Plasma diagnostics ,Atomic physics ,tokamak physics - Abstract
The ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) programme is directed towards physics input to critical elements of the ITER design and the preparation of ITER operation, as well as addressing physics issues for a future DEMO design. Since 2015, AUG is equipped with a new pair of 3-strap ICRF antennas, which were designed for a reduction of tungsten release during ICRF operation. As predicted, a factor two reduction on the ICRF-induced W plasma content could be achieved by the reduction of the sheath voltage at the antenna limiters via the compensation of the image currents of the central and side straps in the antenna frame. There are two main operational scenario lines in AUG. Experiments with low collisionality, which comprise current drive, ELM mitigation/suppression and fast ion physics, are mainly done with freshly boronized walls to reduce the tungsten influx at these high edge temperature conditions. Full ELM suppression and non-inductive operation up to a plasma current of I p = 0.8 MA could be obtained at low plasma density. Plasma exhaust is studied under conditions of high neutral divertor pressure and separatrix electron density, where a fresh boronization is not required. Substantial progress could be achieved for the understanding of the confinement degradation by strong D puffing and the improvement with nitrogen or carbon seeding. Inward/outward shifts of the electron density profile relative to the temperature profile effect the edge stability via the pressure profile changes and lead to improved/decreased pedestal performance. Seeding and D gas puffing are found to effect the core fueling via changes in a region of high density on the high field side (HFSHD). The integration of all above mentioned operational scenarios will be feasible and naturally obtained in a large device where the edge is more opaque for neutrals and higher plasma temperatures provide a lower collisionality. The combination of exhaust control with pellet fueling has been successfully demonstrated. High divertor enrichment values of nitrogen E N ⩾ 10 have been obtained during pellet injection, which is a prerequisite for the simultaneous achievement of good core plasma purity and high divertor radiation levels. Impurity accumulation observed in the all-metal AUG device caused by the strong neoclassical inward transport of tungsten in the pedestal is expected to be relieved by the higher neoclassical temperature screening in larger devices.
18. Reducing the Energy Consumption of Electric Buses With Design Choices and Predictive Driving
- Author
-
Kari Tammi, Klaus Kivekäs, Antti Lajunen, Jari Vepsäläinen, Francesco Baldi, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Agrotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Helsinki, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Battery (electricity) ,Chassis ,Computer Networks and Communications ,020209 energy ,education ,Aerospace Engineering ,real-time ,02 engineering and technology ,system ,7. Clean energy ,Automotive engineering ,law.invention ,Aerodynamics ,0203 mechanical engineering ,law ,Range (aeronautics) ,energy consumption ,11. Sustainability ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,vehicle driving ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,1172 Environmental sciences ,electric vehicles ,tires ,validation ,model ,hybrid ,emissions ,020302 automobile design & engineering ,Energy consumption ,222 Other engineering and technologies ,Model predictive control ,Automotive Engineering ,vehicle ,range ,Environmental science ,aerodynamics ,optimization ,Energy (signal processing) ,predictive control ,management ,Efficient energy use ,Heat pump - Abstract
Transportation electrification is increasing and recently-more focus has been directed on heavy vehicles and especially on city buses. Battery electric buses are inherently more energy efficient than diesel buses and the efficiency can be further increased by different methods. This paper evaluates the energy consumption reductions that are achievable with an aluminum chassis, low-drag body, low-rolling-resistance class C tires, heat pump, and predictive driving. A simulation model of a generic electric bus was developed in the Simulink software. Simulations were carried out on various types of driving cycles in cold (-10 degrees C) and warm conditions (20 degrees C). A novel nonlinear model predictive control problem formulation was created for minimizing the energy consumption of an electric bus. Using a heat pump instead of an electric heater provided the highest energy savings in the cold conditions with an average consumption reduction of 12.7%. The results indicated that a heat pump is particularly effective on low-speed bus routes. However, the class C tires and aluminum chassis provided higher energy savings than the heat pump in the warm conditions. The low-rolling-resistance tires achieved the most robust energy savings. The aluminum chassis reduced the energy consumption more than the class C tires, but the benefit of the lighter chassis was shown to also correlate strongly with the aggressiveness of the driving. The results showed that a low-drag body is a potential method for consumption reduction on high-speed bus routes. Predictive driving was found to reduce the average consumption by 9.5% at -10 degrees C when using 10-second prediction and control horizons.
19. Exchange Interactions Mediated by Nonmagnetic Cations in Double Perovskites
- Author
-
Vamshi M. Katukuri, Oleg V. Yazyev, Maarit Karppinen, P. Babkevich, Helen Walker, B. Fåk, Sami Vasala, Otto Mustonen, Henrik M. Rønnow, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, University of Sheffield, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Institut Laue-Langevin, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
basis-sets ,ab-initio ,pseudopotentials ,Ab initio ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,01 natural sciences ,Inelastic neutron scattering ,Spectral line ,Ion ,Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,lattice ,Physics ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,atoms ,Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el) ,Condensed matter physics ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,Multireference configuration interaction ,group-11 ,Square lattice ,potentials ,Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons ,spectrometer ,Quantum spin liquid ,Ground state ,energy differences - Abstract
Establishing the physical mechanism governing exchange interactions is fundamental for exploring exotic phases such as the quantum spin liquids (QSLs) in real materials. In this work, we address exchange interactions in Sr2CuTe$_{1-x}$W$_{x}$O, a series of double perovskites that realize the spin-1/2 square lattice and were suggested to harbor a QSL ground state arising from random distribution of non-magnetic ions. Our {\it ab initio} multi-reference configuration interaction calculations show that replacing Te atoms with W atoms changes the dominant couplings from nearest to next-nearest neighbor explained by the crucial role of unoccupied states of non-magnetic ions in the super-superexchange mechanism. Combined with spin-wave theory simulations, our calculated exchange couplings provide an excellent description of the inelastic neutron scattering spectra of the end compounds, as well as explain the magnetic excitations in Sr2CuTe$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$O as emerging from the bond-disordered exchange couplings. Our results provide crucial understanding of the role of non-magnetic cations in exchange interactions paving the way to further exploration of QSL phases in bond-disordered materials., Version accepted in Phys. Rev. Lett
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Relic Gravitational Waves from the Chiral Magnetic Effect
- Author
-
Tina Kahniashvili, Jennifer Schober, Matthias Rheinhardt, Yutong He, Axel Brandenburg, Ilia State University, Stockholm University, Professorship Korpi-Lagg Maarit, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Department of Computer Science, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO) ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,media_common.quotation_subject ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc) ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,0103 physical sciences ,Wavenumber ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE) ,Physics ,Range (particle radiation) ,Magnetic energy ,Gravitational wave ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Universe ,Magnetic field ,Amplitude ,Space and Planetary Science ,Quantum electrodynamics ,Magnetic diffusivity ,Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
Relic gravitational waves (GWs) can be produced by primordial magnetic fields. However, not much is known about the resulting GW amplitudes and their dependence on the details of the generation mechanism. Here we treat magnetic field generation through the chiral magnetic effect (CME) as a generic mechanism and explore its dependence on the speed of generation (the product of magnetic diffusivity and characteristic wavenumber) and the speed characterizing the maximum magnetic field strength expected from the CME. When the latter exceeds the former (regime I), the regime applicable to the early universe, we obtain an inverse cascade with moderate GW energy that scales with the third power of the magnetic energy. When the generation speed exceeds the CME limit (regime II), the GW energy continues to increase without a corresponding increase of magnetic energy. In the early kinematic phase, the GW energy spectrum (per linear wavenumber interval) has opposite slopes in both regimes and is characterized by an inertial range spectrum in regime I and a white noise spectrum in regime II. The occurrence of these two slopes is shown to be a generic consequence of a nearly monochromatic exponential growth of the magnetic field. The resulting GW energy is found to be proportional to the fifth power of the limiting CME speed and the first power of the generation speed., Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures, 4 tables, ApJ
21. Pushing the limit of Cs incorporation into FAPbBr 3 perovskite to enhance solar cells performances
- Author
-
Sutanto, Albertus A., Queloz, Valentin I.E., Garcia-Benito, Inés, Laasonen, Kari, Smit, Berend, Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja, Syzgantseva, Olga A., Grancini, Giulia, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Abstract
openaire: EC/H2020/666983/EU//MaGic Cation compositional engineering has revealed a powerful design tool to manipulate the perovskite structural and optoelectronic characteristics with a tremendous impact on device performances. Tuning the bandgap by cation and anion compositional mixing, for instance, is paramount to target different optoelectronic segments, from light emitting applications to tandem solar cells. However, structural and photo instabilities, and phase segregation come along, imposing a severe control on the material composition and structure. Here we develop highly uniform alloy of mixed cation FA (1-x) Cs x PbBr 3 perovskite thin films pushing for the first time the Cs content up to 30%. Incontrast to what has been reported so far, this composition leads to a high quality crystalline film, maintaining a single cubic phase arrangement. In addition, a remarkably high robustness against moisture and phase purity is observed. The experimental finding is also supported by density functional theory simulations, demonstrating at the atomistic level Cs segregation starting from Cs concentration around 37.5%. Beyond that, phase segregation happens, leading to formation of an unstable pure Cs-rich region. Low temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements reveal that the addition of Cs eliminates the non-radiative channel into mid-gap traps, as evident by the lack of the broad emission band, often associated with recombination of self-trapped exciton, present for 0% Cs. This, in turn, reduces the non-radiative recombination losses which manifests as high performance solar cells. Indeed, when embodied in solar devices, Cs incorporation leads to enhanced device performances, with an open circuit voltage beyond 1.33 V.
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Mechanism of Solid-State 1 H Photochemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in a Synthetic Donor-Chromophore-Acceptor at 0.3 T.
- Author
-
Levien M, De Biasi F, Karthikeyan G, Casano G, Visegrádi M, Ouari O, and Emsley L
- Abstract
1 H photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) has recently emerged as a tool to enhance bulk1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals in solids at magnetic fields ranging from 0.3 to 21.1 T, using synthetic donor-chromophore-acceptor (D-C-A) molecules as optically active polarizing agents (PAs). However, the mechanisms at play for the generation of spin polarization in these systems have not been determined but are essential for an in-depth understanding and further development of the process. Here, we introduce site-selective deuteration to identify the1 H photo-CIDNP mechanisms at 85 K and 0.3 T in D-C-A molecule PhotoPol. We find that the protons on the acceptor moiety are essential for the generation of polarization, establishing differential relaxation as the main mechanism. These results establish selective deuteration as a tool to identify and suppress polarization transfer mechanisms, which opens up pathways for further optimization of the optical PA at both low and high magnetic fields.- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Thermally stable high-loading single Cu sites on ZSM-5 for selective catalytic oxidation of NH 3 .
- Author
-
Chen L, Guan X, Wu X, Asakura H, Hopkinson DG, Allen C, Callison J, Dyson PJ, and Wang FR
- Abstract
Rigorous comparisons between single site- and nanoparticle (NP)-dispersed catalysts featuring the same composition, in terms of activity, selectivity, and reaction mechanism, are limited. This limitation is partly due to the tendency of single metal atoms to sinter into aggregated NPs at high loadings and elevated temperatures, driven by a decrease in metal surface free energy. Here, we have developed a unique two-step method for the synthesis of single Cu sites on ZSM-5 (termed Cu
S /ZSM-5) with high thermal stability. The atomic-level dispersion of single Cu sites was confirmed through scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The CuS /ZSM-5 catalyst was compared to a CuO NP-based catalyst (termed CuN /ZSM-5) in the oxidation of NH3 to N2 , with the former exhibiting superior activity and selectivity. Furthermore, operando XAFS and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy studies were conducted to simultaneously assess the fate of the Cu and the surface adsorbates, providing a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of the two catalysts. The study shows that the facile redox behavior exhibited by single Cu sites correlates with the enhanced activity observed for the CuS /ZSM-5 catalyst., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Light-Induced 1 H NMR Hyperpolarization in Solids at 9.4 and 21.1 T.
- Author
-
De Biasi F, Karthikeyan G, Visegrádi M, Levien M, Hope MA, Brown PJ, Wasielewski MR, Ouari O, and Emsley L
- Abstract
The inherently low sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the major limiting factor for its application to elucidate structure and dynamics in solids. In the solid state, nuclear spin hyperpolarization methods based on microwave-induced dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) provide a versatile platform to enhance the bulk NMR signal of many different sample formulations, leading to significant sensitivity improvements. Here we show that
1 H NMR hyperpolarization can also be generated in solids at high magnetic fields by optical irradiation of the sample. We achieved this by exploiting a donor-chromophore-acceptor molecule with an excited state electron-electron interaction similar to the nuclear Larmor frequency, enabling solid-state1 H photochemically induced DNP (photo-CIDNP) at high magnetic fields. Through hyperpolarization relay, we obtained bulk NMR signal enhancements εH by factors of ∼100 at both 9.4 and 21.1 T for the1 H signal of o -terphenyl in magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments at 100 K. These findings open a pathway toward a general light-induced hyperpolarization approach for dye-sensitized high-field NMR in solids.- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Magnon interactions in a moderately correlated Mott insulator.
- Author
-
Wang Q, Mustafi S, Fogh E, Astrakhantsev N, He Z, Biało I, Chan Y, Martinelli L, Horio M, Ivashko O, Shaik NE, Arx KV, Sassa Y, Paris E, Fischer MH, Tseng Y, Christensen NB, Galdi A, Schlom DG, Shen KM, Schmitt T, Rønnow HM, and Chang J
- Abstract
Quantum fluctuations in low-dimensional systems and near quantum phase transitions have significant influences on material properties. Yet, it is difficult to experimentally gauge the strength and importance of quantum fluctuations. Here we provide a resonant inelastic x-ray scattering study of magnon excitations in Mott insulating cuprates. From the thin film of SrCuO
2 , single- and bi-magnon dispersions are derived. Using an effective Heisenberg Hamiltonian generated from the Hubbard model, we show that the single-magnon dispersion is only described satisfactorily when including significant quantum corrections stemming from magnon-magnon interactions. Comparative results on La2 CuO4 indicate that quantum fluctuations are much stronger in SrCuO2 suggesting closer proximity to a magnetic quantum critical point. Monte Carlo calculations reveal that other magnetic orders may compete with the antiferromagnetic Néel order as the ground state. Our results indicate that SrCuO2 -due to strong quantum fluctuations-is a unique starting point for the exploration of novel magnetic ground states., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State 13 C Photochemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization by a Synthetic Donor-Chromophore-Acceptor System at 9.4 T.
- Author
-
De Biasi F, Hope MA, Qiu Y, Brown PJ, Visegrádi M, Ouari O, Wasielewski MR, and Emsley L
- Abstract
Solid-state photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique in which nuclear spin hyperpolarization is generated upon optical irradiation of an appropriate donor-acceptor system. Until now, solid-state photo-CIDNP at high magnetic fields has been observed only in photosynthetic reaction centers and flavoproteins. In the present work, we show that the effect is not limited to such biomolecular samples, and solid-state
13 C photo-CIDNP can be observed at 9.4 T under magic angle spinning using a frozen solution of a synthetic molecular system dissolved in an organic solvent. Signal enhancements for the source molecule larger than a factor of 2300 are obtained. In addition, we show that bulk13 C hyperpolarization of the solvent can be generated via spontaneous13 C-13 C spin diffusion at natural abundance.- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Dopant-Free Pyrene-Based Hole Transporting Material Enables Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.
- Author
-
Zhang X, Liu X, Tirani FF, Ding B, Chen J, Rahim G, Han M, Zhang K, Zhou Y, Quan H, Li B, Du W, Brooks KG, Dai S, Fei Z, Asiri AM, Dyson PJ, Nazeeruddin MK, and Ding Y
- Abstract
Dopant-free hole transporting materials (HTMs) is significant to the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we developed a novel star-shape arylamine HTM, termed Py-DB, with a pyrene core and carbon-carbon double bonds as the bridge units. Compared to the reference HTM (termed Py-C), the extension of the planar conjugation backbone endows Py-DB with typical intermolecular π-π stacking interactions and excellent solubility, resulting in improved hole mobility and film morphology. In addition, the lower HOMO energy level of the Py-DB HTM provides efficient hole extraction with reduced energy loss at the perovskite/HTM interface. Consequently, an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.33 % was achieved for dopant-free Py-DB-based PSCs, which is the highest PCE for dopant-free small molecular HTMs in n-i-p configured PSCs. The dopant-free Py-DB-based device also exhibits improved long-term stability, retaining over 90 % of its initial efficiency after 1000 h exposure to 25 % humidity at 60 °C. These findings provide valuable insights and approaches for the further development of dopant-free HTMs for efficient and reliable PSCs., (© 2024 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Well-Defined Ti Surface Sites in Ziegler-Natta Pre-Catalysts from 47/49 Ti Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
- Author
-
Yakimov AV, Kaul CJ, Kakiuchi Y, Sabisch S, Bolner FM, Raynaud J, Monteil V, Berruyer P, and Copéret C
- Abstract
Treatment of Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalysts with BCl
3 improves their activity by increasing the number of active sites. Here we show how47/49 Ti solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy enables us to understand the electronic structure of the Ti surface sites present in such treated ZN pre-catalysts, prior to activation with alkyl aluminum. High-field (21.1 T) and low-temperature (∼100 K) NMR augmented by DFT modeling on the pre-catalyst and corresponding molecular analogues enables the detection of47/49 Ti NMR signatures and a molecular level understanding of the electronic structure of Ti surface sites. The associated Ti surface sites exhibit49 Ti NMR signatures (δiso, exp = -170 ppm; CQ, exp = 9.3 MHz; κ = 0.05) corresponding to well-defined fully chlorinated hexacoordinated Ti sites adsorbed on a distorted surface of the MgCl2 support, formed upon post-treatment with BCl3 and removal of the alkoxo ligands, paralleling the increased polymerization activity.- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/perovskite Heterointerface by Spinodal Decomposition Enabling Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.
- Author
-
Yang Y, Xiong Q, Wu J, Tu Y, Sun T, Li G, Liu X, Wang X, Du Y, Deng C, Tan L, Wei Y, Lin Y, Huang Y, Huang M, Sun W, Fan L, Xie Y, Lin J, Lan Z, Stacchinii V, Musiienko A, Hu Q, Gao P, Abate A, and Nazeeruddin MK
- Abstract
The best research-cell efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is comparable with that of mature silicon solar cells (SSCs); However, the industrial development of PSCs lags far behind SSCs. PSC is a multiphase and multicomponent system, whose consequent interfacial energy loss and carrier loss seriously affect the performance and stability of devices. Here, by using spinodal decomposition, a spontaneous solid phase segregation process, in situ introduces a poly(3-hexylthiophene)/perovskite (P3HT/PVK) heterointerface with interpenetrating structure in PSCs. The P3HT/PVK heterointerface tunes the energy alignment, thereby reducing the energy loss at the interface; The P3HT/PVK interpenetrating structure bridges a transport channel, thus decreasing the carrier loss at the interface. The simultaneous mitigation of energy and carrier losses by P3HT/PVK heterointerface enables n-i-p geometry device a power conversion efficiency of 24.53% (certified 23.94%) and excellent stability. These findings demonstrate an ingenious strategy to optimize the performance of PSCs by heterointerface via Spinodal decomposition., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Fully Aromatic Self-Assembled Hole-Selective Layer toward Efficient Inverted Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells with Ultraviolet Resistance.
- Author
-
Li C, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Yan W, Li Y, Liang L, Yu W, Yu X, Wang Y, Yang Y, Nazeeruddin MK, and Gao P
- Abstract
Ultraviolet-induced degradation has emerged as a critical stability concern impeding the widespread adoption of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly in the context of phase-unstable wide-band gap perovskite films. This study introduces a novel approach by employing a fully aromatic carbazole-based self-assembled monolayer, denoted as (4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)phosphonic acid (MeO-PhPACz), as a hole-selective layer (HSL) in inverted wide-band gap PSCs. Incorporating a conjugated linker plays a pivotal role in promoting the formation of a dense and highly ordered HSL on substrates, facilitating subsequent perovskite interfacial interactions, and fostering the growth of uniform perovskite films. The high-quality film could effectively suppress interfacial non-radiative recombination, improving hole extraction/transport efficiency. Through these advancements, the optimized wide-band gap PSCs, featuring a band gap of 1.68 eV, attain an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.10 %. Remarkably, MeO-PhPACz demonstrates inherent UV resistance and heightened UV absorption capabilities, substantially improving UV resistance for the targeted PSCs. This characteristic holds significance for the feasibility of large-scale outdoor applications., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Influence of an Organic Salt-Based Stabilizing Additive on Charge Carrier Dynamics in Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cells.
- Author
-
Dörflinger P, Ding Y, Schmid V, Armer M, Turnell-Ritson RC, Ding B, Dyson PJ, Nazeeruddin MK, and Dyakonov V
- Abstract
Besides further improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSC), their long-term stability must also be ensured. Additives such as organic cations with halide counter anions are considered promising candidates to address this challenge, conferring both higher performance and increased stability to perovskite-based devices. Here, a stabilizing additive (N,N-dimethylmethyleneiminium chloride, [Dmmim]Cl) is identified, and its effect on charge carrier mobility and lifetime under thermal stress in triple cation perovskite (Cs
0.05 MA0.05 FA0.90 PbI3 ) thin films is investigated. To explore the fundamental mechanisms limiting charge carrier mobility, temperature-dependent microwave conductivity measurements are performed. Different mobility behaviors across two temperature regions are revealed, following the power law Tm , indicating two different dominant scattering mechanisms. The low-temperature region is assigned to charge carrier scattering with polar optical phonons, while a strong decrease in mobility at high temperatures is due to dynamic disorder. The results obtained rationalize the improved stability of the [Dmmim]Cl-doped films and devices compared to the undoped reference samples, by limiting temperature-activated mobile ions and retarding degradation of the perovskite film., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Dynamic nuclear polarisation of 1 H in Gd-doped In(OH) 3 .
- Author
-
Hope MA, Zhang Y, Venkatesh A, and Emsley L
- Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP) of solids doped with high-spin metal ions, such as Gd
3+ , is a useful strategy to enhance the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensitivity for these samples. Spin diffusion can relay polarisation throughout a sample, which is most effective for dense1 H networks, while the efficiency of DNP using Gd3+ depends on the symmetry of the metal site. Here, we investigate cubic In(OH)3 as a high-symmetry, proton-containing material for endogenous Gd DNP. A1 H enhancement of up to 9 is demonstrated and harnessed to measure the17 O spectrum at natural abundance. The enhancement is interpreted in terms of clustering of the Gd3+ dopants and the local reduction in symmetry of the metal site induced by proton disorder, as demonstrated by quadrupolar115 In NMR. This is the first example of1 H DNP using Gd3+ dopants in an inorganic solid., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Molecular Tailoring of Pyridine Core-Based Hole Selective Layer for Lead Free Double Perovskite Solar Cells Fabrication.
- Author
-
Huang P, Sheokand M, Payno Zarceño D, Kazim S, Lezama L, Nazeeruddin MK, Misra R, and Ahmad S
- Abstract
To solve the toxicity issues related to lead-based halide perovskite solar cells, the lead-free double halide perovskite Cs
2 AgBiBr6 is proposed. However, reduced rate of charge transfer in double perovskites affects optoelectronic performance. We designed a series of pyridine-based small molecules with four different arms attached to the pyridine core as hole-selective materials by using interface engineering. We quantified how arm modulation affects the structure-property-device performance relationship. Electrical, structural, and spectroscopic investigations show that the N3 , N3 , N6 , N6 -tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9 H -carbazole-3,6-diamine arm's robust association with the pyridine core results in an efficient hole extraction for PyDAnCBZ due to higher spin density close to the pyridine core. The solar cells fabricated using Cs2 AgBiBr6 as a light harvester and PyDAnCBZ as the hole selective layer measured an unprecedented 2.9% power conversion efficiency. Our computed road map suggests achieving ∼5% efficiency through fine-tuning of Cs2 AgBiBr6 . Our findings reveal the principles for designing small molecules for electro-optical applications as well as a synergistic route to develop inorganic lead-free perovskite materials for solar applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Optically Enhanced Solid-State 1 H NMR Spectroscopy.
- Author
-
De Biasi F, Hope MA, Avalos CE, Karthikeyan G, Casano G, Mishra A, Badoni S, Stevanato G, Kubicki DJ, Milani J, Ansermet JP, Rossini AJ, Lelli M, Ouari O, and Emsley L
- Abstract
Low sensitivity is the primary limitation to extending nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to more advanced chemical and structural studies. Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) is an NMR hyperpolarization technique where light is used to excite a suitable donor-acceptor system, creating a spin-correlated radical pair whose evolution drives nuclear hyperpolarization. Systems that exhibit photo-CIDNP in solids are not common, and this effect has, up to now, only been observed for
13 C and15 N nuclei. However, the low gyromagnetic ratio and natural abundance of these nuclei trap the local hyperpolarization in the vicinity of the chromophore and limit the utility for bulk hyperpolarization. Here, we report the first example of optically enhanced solid-state1 H NMR spectroscopy in the high-field regime. This is achieved via photo-CIDNP of a donor-chromophore-acceptor molecule in a frozen solution at 0.3 T and 85 K, where spontaneous spin diffusion among the abundant strongly coupled1 H nuclei relays polarization through the whole sample, yielding a 16-fold bulk1 H signal enhancement under continuous laser irradiation at 450 nm. These findings enable a new strategy for hyperpolarized NMR beyond the current limits of conventional microwave-driven DNP.- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Estimating Indoor Pollutant Loss Using Mass Balances and Unsupervised Clustering to Recognize Decays.
- Author
-
Du B and Siegel JA
- Subjects
- Particulate Matter analysis, Environmental Monitoring methods, Cluster Analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Air Pollution, Indoor analysis
- Abstract
Low-cost air quality monitors are increasingly being deployed in various indoor environments. However, data of high temporal resolution from those sensors are often summarized into a single mean value, with information about pollutant dynamics discarded. Further, low-cost sensors often suffer from limitations such as a lack of absolute accuracy and drift over time. There is a growing interest in utilizing data science and machine learning techniques to overcome those limitations and take full advantage of low-cost sensors. In this study, we developed an unsupervised machine learning model for automatically recognizing decay periods from concentration time series data and estimating pollutant loss rates. The model uses k-means and DBSCAN clustering to extract decays and then mass balance equations to estimate loss rates. Applications on data collected from various environments suggest that the CO
2 loss rate was consistently lower than the PM2.5 loss rate in the same environment, while both varied spatially and temporally. Further, detailed protocols were established to select optimal model hyperparameters and filter out results with high uncertainty. Overall, this model provides a novel solution to monitoring pollutant removal rates with potentially wide applications such as evaluating filtration and ventilation and characterizing indoor emission sources.- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Biomimetic Photodegradation of Glyphosate in Carborane-Functionalized Nanoconfined Spaces.
- Author
-
Gan L, Nord MT, Lessard JM, Tufts NQ, Chidambaram A, Light ME, Huang H, Solano E, Fraile J, Suárez-García F, Viñas C, Teixidor F, Stylianou KC, and Planas JG
- Abstract
The removal of organophosphorus (OP) herbicides from water has been studied using adsorptive removal, chemical oxidation, electrooxidation, enzymatic degradation, and photodegradation. The OP herbicide glyphosate (GP) is one of the most used herbicides worldwide, leading to excess GP in wastewater and soil. GP is commonly broken down in environmental conditions to compounds such as aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) or sarcosine, with AMPA having a longer half-life and similar toxicity to GP. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent materials for purifying OP herbicides from water due to their ability to combine adsorption and photoactivity within one material. Herein, we report the use of a robust Zr-based MOF with a meta -carborane carboxylate ligand ( m CB-MOF-2 ) to examine the adsorption and photodegradation of GP. The maximum adsorption capacity of m CB-MOF-2 for GP was determined to be 11.4 mmol/g. Non-covalent intermolecular forces between the carborane-based ligand and GP within the micropores of m CB-MOF-2 are thought to be responsible for strong binding affinity and capture of GP. After 24 h of irradiation with ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light, m CB-MOF-2 selectively converts 69% of GP to sarcosine and orthophosphate, following the C-P lyase enzymatic pathway and biomimetically photodegrading GP. Circumventing the production of AMPA is desirable, as it has a longer half-life and similar toxicity to GP. The exceptional adsorption capacity of GP by m CB-MOF-2 and its biomimetic photodegradation to non-toxic sarcosine make it a promising material for removing OP herbicides from water.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Proxy methods for detection of inhalation exposure in simulated office environments.
- Author
-
Yun S, Zhong S, Alavi HS, Alahi A, and Licina D
- Subjects
- Humans, Inhalation Exposure analysis, Particulate Matter analysis, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Environmental Monitoring methods, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor analysis
- Abstract
Background: Modern health concerns related to air pollutant exposure in buildings have been exacerbated owing to several factors. Methods for assessing inhalation exposures indoors have been restricted to stationary air pollution measurements, typically assuming steady-state conditions., Objective: We aimed to examine the feasibility of several proxy methods for estimating inhalation exposure to CO
2 , PM2.5 , and PM10 in simulated office environments., Methods: In a controlled climate chamber mimicking four different office setups, human participants performed a set of scripted sitting and standing office activities. Three proxy sensing techniques were examined: stationary indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring, individual monitoring of physiological status by wearable wristband, human presence detection by Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors. A ground-truth of occupancy was obtained from video recordings of network cameras. The results were compared with the concurrent IAQ measurements in the breathing zone of a reference participant by means of multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis with a combination of different input parameters., Results: Segregating data onto sitting and standing activities could lead to improved accuracy of exposure estimation model for CO2 and PM by 9-60% during sitting activities, relative to combined activities. Stationary PM2.5 and PM10 monitors positioned at the ceiling-mounted ventilation exhaust in vicinity of the seated reference participant accurately estimated inhalation exposure (adjusted R² = 0.91 and R² = 0.87). Measurement at the front edge of the desk near abdomen showed a moderate accuracy (adjusted R² = 0.58) in estimating exposure to CO2 . Combining different sensing techniques improved the CO2 exposure detection by twofold, whereas the improvement for PM exposure detection was small (~10%)., Significance: This study contributes to broadening the knowledge of proxy methods for personal exposure estimation under dynamic occupancy profiles. The study recommendations on optimal monitor combination and placement could help stakeholders better understand spatial air pollutant gradients indoors which can ultimately improve control of IAQ., (© 2022. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Revealing the complexity of ultra-soft hydrogel re-swelling inside the brain.
- Author
-
Shur M, Akouissi O, Rizzo O, Colin DJ, Kolinski JM, and Lacour SP
- Subjects
- X-Ray Microtomography, Gold, Brain diagnostic imaging, Tissue Engineering, Hydrogels, Metal Nanoparticles
- Abstract
The brain is an ultra-soft viscoelastic matrix. Sub-kPa hydrogels match the brain's mechanical properties but are challenging to manipulate in an implantable format. We propose a simple fabrication and processing sequence, consisting of de-hydration, patterning, implantation, and re-hydration steps, to deliver brain-like hydrogel implants into the nervous tissue. We monitored in real-time the ultra-soft hydrogel re-swelling kinetics in vivo using microcomputed tomography, achieved by embedding gold nanoparticles inside the hydrogel for contrast enhancement. We found that re-swelling in vivo strongly depends on the implant geometry and water availability at the hydrogel-tissue interface. Buckling of the implant inside the brain occurs when the soft implant is tethered to the cranium. Finite-element and analytical models reveal how the shank geometry, modulus and anchoring govern in vivo buckling. Taken together, these considerations on re-swelling kinetics of hydrogel constructs, implant geometry and soft implant-tissue mechanical interplay can guide the engineering of biomimetic brain implants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Single-crystalline TiO 2 nanoparticles for stable and efficient perovskite modules.
- Author
-
Ding Y, Ding B, Kanda H, Usiobo OJ, Gallet T, Yang Z, Liu Y, Huang H, Sheng J, Liu C, Yang Y, Queloz VIE, Zhang X, Audinot JN, Redinger A, Dang W, Mosconic E, Luo W, De Angelis F, Wang M, Dörflinger P, Armer M, Schmid V, Wang R, Brooks KG, Wu J, Dyakonov V, Yang G, Dai S, Dyson PJ, and Nazeeruddin MK
- Abstract
Despite the remarkable progress in power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells, going from individual small-size devices into large-area modules while preserving their commercial competitiveness compared with other thin-film solar cells remains a challenge. Major obstacles include reduction of both the resistive losses and intrinsic defects in the electron transport layers and the reliable fabrication of high-quality large-area perovskite films. Here we report a facile solvothermal method to synthesize single-crystalline TiO
2 rhombohedral nanoparticles with exposed (001) facets. Owing to their low lattice mismatch and high affinity with the perovskite absorber, their high electron mobility and their lower density of defects, single-crystalline TiO2 nanoparticle-based small-size devices achieve an efficiency of 24.05% and a fill factor of 84.7%. The devices maintain about 90% of their initial performance after continuous operation for 1,400 h. We have fabricated large-area modules and obtained a certified efficiency of 22.72% with an active area of nearly 24 cm2 , which represents the highest-efficiency modules with the lowest loss in efficiency when scaling up., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Banana split: biomass splitting with flash light irradiation.
- Author
-
Silva WO, Nagar B, Soutrenon M, and Girault HH
- Abstract
Biomass splitting into gases and solids using flash light irradiation is introduced as an efficient photo-thermal process to photo-pyrolyze dried natural biomass powders to valuable syngas and conductive porous carbon (biochar). The photo-thermal reactions are carried out in a few milliseconds (14.5 ms) by using a high-power Xenon flash lamp. Here, dried banana peel is used as a model system and each kg of dried biomass generates ca. 100 L of hydrogen and 330 g of biochar. Carbon monoxide and some light hydrocarbons are also generated providing a further increase in the high heating value (HHV) with an energy balance output of 4.09 MJ per kg of dried biomass. Therefore, biomass photo-pyrolysis by flash light irradiation is proposed as a new approach not only to convert natural biomass wastes into energy, such as hydrogen, but also for carbon mitigation, which can be stored or used as biochar., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Dual Vacancies Confined in Nickel Phosphosulfide Nanosheets Enabling Robust Overall Water Splitting.
- Author
-
Tong Y, Chen P, Chen L, and Cui X
- Abstract
Exploring highly efficient electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significance for addressing energy and environmental crises. Vacancy engineering has been regarded as a promising way to optimize the catalytic activity of electrocatalysts. Herein, we put forward a conceptually new dual Ni,S vacancy engineering on 2D NiPS
3 nanosheet (denoted as V-NiPS3 ) by a simple ball-milling treatment with ultrasonication. This material presents an ideal model for exploring the role of dual vacancies in improving the catalytic activity for overall water splitting. Structural analyses make clear that the formation of dual Ni,S vacancies regulates the electronic structure and catalytic active sites of NiPS3 nanosheet, leading to the superior HER/OER performance. Smaller overpotentials of 124 mV and 290 mV can be achieved at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for HER and OER, respectively. The OER performance of V-NiPS3 is the best value among all state-of-the-art NiPS3 catalysts. In addition, the assembled two-electrode cell incorporating V-NiPS3 exhibits enhanced catalytic performance with a low cell voltage of 1.60 V at 10 mA cm-2 . This work offers a promising avenue to improve the electrocatalytic performance of the catalysts by engineering dual vacancies for large-scale water splitting., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Optimized hierarchical nickel sulfide as a highly active bifunctional catalyst for overall water splitting.
- Author
-
Tong Y and Chen P
- Abstract
Rational design of non-noble metal electrocatalysts with high intrinsic activity for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is extremely impressive for sustainable electrocatalytic water splitting systems. However, it still remains a major challenge to engineer bifunctional performance. Here, we put forward a highly efficient water electrolyzer based on Ni3S2-based materials. The hierarchical structure of Ni3S2 can be well regulated for optimizing the HER catalytic activity. The best c-Ni3S2/NF electrode exhibits a much smaller overpotential of 220 mV to reach the current density of 100 mA cm-2. Upon introducing Fe species onto the Ni3S2/NF electrode by a simple dipping/drying method, the intrinsic OER activity can be extremely improved. As a result, the Fe-c-Ni3S2/NF catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity for the OER, including an overpotential of 193 mV at 10 mA cm-2, high specific current density and excellent stability. Post-characterization studies proved that the remaining S anions have an effective influence on improving the OER intrinsic activity. The assembled water electrolyzer also presented superior performance, such as a very low cell voltage of 1.50 V at 10 mA cm-2 and excellent durability for 120 h in alkaline medium. This strategy provides a promising way to design highly active and low-cost materials for overall water electrolysis.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Cobalt phosphide nanowires with adjustable iridium, realizing excellent bifunctional activity for acidic water splitting.
- Author
-
Tong Y and Chen P
- Abstract
The exploration of highly active bifunctional electrocatalysts for acidic electrochemical water splitting has attracted wide attention due to their importance in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers. However, existing catalysts normally suffer from low catalytic efficiency under acidic conditions. Herein, we developed a series of Ir-doped CoP nanowires arrays on carbon cloth (Ir-CoP/CC) materials, realizing prominently improved bifunctional catalytic activity for overall water splitting in an acidic medium. The optimized Ir4-CoP/CC catalyst exhibits the smallest overpotential of 38 mV and 237 mV to reach 10 mA cm-2 for HER and OER, respectively. Through systematic experimental research, we find the best intrinsic activity belongs to Ir3-CoP/CC catalyst, which presents superior bifunctional performance with the most economical usage of Ir. As a result, the best acidic water splitting electrolyzer displays a very low voltage of 1.50 V at 10 mA cm-2. This work provides a novel strategy to develop highly active bifunctional catalysts for acidic electrochemical water splitting.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Dual anions engineering on nickel cobalt-based catalyst for optimal hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis.
- Author
-
Sun Q, Tong Y, Chen P, Chen L, Xi F, Liu J, and Dong X
- Abstract
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a pivotal process for renewable energy storage devices. Improving the intrinsically catalytic activity of earth-abundant metals based electrocatalysts for HER is still a huge challenge. Herein, we put forward a dual phosphorus/sulfur (P/S) doped nickel-cobalt bimetallic material that was grown on nickel foam (S
n -NiCoPx -NF, n = 1-4, NF stands for nickel foam) through a facile one-step phosphorization/sulfuration reaction. Those catalysts represent a novel kind of electrocatalysts with vastly optimized catalytic activity for HER. The S2 -NiCoPx /NF with optimal P/S ratio achieves unexpectedly highly efficient catalytic activity for HER in alkaline medium. The overpotential at the current density of 50 mA cm-2 is only 144 mV, which is almost 190 mV less than that of pristine nickel-cobalt bimetallic phosphide catalyst (NiCoPx -NF). In addition, the S2 -NiCoPx /NF also has fast reaction kinetics with the smallest Tafel slope of 66 mV/dec and exhibits high stability for HER. This work experimentally demonstrates the advantages of a dual anion modification strategy on improving catalytic activity. Our method offers a new approach to design highly efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts for energy storage and conversion devices., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Lignin First: Confirming the Role of the Metal Catalyst in Reductive Fractionation.
- Author
-
Chen L, van Muyden AP, Cui X, Fei Z, Yan N, Laurenczy G, and Dyson PJ
- Abstract
Rhodium nanoparticles embedded on the interior of hollow porous carbon nanospheres, able to sieve monomers from polymers, were used to confirm the precise role of metal catalysts in the reductive catalytic fractionation of lignin. The study provides clear evidence that the primary function of the metal catalyst is to hydrogenate monomeric lignin fragments into more stable forms following a solvent-based fractionation and fragmentation of lignin., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Production through MOF/MOF Heterojunctions.
- Author
-
Kampouri S, Ebrahim FM, Fumanal M, Nord M, Schouwink PA, Elzein R, Addou R, Herman GS, Smit B, Ireland CP, and Stylianou KC
- Abstract
A strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of MOF-based systems (MOF: metal-organic framework) is developed through the construction of MOF/MOF heterojunctions. The combination of MIL-167 with MIL-125-NH
2 leads to the formation of MIL-167/MIL-125-NH2 heterojunctions with improved optoelectronic properties and efficient charge separation. MIL-167/MIL-125-NH2 outperforms its single components MIL-167 and MIL-125-NH2 , in terms of photocatalytic H2 production (455 versus 0.8 and 51.2 μmol h-1 g-1 , respectively), under visible-light irradiation, without the use of any cocatalysts. This is attributed to the appropriate band alignment of these MOFs, the enhanced visible-light absorption, and long charge separation within MIL-167/MIL-125-NH2 . Our findings contribute to the discovery of novel MOF-based photocatalytic systems that can harvest solar energy and exhibit high catalytic activities in the absence of cocatalysts.- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Utility of Core-Shell Nanomaterials in the Catalytic Transformations of Renewable Substrates.
- Author
-
Cui X, van Muyden AP, and Dyson PJ
- Abstract
In recent years, core-shell nano-catalysts have received increasing attention due to their tunable properties and broad applications in catalysis. Control of the two components of these materials allows their catalytic properties to be tuned to various sustainable processes in synthetic and energy-related applications. This Concept article describes recent state-of-the-art core-shell materials and their application as heterogeneous catalysts for a range of sustainable catalytic transformations, focusing on two important classes of renewable substrates, CO
2 and biomass. In the discussion, emphasis is directed to the role of the constituent parts of the core-shell structure and how they can be manipulated to enhance activity., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Shaping non-noble metal nanocrystals via colloidal chemistry.
- Author
-
Mantella V, Castilla-Amorós L, and Buonsanti R
- Abstract
Non-noble metal nanocrystals with well-defined shapes have been attracting increasingly more attention in the last decade as potential alternatives to noble metals, by virtue of their earth abundance combined with intriguing physical and chemical properties relevant for both fundamental studies and technological applications. Nevertheless, their synthesis is still primitive when compared to noble metals. In this contribution, we focus on third row transition metals Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu that are recently gaining interest because of their catalytic properties. Along with providing an overview on the state-of-the-art, we discuss current synthetic strategies and challenges. Finally, we propose future directions to advance the synthetic development of shape-controlled non-noble metal nanocrystals in the upcoming years., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Nitrogen-Incorporated Cobalt Sulfide/Graphene Hybrid Catalysts for Overall Water Splitting.
- Author
-
Tong Y, Sun Q, Chen P, Chen L, Fei Z, and Dyson PJ
- Abstract
Water electrolysis is an advanced and sustainable energy conversion technology used to generate H
2 . However, the low efficiency of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) hampers the overall water-splitting catalytic performance. Here, a hybrid catalyst was constructed from N-doped CoS2 nanoparticles on N,S-co-doped graphene nanosheets (N-CoS2 /G) using a facile method, and the catalyst exhibited excellent bifunctional activity. Introduction of N atoms not only promoted the adsorption of reaction intermediates, but also bridged the CoS2 nanoparticles and graphene to improve electron transfer. Moreover, using thiourea as both N- and S-source ensured synthesis of much smaller-sized nanoparticles with more surface active sites. Surprisingly, the N-CoS2 /G exhibited superior catalytic activity with a low overpotential of 260 mV for the OER and 109 mV for the HER at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 . The assembled N-CoS2 /G : N-CoS2 /G electrolyzer substantially expedited overall water splitting with a voltage requirement of 1.58 V to reach 10 mA cm-2 , which is superior to most reported Co-based bifunctional catalysts and other non-precious-metal catalysts. This work provides a new strategy towards advanced bifunctional catalysts for water electrolysis., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Sustainable Capture of Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds by a Pyrene-Based Metal-Organic Framework under Humid Conditions.
- Author
-
Sudan S, Gładysiak A, Valizadeh B, Lee JH, and Stylianou KC
- Abstract
The threat posed by the presence of artificial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the environment is a widely acknowledged fact, both for environmental issues and human health concerns. Ever-increasing production requires the continuous development of technologies toward the removal of these substances. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown a great promise toward the capture of VOCs, but their stability in humid conditions still remains a major challenge, thus hindering their widespread development. To tackle this obstacle, we designed a 3-dimensional and porous MOF, named SION-82 , for the capture of small aromatic VOCs, relying solely on π-π interactions. SION-82 captures benzene efficiently (107 mg/g) in dry conditions, and no uptake decrease was observed in the presence of high relative humidity for at least six cycles. Unlike HKUST-1 and MOF-74(Co), SION-82 possesses two vital characteristics toward sustainable benzene capture under humid conditions: moisture stability and reusability. In addition, SION-82 captures benzene under humid conditions more efficiently compared to the hydrolytically stable UiO-66, highlighting the impact of having an active site for benzene capture that is not affected by water. SION-82 can additionally capture other aromatic VOCs, showing pyridine and thiophene uptake capacities of 140 and 160 mg/g, respectively.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.