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Due to the presence of companion chaetae on the thoracic notopodia, a feature unnoticed on the material of the original description, the species Pseudobranchiomma tarantoensis (Knight-Jones & Giangrande, 2003) and P. marmarensis (Çinar & Giangrande, 2018) are here transferred to different genera; the former to the genus Sabella Linnaeus, 1767 and the latter to Bispira Krøyer, 1856. A discussion on the boundary existing among the genera belonging to the clade Sabellinae is made, underlying the importance of the thoracic uncini shape, which shows consistency with species separation from a molecular point of view.

Anobothrus amourouxi Bonifácio, Lavesque, Bachelet and Parapar, 2015 (Figure 20) Anobothrus amourouxi; Bonifácio et al. 2015, 962–967; figs 2–4. Material examined Levantine Sea. ESFM-POL/2017-010, 17 August 2017, SAMSWR, 36.048889°N, 35.935833° E, 71 m, mud with pebbles, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2009-205, 05 August 2009, Mersin Bay, 36.688056°N, 34.82°E, 30 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2009-208, 04 August 2009, Mersin Bay, 36.773333°N, 34.670278°E, 15 m, muddy sand, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2009 - 213, 03 August 2009, Mersin Bay, 36.621111°N, 34.692778°E, 70 m, mud with pebbles, 1 specimen. Aegean Sea. ESFM-POL/2016-140, 17 August 2016, Ildır Bay, 38.454167°N, 26.443889°E, 65 m, mud, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2017-32, 20 August 2017, Edremit Bay, 39.5669°N, 26.91885°E, 23 m, mud with pebble, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2018-93, 30 August 2018, off Meriç River, north Aegean Sea, 40.706833°N, 26.02415°E, 16 m, detritic mud, 1 specimen. Sea of Marmara. ESFM-POL/2013-343, 09 July 2013, 40.403611°N, 27.663056°E, 41 m, mud with Amphiura filiformis, 2 specimens. Description Largest specimen incomplete, 10.8 mm long, 1 mm long wide. Body slender, thorax cylindrical, tapering towards posterior end (Figure 20 (a,c)). Colour in alcohol whitish, tube thin layer with silt. Prostomium trilobed, without eyes. Buccal tentacles smooth. Four pairs of branchiae, long tapering to tip, three pairs in a single row, the fourth pair behind the inner most one, no gap between pairs (Figure 20 (b)). Inner pairs of branchiae with transversal ciliated ridges (Figure 20 (b)). Paleae long with 16–18 each side. From TU1 (thoracic unciniger), notopodia well developed, rounded and elongated. Thorax with 15 TC (thoracic chaetiger), 12 TU (thoracic unciniger). TU3 with an anterior whitish band (Figure 20 (a,b)). TU8 with elevated notopodia (Figure 20 (a)). Notochaeta bilimbate, broad wings (as wide as shaft) on one margin, TU8 with serrated tips (Figure 20 (d)). TU3 with four short and four long notochaetae; subsequent chaetigers with 4–5 long and 4–5 short notochaetae. TU3 with 46–48 uncini, pectinate, each one with two vertical rows in frontal view with six teeth in lateral view (Figure 20 (f)). AU1 (abdominal unciniger) with 18–20 uncini, pectinate with 5–6 teeth in lateral view, three vertical rows in frontal view (Figure 20 (e)). Pygidium unknown. Reproduction Some specimens of this species collected in August from the Levantine Sea had eggs in the coelomic cavities of the anterior part of the thoracic region. The egg diameter varied between 75 and 129 μm. Remarks Morphologically, the specimens of Anobothrus amourouxi from the eastern Mediterranean closely resemble the original description of the species by Bonifácio et al. (2015). Distribution Anobothrus amourouxi is new to the Mediterranean Sea, but this species might have been confused with A. gracilis (Malmgren, 1866), which was encountered almost in every soft bottom study (muddy substrata, clean water, depth> 10 m) in the Mediterranean Sea. We compared our specimens with those previously identified as A. gracilis on the coasts of Turkey, and realised that they in fact belong to the recently described species A. amourouxi, found in the Bay of Biscay (France) on soft substrata between depths of 108 and 735 m (Bonifácio et al. 2015). This species is easily distinguished from A. gracilis in having notochaetae with hirsute tip only on the modified notopodia (vs notochaetae with hirsute tip present on all notopodia in A. gracilis). Therefore, the previous records of A. gracilis from the Mediterranean should be checked to verify whether it truly occurs in the region., Published as part of Çinar, Melih Ertan, Dağli, Ertan & Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz, 2022, The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna, pp. 1383-1426 in Journal of Natural History 56 (33 - 36) on pages 1420-1422, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2118641, http://zenodo.org/record/7156544, {"references":["Bonifacio P, Lavesque N, Bachelet G, Parapar J. 2015. Anobothrus amourouxi sp. nov., a new species of Ampharetidae (Polychaeta) from the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic Ocean). J Mar Biolog Assoc UK. 95 (5): 961 - 969. doi: 10.1017 / S 0025315414002094."]}

Chaetozone elakata Blake and Lavesque, 2017 (Figure 19) Chaetozone elakata Blake and Lavesque, 2017, 567–572; figs 1–3. Material examined Levantine Sea. ESFM-POL/2018-073, 09 August 2018, DALSW2, 36.701333°N, 28.726°E, 45 m, fine sand with mud, 4 specimens. Aegean Sea. ESFM-POL/2015-658, 17 August 2015, off Küçük Menderes River, 37.949444°N, 27.259722°E, 36 m, mud, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2018-080, 03 September 2018, off Büyük Menderes River, 37.533217°N, 27.152833°E, 15 m, mud, 1 specimen. Sea of Marmara. ESFM-POL/2013-1430, 10 July 2013, 40.7575°N, 27.356667°E, 100 m, mud, 90 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1427, 06 July 2013, 40.355833°’N-26.666389°’E, 50 m, mud with Amphiura filiformis, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1428, 08 July 2013, 40.580556° N, 27.099722°E, 50 m, mud with Amphiura filiformis, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013- 1429, 09 July 2013, 40.310833°N, 27.761944°’E, 25 m, mud with Amphiura filiformis, 1 specimen. Description Levantine specimens incomplete, largest 20.86 mm long, 0.97 mm wide (middle of expanded region), with 114 chaetigers. Body elongated anteriorly and posteriorly, with a conspicuous expanded region (with or without a dorsal groove) in middle body (Figure 19 (a–c)). Expanded region generally between chaetigers 11–22; chaetigers 16–17 broadest. Posterior segments tapering, parapodia modified, with spines and capillaries in between forming an almost complete cincture, characteristic of this genus (Figure 19 (d)). Prostomium somewhat triangular,eyespots absent (Figure 19 (a–c)).Peristomium narrow,with two annular rings,surmounted by an elongate dorsal crest reaching to anterior margin of chaetiger 1; one pair of dorsal tentacles emerging on second peristomial ring. First segment achaetous. Branchiae first emerging on posterior margin of segment 1 and present on subsequent chaetigers, emerging on posterior margin of anterior segments, more medially on median and posterior segments. Anterior parapodia with capillaries only. Neuropodial spines first beginning on chaetiger 88, notopodial spines on chaetiger 100; numbering 2–3 with 5–6 capillaries in first appearance, then forming cinctures on last 23–35 chaetigers (in the Sea of Marmara specimens), with 12–13 spines on each side, alternating with a thin capillary chaeta (Figure 19 (d)). Pygidium as a subtriangular lobe. Briefly submerging a specimen from the Sea of Marmara in a methyl green solution gave a distinctive colour pattern along the body; a broad green ring is more appearent on the expanded region between chaetigers 14 and 18 (Figure 19 (c)). Remarks The morphology of the specimens of Chaetozone elakata from the eastern Mediterranean closely resembles the original description of the species by Blake and Lavesque (2017). Distribution Chaetozone elakata was recently described from the Gulf of Biscay (Northeast Atlantic, France) by Blake and Lavesque (2017), based on individuals found in soft substrata at 62 m depth. This species was commonly found along the coasts of Turkey (Levantine Sea, Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara) and identified as Chaetozone sp. (with brownish chaetae) in many projects. Individuals of the species from the eastern Mediterranean are morphologically very similar to those from the eastern Atlantic. On the Levantine coast of Turkey, they were found between depths of 14 and 66 m on sandy muddy bottoms., Published as part of Çinar, Melih Ertan, Dağli, Ertan & Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz, 2022, The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna, pp. 1383-1426 in Journal of Natural History 56 (33 - 36) on pages 1419-1420, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2118641, http://zenodo.org/record/7156544, {"references":["Blake JA, Lavesque N. 2017. A new species of Chaetozone (Polychaeta, Cirratulidae) from the Bay of Biscay offshore France, together with a review of Chaetozone species from the North Atlantic and adjacent waters. Zootaxa. 4312 (3): 565 - 579. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4312.3.10."]}

Barantolla cryptogenica sp. nov. (Figures 15–18) Type material Levantine Sea, Turkey, holotype. ESFM-POL/2017-209, 19 August 2017, MRESW1, 36.735278°N, 31.46°E, 30 m, sandy mud with shell fragments. Paratypes. ESFM-POL/2017-210, 18 August 2017, MERSWR, 36.762222°N, 34.650833°E, 16 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-70, 06 September 2019, Mersin Bay, off Mersin, 36.671833°N, 34.555558°E, 55 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2017-211, 18 August 2017, MERSWR, 36.762222°N, 34.650833°E, 16 m, mud, 67 specimens; ESFM-POL/2017-212, 16 August 2017, ISKSW2, 36.521389°N, 35.975833°E, 37 m, mud with shell fragments, 3 specimens. Non-type material Levantine Sea, Turkey. ESFM-POL/2018-160, 15 August 2018, BTCSW1, 36.862222°N, 35.961944°E, 33 m, mud, 9 specimens; ESFM-POL/2018-161, 12 August 2018, GRESW2, 36.282778°N, 34.050278°E, 25 m, mud with shell fragments, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019 - 71, 06 September 2019, Mersin Bay, off Mersin, 36.671833°N, 34.555558°E, 55 m, mud, 11 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-72, 25 July 2019, Mersin Bay, off Mersin, 36.671833°N, 34.555558°E, 55 m, mud, 30 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-73, 03 September 2019, MERSWR, 36.756133°N, 34.6478°E, 37 m, mud, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-74, 04 September 2019, SAMSWR, 36.04845°N, 35.940767°E, 67 m, mud, 19 specimens. Description Holotype and paratypes incomplete, with anterior fragments; holotype 3.9 mm long, 15 with chaetigers. Thorax with 11 chaetigers, 2.6 mm long, 0.6 mm wide (chaetiger 2); abdomen 1.3 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, with four chaetigers (Figures 15 (a), 16(a)). Prostomium short, small, somewhat semicircular in shape, lobated, without palpode (Figures 15 (a), 16(a–c)); without eyes; with a pair of distinct nuchal organs situated posterior-lateral sides of prostomium, eversible (everted in some paratypes), lobated, ciliated, almost half size of prostomium (Figures 16 (c,d), 18(a,b)). Proboscis everted in holotype and some paratypes, globular, covered with dense small papillae (Figures 15 (a), 16(a,b), 18(a)). Peristomium distint, with one annulation, almost twice length of chaetiger 1. Thorax cylindrical in cross section, inflated through chaetigers 1–2; epithelium not areolated; with achaetous narrow peristomium and 11 chaetigers; intersegmental grooves indistinct in anterior part, distinct in posterior part (Figures 15 (a), 16(a)). First 2– 3 chaetigers with two annulations. Lateral organs distinct, ciliated, situated between noto-and neuropodia (Figures 15 (a), 16(a,e)). Nephridial pores indistinct. Parapodia situated almost in middle part of segments; notopodia on dorso-lateral part, neuropodia on ventro-lateral part of segments. Thoracic chaetigers becoming longer but narrower towards posterior end. Last five thoracic chaetigers slightly biannulated. Thoracic chaetigers 1–6 with limbate capillary chaetae only (Figure 15 (b)); chaetiger 1 with only notochaetae, others with noto- and neurochaetae; notopodial capillary chaetae numbering 13; 50–120 µm long; neuropodial capillary chaetae numbering 15–16; 50– 120 µm long. Anterior capillary chaetae shorter than posterior ones. Chaetigers 7–11 with long-handled hooded hooks only; numbering ca. seven hooks on notopodia (Figures 15 (c), 18(c)), eight hooks in neuropodia (Figure 15 (d)). Hooks multidentate, with a large main fang, slightly bending ventrally, with three rows of teeth; shafts with a node. Notopodial and neuropodial hooks arranged in a vertical row, node distinct; length between node and tip around 140 µm (Figure 15 (c)); hoods distinct, widely surrounding tip; length ca. 60 µm; almost 4 times longer than wide, with small opening near tip. Transition from thorax to abdomen distinct, marked by abrupt broadening of segments and wrinkling of epithelium (Figures 15 (a), 16(a)). Abdominal parapodia placed on posterior part of segments; notopodia placed more dorsally and neuropodia more ventrally in abdomen than in thorax; parapodia placed posterior part of segments. Abdominal intersegmental grooves distinct. Lateral organs and nephridial pores indistinct in abdomen. Abdominal chaetigers wide and long in anterior part, becoming narrower and tapering posteriorly. Abdominal chaetigers with hooded hooks only; numbering almost 7–10 hooks in both noto- and neuropodia (Figures 15 (e,f), 18(d)); shafts with a distinct node; distal part more curved than that of thoracic hooks; hooks similar in size and shape in both noto- and neuropodia; abdominal hooks much shorter than thoracic ones; length between node and tip almost 80–90 µm in noto- and neuropodial hooks (Figures 15 (e,f), 17(a–d)). Hooks multidentate, with a curved main fang surmounted by four rows of teeth (Figures 17 (b,d), 18(d)). Hoods distinct, ca. 40–45 µm long, 4 times longer than wide (Figure 17 (a–d)). Branchiae were not observed. Pygidium missing. Etymology The specific epithet indicates the alien status of this species, cryptogenic (i.e. a species that could be a native or an alien species). Remarks Until now, four Barantolla species have been described in the world’s oceans, all in the Indo-Pacific region (Read and Fauchald 2022): Barantolla sculpta Southern, 1921 (type locality: India, Indian Ocean, brackish, shallow water), Barantolla americana Hartman, 1963 (type locality: west coast of US, Pacific Ocean, deep water, between 260–976 m); Barantolla lepte Hutchings, 1974 (type locality: east coast of Australia (Wallis Lake), Pacific Ocean, shallow water) and Barantolla orientalis Yabe and Mawatari, 1998 (type locality: northern Japan (Hokkaido), Pacific Ocean, shallow water). Barantolla cryptogenica sp. nov. is only similar to B. lepte in lacking chaetae on neuropodia of chaetiger 1, and mainly differs from it in the shape of prostomium (small, semicircular in B. cryptogenica sp. nov. vs long, pointed, with slightly bulbous tip in B. lepte) and body (anteriorly enlarged in B. cryptogenica sp. nov. vs thread-like in N. lepte), and lacking eyes (10–15 subepidermal eye spots in B. lepte). A species of this genus (only one specimen, reported as Barantolla sp.) was previously reported from the deep waters (1200 m) of the Mediterranean Sea (Ionian Sea) by Langeneck et al. (2017). The species mainly differs from L. cryptogenica sp. nov. in the depth preference (deep water species) and having capillary chaetae on the neuropodium of chaetiger 1. Distribution This species is only known from the southern coast of Turkey, where it first appeared in the region in 2015 with one or two specimens, and then became more abundant in 2018 and 2019. It was found in 52% of samples with a maximum density of 460 ind.m − 2 in SAMSWR in 2018 and in 31% of samples with a maximum density of 150 ind.m − 2 in SAMSWR in 2019. It might have been introduced to the region from an unknown locality and vector, so this species can be classified for now as likely an alien or cryptogenic species., Published as part of Çinar, Melih Ertan, Dağli, Ertan & Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz, 2022, The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna, pp. 1383-1426 in Journal of Natural History 56 (33 - 36) on pages 1413-1419, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2118641, http://zenodo.org/record/7156544, {"references":["Read G, Fauchald K, Ed. 2022. World Polychaeta database. Barantolla Southern, 1921. World Register of Marine Species; [accessed 2022 Apr 11]. https: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxde tails & id = 254302.","Langeneck J, Busoni G, Aliani S, Castelli A. 2017. Deep-sea polychaetes (Annelida) from the Malta Escarpment (western Ionian Sea). Eur Zool J. 84 (1): 142 - 152. doi: 10.1080 / 24750263.2017.1287964."]}

Paraonis lobulata sp. nov. (Figures 11–14) Type material Levantine Sea, Turkey, holotype. ESFM-POL/2019-11, 02 September 2019, ERDSWR, 36.588717°N, 34.321083°E, 37 m, pebbles with mud. Paratypes. ESFM-POL/2019-12, 02 September 2019, ERDSWR, 36.588717°N, 34.321083°E, 37 m, pebbles with mud, 12 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019- 15, 02 September 2019, TASSW1, 36.265567°N, 33.87875°’E, 37 m, muddy sand with shell fragments, 5 specimens; ESFMPOL/2019-16, 04 September 2019, SAMSWR, 36.04845°N, 35.940767°E, 67 m, maerl bed, 19 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-17, 02 September 2019, GRESW2, 36.27875°N, 34.0498°E, 25 m, mud, 4 specimens. Non-type material Levantine Sea, Turkey. ESFM-POL/2017-158, 01 August 2017, Adrasan Bay, 36.33507°N, 30.52909°E, 81 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2019-22, 07 September 2019, off Samandağ, 36.392564°N, 35.8033°E, 67 m, mud with maerl, 9 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-21, 25 July 2019, off Taşucu, 36.233553°N, 33.894669°E, 25 m, muddy sand with shell fragments, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-19, 27 July 2019, off Göksu River, 36.421086°N, 34.126275°E, 60 m, mud, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-18, 06 September 2019, off Göksu River, 36.421086°N, 34.126275°E, 60 m, mud, 21 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-13, 09 May 2019, off Erdemli, 36.671833°N, 34.555558°E, 55 m, mud, 6 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-20, 06 September 2019, off Erdemli, 36.671833°N, 34.555558° E, 55 m, mud, 16 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-14, 26 July 2019, off Samandağ, 36.392564° N, 35.8033°E, 60 m, maerl bed, 2 specimens; Aegean Sea, Turkey. ESFM-POL/2016-199, 25 November 2016, off Çeşme-Ildırı, 38.408192°N, 26.388078°E, 60 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2017-157, 27 July 2017, off Ayvalık, Çıplak Ada Island, 39.30054°N, 26.56244°E, 35 m, sandy mud with Caulerpa cylindracea, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2018-124, 31 August 2018, off Dikili, 39.076483°N, 26.858533°E, 30 m, mud, 1 specimen. Description Holotype complete, 0.83 mm long (2.3–9.7 mm long in paratypes), 0.24 mm wide at chaetiger 10 (0.19–0.25 mm wide in paratypes), with 70 chaetigers (25–98 chaetigers in paratypes). Colour of holotype in alcohol yellowish to light brown with brown speckles along body, in most paratypes with distinct brown speckles/spots all around body (Figure 12 (d,j,k)). Body cylindrical, thin; widths of prebranchial and branchial regions nearly same; getting stout and lobate on posterior chaetigers; getting thinner on pre-anal chaetigers (Figures 11 (a–c), 12(a,i)). A pair of skin folds, starting at chaetiger 5, present at both dorsolateral sides of chaetigers in branchial region (Figure 13 (a)). A dense dorsal ciliary band (dcb) present on mid-dorsal transversal line of each prebranchial and branchial chaetigers (Figure 13 (a)). Ciliary bands absent on ventral side of body. Prostomium subtriangular; much longer than wide (length/width: 1.05); anterior part rounded; eversible palpode with cilia on anterior margin of prostomium (Figure 13 (a,d,f)); eyes absent in all specimens. Cheek organ located on lateral sides of prostomium, retractable, without cilia (Figures 12 (e), 13(b,c)). One complete ciliated band, known as the nuchal associated ciliary band, ventrally connecting one nuchal organ to another, except for a gap in dorsal side. A long, dense transversal ciliary band present on dorsal side of prostomium, more or less in M-shaped (Figures 12 (d), 13(c–f)). A pair of nuchal organs as narrow, deep, long and slanted slits, placed on dorso-lateral sides of posterior prostomium, more or less convex in shape; with dense internal ciliation; cilia reaching outer margin of slits; associated with ciliary band and nuchal associated ciliary band (Figure 13 (d–f)); without pigmentation in holotype, brown speckles/spots in some paratypes. Peristomium discernable on dorsal side, partly fused with posterior margin of prostomium (Figure 13 (a,c,d,f)). Proboscis unlobed with dense cilia. Mouth with five buccal lips, two placed anteriorly, two placed laterally and one placed posteriorly; posterior one large, bilobed, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1 (Figure 12 (b,g)). Branchiae numbering 11 pairs in holotype, 11–15 pairs in paratypes, beginning on chaetiger 4 in all specimens; flattened, more or less lanceolate with a rounded tip; a dense ciliary band on both sides of branchiae; branchial length usually shorter than segment width, getting longer posteriorly, not elongated (Figures 11 (a,b), 12(a,k)); 184 μm long in anterior region, 200 μm long in middle region, 148 μm long in posterior region; branchial length/width ratio between 3.1 and 4.6. Interramal lobes absent. Ventral lobes present between chaetigers 3 and 14, as a rudimentary ridge; getting large, bulbous, bilobed on both sides of chaetiger after chaetiger 14 (Figure 12 (b,c)). Notopodial papilla present between chaetigers 8 and 14 (7–17 in paratypes), small, ovoid (Figures 12 (h,k), 14(a)). Notopodial postchaetal lobes present; short, cirriform in first chaetiger; short, digitiform in second chaetiger; stout, long, finger-like, digitiform with suddenly tapering pointed tip after chaetiger 3 along branchial region; stout, long, finger-like with elongated pointed tip in posterior region (Figures 11 (a, b), 12(i–k), 13(a), 14(a,b,f)). Neuropodial postchaetal lobes absent. Lateral sense organs present between notopodia and neuropodia on all chaetigers, placed just posterior to notopodial postchaetal lobes; with flexible ciliae distinctly protruding from opening or embedded into pore. Irregular, elliptical clustered sensory pores present along dorsal and ventral surfaces of body (Figure 14 (c–e)); with ca. 13–15 pores (long axis of organ: ca. 6.8–7 μm) in prebranchial region, with ca. 10–12 pores (long axis of organ: 5.7–6 μm) in branchial region, with ca. 8–9 pores (long axis of organ: 2.5–3 μm) in posterior region. Two types of chaetae present on chaetigers; capillary and modified neurochaetae. Capillary chaetae beginning on noto- and neuropodia of chaetiger 1, present on noto-and neuropodia of all subsequent chaetigers. Capillary chaetae numbering 12–20 in each anterior notopodium, arranged in three rows, ca. 180 μm long; numbering 8–16 in each anterior neuropodium, arranged in three rows, ca. 185 μm long; numbering 5–8 in each middle notopodium, arranged in one row, ca. 230 μm long; numbering 5–8 in each middle neuropodium, arranged in one row, ca. 280 μm long; numbering 3–4 in each posterior notopodium, arranged in one row, ca. 270 μm long; numbering 5–7 in each posterior neuropodium, arranged in one row, ca. 340 μm long. Modified neuropodial chaetae of Strelzovia type, with two forms (long and short), starting from chaetiger 37 (25–40 in paratypes) to posterior end, numbering two (both type) in each neuropodium until pre-anal region, numbering one (only type 1) in pre-anal region accompanied by capillary chaetae, brownish colour in most specimens; superior ones longer; first form of Strelzovia-type chaeta, very long (average length: 136 μm), becoming gradually thinner but not hirsute on convex side; second form of Strelzoviatype chaeta, short (average length: 87 μm), more or less sigmoid in shape, getting abruptly thinner without fibrils on convex side (Figures 11 (c), 12(f), 14(f,g)). Pygidium rounded with three anal cirri; two cirri very long, filiform, placed on laterodorsal side; one cirrus dull, long and located mid-ventrally; anal aperture on dorsal side (Figure 14 (b)). Remarks Paraonis lobulata sp. nov. is mainly characterised by having long and clavate notopodial postchaetal lobes, cirriform notopodial papillae and bilobed posterior lip. The species most morphologically similar to Paraonis bilobulata sp. nov. are P. pygoenigmatica Jones, 1968, P. fulgens (Levinsen, 1884), P. paucibranchiata Cerruti, 1909 and P. strelzovi Hartmann-Schröder, 1980. However, P. lobulata sp. nov. differs from these species in terms of the following characters: (1) the morphology of the notopodial postchaetal lobes in the branchial region (large, digitiform, with abruptly tapering tip, almost half the length of branchiae in P. lobulata sp. nov. vs cirriform and 5.5 times shorter than branchiae in P. pygoenigmatica; digitiform, long and thin, with weakly asymmetrical enlargement on the base, 3 times shorter than branchiae in P.fulgens; stout, 4 times shorter than branchiae in P. paucibranchiata; long, finger-like, 2–2.5 times shorter than branchiae in P. strelzovi); (2) the presence of the notopodial papillae (present in P. lobulota sp. nov. vs absent in P. fulgens and P. pygoenigmatica; unknown/not documented in P. paucibranchiata and P. strelzovi); (3) the number of branchiae (11–15 pairs in P. lobulata sp. nov. vs 25 pairs in P. fulgens, 15–19 pairs in P. pygoenigmatica, four pairs in P. paucibranchiata and three pairs in P. strelzovi); (4) the morphology of the modified neurochaeta [long and tapering gradually (the Strelzovia type) in P. lobulata sp. nov. vs short and curved, with a strong hood (the Acmira type) in P. fulgens, P. paucibranchiata and P. strelzovi; the toothed type in P. pygoenigmatica]. In the most paraonids, the posterior buccal lip on the mouth consists of rounded longitudinal folds, extending back to the anterior margin of the chaetiger 1 or 2 (ErdoğanDereli and Çinar 2019, 2020a, 2020b, 2021). However, the posterior buccal lip of Paraonis lobulata sp. nov. is enlarged and distinctly bilobed (Figure 12 (b,g)). This kind of posterior lip has not been reported in paraonids before. Reproduction Some specimens of Paraonis lobulata sp. nov. collected in May had sperm (as white masses) within chaetigers from 40–59 to the end of the body. Distribution This species was found in soft substrata between 25 and 81 m depths in the Levantine and Aegean Seas, Turkey, eastern Mediterranean. Etymology The epithet lobulata was selected due to morphological shape of the segments and the posterior buccal lip., Published as part of Çinar, Melih Ertan, Dağli, Ertan & Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz, 2022, The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna, pp. 1383-1426 in Journal of Natural History 56 (33 - 36) on pages 1407-1413, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2118641, http://zenodo.org/record/7156544, {"references":["Cinar ME, Bakir K, Dogan A, Acik S, Kurt G, Katagan T, Ozturk B, Dagli E, Ozcan T, Kirkim F. 2019. Macro-benthic invertebrates associated with the black sponge Sarcotragus foetidus (Porifera) in the Levantine and Aegean Seas, with emphasis on alien species. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 227: 106306. doi: 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2019.106306."]}

Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. (Figures 2–6) Type material Levantine Sea, Turkey, holotype. ESFM-POL/2018-158, 14 August 2018, SAMSWR, 36.048889°N, 35.935833°E, 79 m, mud with shell fragments. Paratypes. ESFM-POL/2017-205 14 August 2017, ERDSWR, 36.589722°N, 34.316667°E, 32 m, mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2017-206, 16 August 2017, BTCSW1, 36.862222°N, 35.961944°E, 31 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2017-207, 23 August 2017, ISKSW2, 36.521389°N, 35.975833°E, 37 m, mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFMPOL/2017-208, 16 August 2017, BTCSW1, 36.862222°N, 35.961944°E, 31 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2018-158, 14 August 2018, SAMSWR, 36.048889°N, 35.935833°E, 79 m, mud with shell fragments, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-69, 09 September 2019, EDRSWR, 36.589722°N, 34.316667°E, 37 m, mud, 2 specimens. Non-type material Levantine Sea, Turkey. ESFM-POL/2019-57, 06 September 2019, Mersin Bay, off Mersin, 36.671833°N, 34.555558°E, 55 m, mud, 6 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-60, 06 September 2019, Mersin Bay, off Narlıkuyu, 36.421086°N, 34.126275°E, 60 m, mud, 3 specimens; ESFMPOL/2019-61, 09 May 2019, Mersin Bay, off Akyatan Lagoon, 36.590797°N, 35.089811°E, 22 m, mud, 4 specimens; ESFM-POL/2018-157, 15 August 2018, BTCSW1, 36.862222°N, 35.961944°E, 33 m, mud, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2018-159, 14 August 2018, ISKSW2, 36.521389°N, 35.975833°E, 41 m, mud with shell fragments, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019- 62, 25 July 2019, Antalya Bay, off Anitli, 36.048889°N, 32.555556°E, 55 m, mud, 8 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-63, 07 September 2019, Iskenderun Bay, off Arsuz, 36.392564°N, 35.803300°E, 60 m, maerl bed, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-64, 25 July 2019, Mersin Bay, off Narlıkuyu, 36.421086°N, 34.126275°E, 60 m, mud, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-65, 25 July 2019, Mersin Bay, off Taşucu, 36.233553°N, 33.894669°E, 25 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-66, 06 September 2019, Mersin Bay, off Mersin, 36.671711°N, 34.555558°E, 55 m, mud, 9 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-67, 06 September 2019, Mersin Bay, off Narlıkuyu, 36.421086°N, 34.126275°E, 60 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFMPOL/2019-68, 09 May 2019, Mersin Bay, off Akyatan Lagoon, 36.590797°N, 35.089811°E, 22 m, mud, 8 specimens. Description Holotype complete, 6.4 mm long, 0.9 mm wide (chaetiger 1), with 30 chaetigers. Complete paratype 4 mm long, 0.55 mm wide (chaetiger 1), with 24 chaetigers. Body pale yellowish, no colour markings in preserved specimens (Figure 6 (a,b)). Body dorso-ventrally flattened in holotype and subrectangular in cross-section in some paratypes (Figure 4 (a,b)); gradually becoming narrower and flattened towards posterior end. Ventral side flattened, without furrow. Anterior segments (from prostomium to chaetiger 7) robust, placed very close to each other, making intersegmental furrows indistinct; intersegmental furrows distinct after chaetiger 7. Proboscis everted in holotype, and in some paratypes; cylindrical, massive, muscular, 0.8 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, with dense, minute ciliae, completely surrounding subdistal part of pharynx, near opening (Figures 2 (a,b), 4(a–d), 5(a), 6(a,b)). Papillae absent. Prostomium subrectangular, wider than long (by almost 3 times), with two pairs of reddish eyes (Figures 2 (a), 6(a)); anterior pair largest, almost 2 times larger than posterior one; anterior pair almost reniform in shape, posterior pair rounded. Palps biarticulate; palpophore stout, cylindrical, 1/3 − 1/4 of palpostyle; palpostyle conical, tapered (Figure 2 (a)). A pair of lateral antennae present, emerging on anterior part of prostomium, slender, tapering to tip, almost as long as palps, antennophore short. Median antenna missing in holotype; present in some paratypes, placed on anterior end of prostomium, minute, bottle-shaped, median part expanded (Figures 2 (a), 4(e)). A pair of nuchal organs present on posterior-lateral part of prostomium, distinct, mid-dorsally separated from each other (Figure 4 (e)). Tentacular cirri six pairs, each pair present on three separate segments; segments enlarging from anterior to posterior; cirri placed dorsally on each segment always with more developed cirrophores; anterior pair placed closely side by side in a nearly horizontal line; middle pair well separated, placed in a nearly oblique line, posterior pair placed closely in a vertical line (Figures 2 (b), 4(d), 6(b)). Cirrostyles are missing on holotype and most paratypes; one paratype with cirrus on posterior segment extending back to chaetiger 3, long, tapered. Parapodia with noto- and neuropodia. Notopodia poorly developed, represented by a small ridge placed just on cirrophores of dorsal cirri; neuropodia well developed in all chaetigers (especially in middle part of body); subtriangular in shape, with a prominent digitiform projection near tip, placed on anterior face of parapodia; as a protuberance in anterior parapodia, first distinctly appearing on chaetiger 3, becoming triangular or digitiform shape in middle and posterior parapodia, again appearing as a small tubercle on posterior-most chaetigers (Figures 3 (a–c), 5(b,c,f), 6(d)). Parapodia in first two chaetigers smaller than others; parapodial lobes (neuropodia) (250 µm) smaller than body width (750 µm) on chaetiger 3; parapodial lobes (600 µm) almost same length as body width (650 µm) on chaetiger 10; parapodial lobes (700 µm) always longer than body width (450 µm) after chaetiger 13; parapodial lobes (550 µm) almost 2 times longer than body width (300 µm) on posterior parapodia. Dorsal cirri present on all chaetigers, placed on dorsal side of parapodia; cirrophores well developed (Figure 3 (a–c)), generally bending towards posterior side of body; cirrostyles of dorsal cirri missing on holotype and most paratypes; cirrostylus on chaetiger 2 on paratype reaching back to chaetiger 7, slender, tapering. Ventral cirri present on all chaetigers, smooth, placed slightly posteriorly on ventral side of neuropodia, near tips; not extending beyond or slightly extending beyond parapodial lobes; subdistal part bottle-shaped, proximal part narrow, gradually increasing in size towards middle part and then gradually decreasing in size towards distal end (Figure 3 (a–c)). Chaetiger 1 and 2 without notochaetae and notoaciculae; with only neuropodial falcigers, numbering 20–25, with blades indistinctly bidentate and serrate; blade lengths ranging from 27.5 µm to 65 µm; shafts heterogomph, long piece sharply triangular, small piece notched with two rounded lobes; shafts with fine striae (Figures 3 (d), 5(d,e)). Neuroaciculae numbering two in chaetiger 1 with pointed tips, protruding from parapodial lobe (Figure 3 (a–c), 6(d)). Notopodial chaeta first appearing on chaetiger 3, placed on ventral side of cirriophore, slender, slightly bending, furcated, 130 µm long, coarsely serrated subdistally; serrated part with tips 87.5 µm long; long branch 18.7 µm long, short branch 8.7 µm long (Figure 3 (e), 5(f)). Notoacicula single, with pointed tip, bending ventrally, protruding from parapodia on ventral side of cirrophores. Neuropodia well developed with only heterogomph falcigers; numbering 32, with finely serrated blades, measuring 45–175 µm long. In middle chaetigers (chaetiger 11), notopodial furcate chaetae numbering maximally 4, slightly bending, 205 µm long, long branch 21 µm long, short branch 6 µm long, subdistally finely serrated; serrated part 75 µm long. Notoacicula present, numbering one, with pointed tip, bending ventrally, protruding from parapodial lobe. Neuropodia with heterogomph falcigers, numbering 37, blades finely serrated, measuring 87.5–250 µm long. In posterior chaetiger, notopodial furcate chaetae numbering two, slightly bending, 225 µm long, long branch 21.5 µm long, short branch 3.7 µm long; subdistal spines indistinct. Neuropodial falcigers numbering 18, with blades measuring 90–250 µm long. Pygidium rounded, with one pair of long anal cirri. Reproduction Some specimens collected in early September have oocytes within the pharynx and anterior segments, about 50–60 µm in diameter (Figure 6 (c)). Remarks This species is characterised by having a subrectangular prostomium with a minute, bottle-shaped antenna; two pairs of reddish eyes (posterior ones larger); maximally four furcate notochaetae in the middle parapodia; and a prominent triangular, digitiform projection, placed anteriorly near tips of neuropodia. The specimens of O. digitifera sp. nov. have also small body size (6–8 mm), with a small number of chaetigers. The previous described Oxydromus species do not have such a projection on the parapodia. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. is mostly similar to O. pugettensis (Johnson 1901), originally described from the Puget Sound region (US Pacific coast) (Johnson 1901), in the shape of prostomium (longer than wide), the size of eyes (anterior ones larger), the placement of eyes (not close to each other) and the number of notopodial chaetae (fewer than 10), but differs from it in having a bottle-shaped median antenna (slender, tapering in O. pugettensis) and a digitiform projection on parapodia (absent in O. pugettensis). A minute antenna was also previously reported on O. angustifrons from the Philippines (Grube 1878), on O. berrisfordi from the South Africa (Day 1967) and on O. microantennata from the Australian coast (Hutchings and Murray 1984), but O. digitifera sp. nov. mainly differs from these species in the shape of the antenna (bottle-shaped in O. digitifera sp. nov. vs very small, minute, slender in O. microantennata; triangular, tapering in O. angustifrons and O. berrisfordi) and having a digitiform projection on the neuropodium (lacking in other species). The new species is mainly distinguished from the other Oxydromus species (O. pallidus Claparède, 1864, O. agilis (Grube, 1874), O. fasciatus (Grube, 1855) and O. flexuosus (delle Chiaje, 1827)] so far reported from the Mediterranean Sea in having a minute antenna (larger in other species), notopodia with 1–4 chaetae (more than 10 in O. flexuosus), a somewhat rectangular prostomium (rounded in O. fasciatus), and a digitiform projection on parapodia (absent in other species). Etymology The epithet digitifera (Latin digitus, finger-shaped, and fera, bearing) refers to the digitiform projection on the parapodia. Distribution This species was only found in the Levantine Sea, Turkey, eastern Mediterranean, at depths between 22 and 79 m. This species recently appeared in the shallow-water softbottom samples from the region (after the year 2016), known as a hot-spot area for alien polychaete species (Çinar 2009; Çinar and Dağli 2013), so it might have been introduced to the area via an unknown vector. However, more data about its distribution are needed to reach a reliable conclusion. At the moment, this species can be categorised as likely alien species or cryptogenic species., Published as part of Çinar, Melih Ertan, Dağli, Ertan & Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz, 2022, The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna, pp. 1383-1426 in Journal of Natural History 56 (33 - 36) on pages 1393-1399, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2118641, http://zenodo.org/record/7156544, {"references":["Johnson HP. 1901. The Polychaeta of the Puget sound region. Proc Boston Soc Nat Hist. 29: 381 - 437.","Grube AH. 1878. Annulata Semperiana. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Anneliden-fauna der Philippinen nach den von Herrn Prof. Semper mitbrachten Sammlungen. Memoires de I' Academie imperiale des sciences de St. Petersbourg. 25: 1 - 300.","Day JH. 1967. A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Parts I and II. London: British Museum (Natural History); p. 878.","Hutchings PA, Murray A. 1984. Taxonomy of polychaetes from the Hawkesbury River and the southern estuaries of New South Wales, Australia. Rec Aust Mus, Suppl. 3: 1 - 118. doi: 10.3853 / j. 0812 - 7387.3.1984.101.","Cinar ME. 2009. Alien polychaete species (Annelida: Polychaeta) on the southern coast of Turkey (Levantine Sea, eastern Mediterranean), with 13 new records for the Mediterranean Sea. J Nat Hist. 43 (37 - 38): 2283 - 2328. doi: 10.1080 / 00222930903094654.","Cinar ME, Dagli E. 2013. Polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Aegean and Levantine coasts of Turkey, with descriptions of two new species. J Nat Hist. 47 (13 - 14): 911 - 947. doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2012. 752543."]}

Leitoscoloplos mediterranea sp. nov. (Figures 7–10) Type material Levantine Sea, Turkey, holotype. ESFM –POL/2018–156, 09 August 2018, Levantine Sea, DALSW2, 36.702222°N, 28.732247°E, 45 m, fine sandy mud. Paratypes. ESFM –POL/2018–156, 09 August 2018, Levantine Sea, DALSW2, 36.702222°N, 28.732247°E, 45 m, fine sandy mud, 12 specimens; ESFM –POL/2016–248, 14 July 2016, Iskenderun Bay, near Bakü-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Oil Terminal, 36.840833°N, 35.908889°E, 13 m, sandy mud, 1 specimen; ESFM –POL/2015–657, 02 July 2015, Iskenderun Bay, near BaküTbilisi-Ceyhan Oil Terminal, 36.869444°N, 35.919722°E, 5 m, sandy mud, 2 specimens; ESFM –POL/2015–656, 02 July 2015, Iskenderun Bay, near Bakü-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Oil Terminal, 36.864444°N, 35.924444°E, 8.6 m, sandy mud, 6 specimens. Non-type material Aegean Sea, Turkey. ESFM –POL/2014–148, 21 Apr’l 2014, off Akköy, 37.440556°N, 27.123333°E, 65 m, mud, 12 specimens; ESFM –POL/2014–285, 24 July 2014, off Akköy, 37.461667°N, 27.122500°E, 66 m, sandy mud, 58 specimens; ESFM –POL/2014–449, 26 Ocober 2014, off Akköy, 37.461667°N, 27.122500°E, 66 m, sandy mud, 2 specimens; ESFM –POL/2014–488, 27 October 2014, off Güllük, 37.167500°N, 27.466667°E, 46 m, sandy mud, 4 specimens; ESFM –POL/2015–303, 30 August 2015, Marmaris Bay, 36.843889°N, 28.271667°E, 15 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 19 specimens; ESFMPOL/2015–304, 18 August 2015, Güllük, 37.125000°N, 27.508056°E, 48 m, sandy mud, 8 specimens; ESFM –POL/2014–654, 24 July 2014, off Akköy, 37.466667°N, 27.122778°E, 66 m, mud, 69 specimens; ESFM –POL/2015–306, 17 August 2015, off Küçük Menderes River mouth, 37.949444°N, 27.259722°E, 35 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM –POL/2017–204, 01 May 2017, Gökova Bay, 36.791800°N, 27.750970°E, 49 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 23 specimens. Description Holotype complete, 11.6 mm long, 0.5 mm wide across thoracic segments and 1.45 mm across middle segments for about 63 chaetigers; paratypes complete, up to 15 mm long and 0.95 mm wide across thoracic segments for approximately 75 chaetigers. Anterior part flattened dorsoventrally, gradually tapering to posterior end. Colour in alcohol opaque white. Prostomium conical, sharply pointed (Figures 7 (a–c), 9(a–c)); nuchal organs short oval slits on posterior lateral margin (Figures 7 (a,c), 9(a,b)), eyespots absent. Peristomium with one achaetous ring (Figures 7 (a,b), 9(a,b)). Proboscis everted in some paratypes, rounded (Figure 7 (c)); mouth with 6 lobes (Figure 9 (c)). Thoracic region with 10–11 chaetigers. Notopodial postsetal lobe triangular on chaetiger 1; digitiform on following chaetigers, increasing in size along thorax (Figures 7 (b,c), 8 (c)). Neuropodial postsetal lobe on chaetiger 1 small and digitiform; mammiliform on following chaetigers; subpodal flange distinct. Ventral cirri noticable after chaetiger 10 (Figures 7 (b), 10(d)); subpodial lobe/papilla rounded, from chaetigers 9 to 15 (Figures 7 (b), 10(d)). Without subpodal notch. Interramal cirrus absent. Abdominal neuropodia distally bilobed, cylindrical; both lobes short and blunt, but outer lobe broader and slightly longer than inner lobe; more posteriorly both lobes of similar length; without subpodal papilla (Figures 8 (a,b), 10(a,b)); subpodial flange distinct, truncated (Figures 8 (b), 10(d)). All thoracic and abdominal noto- and neurochaetae crenulated capillaries; with crenulations consisting of numerous transverse rows of barbs (Figures 8 (d), 10(b,c)). Thoracic capillaries (noto- and neurosetae) numbering up to 25–29, placed in two rows; abdominal noto- and neurosetae numbering 3–7 capillaries. Furcate and flail chaetae absent. Branchiae present from chaetiger 12, on first abdominal chaetiger; first five pairs small, papilliform, gradually increasing in size towards posterior part; becoming broad, with lateral lobes on middle abdominal chaetigers; rectangular and up to twice width of notopodial lamellae on posterior chaetigers (Figures 8 (a,b), 10(a,b)). Lateral margins densely ciliated (Figures 8 (b), 10(a)). Pygidium bluntly rounded, with terminal anus, bearing two thin elongate anal cirri (Figures 7 (d), 9(d)). Remarks According to the classification of the Leitoscoloplos species by Blake (2017), based on the presence and absence, and the first appearance, of branchiae along the body, Leitoscoloplos mediterranea sp. nov. falls into group D (the L. kerguelensis group), which includes 15 valid species, namely L. bilobatus Mackie, 1987; L. eltaninae Blake, 2017; L. geminus Mackie, 1987; L. kerguelensis (McIntosh, 1885); L. latibranchus Day, 1977; L. mawsoni (Benham, 1921); L. nasus Blake, 2017; L. pachybranchiatus Blake and Hilbig, 1990; L. phyllobranchus Blake, 2017; L. rankini Blake, 2017; L. plataensis Blake, 2017; L. cliffordi Blake, 2020; L. gordaensis Blake, 2020; L. lunulus Blake, 2020; and L. williamsae Blake, 2020. The L. kerguelensis group is characterised by having branchiae first appearing from the anterior abdominal chaetigers; no eyespots; crenulated capillary chaetae on thoracic noto- and neuropodia; nuchal organs (except for L. phyllobranchus); no interramal cirrus, stomach papillae and subpodal notch. Seven of these species, namely L. eltaninae, L. pachybranchiatus, L. rankini, L. cliffordi, L. gordaensis, L. lunulus and L. williamsae, have been found only in the deep sea (deeper than 1000 metres), and seven species, namely L. bilobatus, L. geminus, L. mawsoni, L. nasus, L. phyllobranchus, L. plataensis and L. latibranchus, have been found only in shallow waters, and one species (L. kerguelensis) has been found in both deep and shallow waters. Leitoscoloplos mediterranea sp. nov. is mainly characterised by having a sharply pointed prostomium; mammiliform thoracic neuropodial postsetal lobes; 10–11 thoracic chaetigers; branchiae first emerging on chaetiger 12; subpodal papillae on chaetigers 9 to 15; bilobed abdominal neuropodia; no furcate chaeta; well developed subpodal flanges; and bluntly rounded pygidium with two thin elongate cirri. Among the L. kerguelensis group, the species that, like L. mediterranea sp. nov., do not have furcate chaetae are L. gordaensis, L. latibranchus, L. lunulus, L. pachybranchiatus and L. williamsae. However, L. mediterranea sp. nov. differs from these species in terms of the following characters: (1) the shape of the prostomium (conical, sharply pointed in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs short, bluntly conical in L. latibranchus; conical, smoothly rounded on anterior margin in L. pachybranchiatus; triangular, short in L. gordaensis; semi-circular, narrowing to broadly rounded apex in L. lunulus; and conical, tapering to narrow apex in L. williamsae); (2) the number of thoracic chaetigers (10–11 chaetigers in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs 15–16 chaetigers in L. latibranchus; nine chaetigers in L. pachybranchiatus and L. williamsae; 10–12 chaetigers in L. gordaensis; and 14–15 chaetigers in L. lunulus); (3) the first appearance of the branchiae (on chaetiger 12 in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs on chaetigers 19–22 in L. latibranchus; on chaetigers 13–15 in L. pachybranchiatus; on chaetigers 14–16 in L. gordaensis; on chaetigers 14–15 in L. lunulus; and on 17–18 chaetigers in L. williamsae); (4) the presence of the subpodal papillae (present on chaetigers 9–15 in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs absent in L. latibranchus, L. pachybranchiatus, L. gordaensis, L. lunulus and L. williamsae); and (5) the morphology of the subpodial flange (truncated in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs somewhat rounded in L. lunulus; bulbous in L. williamsae; absent in L. gordaensis, L. pachybranchiatus and L. latibranchus). The only species of the genus that had so far been reported from the Mediterranean Sea is L. kerguelensis. Leitoscoloplos mediterranea sp. nov. mainly differs from this species in lacking the furcate chaetae (present in L. kerguelensis). The other morphological differences are (1) the number of thoracic chaetigers (10– 11 in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs 9 in L. kerguelensis); (2) the number of branchiae (12 pairs in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs 13–14 pairs branchiae in L. kerguelensis); (3) the presence of the subpodal papillae (present in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs absent in L. kerguelensis); (4) the morphology of subpodal flange (distinct, long in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs short, narrow in L. kerguelensis); (5) the presence of forked chaeta (not present in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs present in L. kerguelensis); and (6) the shape of the pygidium (with two thin anal cirri in L. mediterranea sp. nov. vs without anal cirri in L. kerguelensis. Reproduction The specimens of L. mediterranea sp. nov. collected in August have four eggs in each coelomic cavity between chaetigers 14 and 19; egg diameters are between 174 and 191 μm. Etymology The species name refers to the geographical area of its distribution. Distribution The new species is only known from the Levantine and Aegean coasts of Turkey (eastern Mediterranean). However, the previous records of L. kerguelensis from the Mediterranean Sea (Desbruyères et al. 1973; Ramos 1976; Faulwetter et al. 2017) should be examined to determine whether the specimens in fact belong to L. mediterranea sp. nov. Leitoscoloplos kerguelensis was originally described from Antarctica and has been recorded from different locations worldwide. The present article and other newly published papers (e.g. Blake 2017) indicate that the accuracy of these records may be doubtful and needs confirmation. The presence of L. kerguelensis was previously questioned in the Mediterranean Sea by Mackie (1987) and Blake (2017)., Published as part of Çinar, Melih Ertan, Dağli, Ertan & Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz, 2022, The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna, pp. 1383-1426 in Journal of Natural History 56 (33 - 36) on pages 1400-1407, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2118641, http://zenodo.org/record/7156544, {"references":["Mackie ASY. 1987. A review of species currently assigned to the genus Leitoscoloplos day, 1977 (polychaeta: Orbiniidae), with descriptions of species newly referred to Scoloplos Blainville, 1828. Sarsia. 72 (1): 1 - 28. doi: 10.1080 / 00364827.1987.10419701.","Desbruyeres D, Guille A, Ramos J. 1973. Bionomie benthique du plateau continental de la cote Catalane Espagnole. Vie et Milieu. 23: 335 - 363.","Ramos JM. 1976. Haploscoloplos kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885 - nouvel Orbiniidae en Mediterranee occidentale. Vie et Milieu. 26: 1 - 9.","Faulwetter S, Simboura N, Katsiaras N, Chatzigeorgiou G, Arvanitidis C. 2017. Polychaetes of Greece: an updated and annotated checklist. Biodivers Data J. 5: e 20997."]}

The aim of this work was to assess the implementation status of the Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme (IMAP) with the emphasis on two Common Indicators (CIs) related to marine habitats: CI1 - Habitat distributional range and CI2 - Condition of the habitat’s typical species and communities. Here we focus on coralligenous and other calcareous bio-concretions (algal platforms/rims, vermetid reefs, Cladocora caespitosa reefs and rhodolith beds) and elaborate on elements such as scales of monitoring, scales of assessment and assessment criteria as well as threshold and baseline values retrieved from the available data, obtained through extensive literature review and consultation with experts. The analysis revealed that at least one of the selected biogenic habitats was represented in the national monitoring programmes of 70% of the Contracting Parties (CPs) to the Barcelona Convention. The information was unavailable for 15% of CPs. Herein we discuss a way towards a more standardized and coherent monitoring and assessment of the IMAP Common Indicators related to marine habitats in preparation of the 2023 Mediterranean Quality Status Report.

Nephtys kersivalensis McIntosh, 1908 (Figure 8) Nephtys kersivalensis McIntosh, 1908: 20, Pl. LXVI, Fig. 5; Rainer 1989: 882, Figs. 2A���F; Rainer 1991: 78, Fig. 2D; Hartmann- Schr��der 1996: 229, Fig. 101; Dnestrovskaja & Jirkov 2001: 203; Laborda 2004: 406, Figs. 149A���C; Ravara et al. 2010: 55, Figs. 11, 21. Material examined. Sea of Marmara: ESFM-POL/2013-1321, 06 June 2013, station Y1, 40��00���32������N, 26��13���04������E, 25 m, mud with black detritic material, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1351, 07 June 2013, station Y5, 40��20���55������N, 26��40���38������E, 25 m, mud, 13 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1353, 07 June 2013, station Y5, 40��21���21������N, 26��39���59������E, 50 m, mud with Amphiura filiformis, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1515, 08 June 2013, station Y9, 40��26���25������N, 27��11���29������E, 25 m, mud with Amphiura filiformis, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1356, 16 June 2013, station Y22, 40��22���18������N, 28��00���41������E, 10 m, sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1357, 19 June 2013, station Y39, 40��39���36������N, 29��09���18������E, 10 m, sandy mud with detritic material, 1 specimen. Description. Largest specimen complete, 22.9 mm long, 1 mm wide, with 69 chaetigers. Colour cream or light brownish in ethanol. When pharynx not everted, prostomium subrectangular (0.2 mm long, 0.2 mm wide), anterior margin straight, posterior margin ���U��� shaped; when pharynx everted, prostomium becoming subpentagonal, with a ���V��� shaped posterior margin (Fig. 8A). Antennae (0.07 mm) and palps (0.09 mm) conical and similar in length, palps arising at ventro-lateral margin of prostomium (Fig. 8A). Pharynx with 10 pairs of bifid papillae (0.17 mm), separated by a dorsal and ventral gap; 22 rows of 4���6 long subterminal papillae (0.13 mm); middorsal papilla very long (0.4 mm), conical; midventral papilla absent, proximal part of pharynx smooth. Nuchal organs rounded, conspicuous. Two visible eyes only in small specimens. One pair of brownish jaws, triangular in shape, situated on the antero-lateral margin of pharynx (Fig. 8I). Chaetiger 1 smaller than subsequent ones, directed anteriorly, parallel to prostomium; ventral cirri conical (0.07 mm) with a broad base, as long as antennae and palps. Parapodia biramous, ���U��� shaped in anterior region, ���V��� shaped in middle and posterior regions. Prechaetal lamellae well developed on chaetiger 2. Neuropodial and notopodial postchaetal lamellae well developed from chaetiger 3 and 4, respectively. In anterior parapodia (chaetiger 10), notopodial postchaetal lamellae rounded, 1/3 times longer than acicular lobe. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae well developed, rounded with slightly angular corners, �� times longer than acicular lobe; noto- and neuropodial prechaetal lamellae rounded, smaller than acicular lobes (Fig.8B). On middle parapodia (chaetiger20���40), notopodial postchaetal lamellae slightly truncated, longer than acicular lobe, neuropodial postchaetal lamellae rounded with slightly angular corners (see arrow at Fig. 8C), two times longer than acicular lobe; prechaetal lamellae bilobed; in notopodia, ventral parts slightly larger than dorsal parts in notopodia, and clearly unequal in neuropodia (Figs. 8C, D). In posterior parapodia (chaetiger 60), notopodial postchaetal lamellae rounded, similar size to acicular lobes, neuropodial postchaetal lamellae rounded, equal or slightly longer than acicular lobe; notopodial prechaetal lamellae bilobed with equal parts, neuropodial prechaetal lamellae unequally bilobed, both smaller than acicular lobes (Fig. 8E). Acicular lobes rounded (Fig. 8B) on anterior chaetigers, conical on middle and posterior chaetigers; with a rugose (zigzag-like structure) area (Fig. 8F) in the ventral surface of the acicular lobes, close to the acicula (difficult to see); clearly seen between chaetigers 8 and 20, indistinct/absent in subsequent chaetigers. Dorsal cirri small (0.08 mm), conical to digitiform. Ventral cirri conical in whole body, about as long as dorsal cirri. Branchiae recurved, cirriform, with conspicuous papillae-like basal projection (similar in size to dorsal cirri on posterior chaetigers); present from chaetiger 4 to posterior end, except for last 5���6 chaetigers (Figs. 8B���E). Three types of chaetae present in parapodia; capillary chaetae, barred chaetae and spinulated chaetae. Chaetiger 1 with 15���18 capillary chaetae (300 ��m) arranged in a bundle in neuropodia, 6���7 barred (Fig. 8G) and 3���4 spinulated (Fig. 8H) chaetae with very smooth teeth in notopodia. Noto- and neuropodia of subsequent parapodia with up to 11 barred chaetae on preacicular position and up to 15���16 spinulated chaetae with one lateral row of spines on postacicular position. Barred chaetae thick in anterior chaetigers, thin in posterior chaetigers; bar occupying area diminishing towards posterior end; only a basal area of 0.1 mm lacking bars on chaetiger 10, while an area of 1.2 mm lacking bars on chaetiger 50. One reddish-brown acicula present per ramus; with a straight tip in anterior region, with a strongly curved tip in middle and posterior regions. Pygidium rounded with one digitiform anal cirrus placed dorsally, as long as the last 3���4 chaetigers. Remarks. Nephtys kersivalensis was originally described by McIntosh (1908) as a young stage of N. hombergii Savigny in Lamarck, 1818. Rainer (1989) provided detailed descriptions of these two closely related species. The Sea of Marmara specimens of N. kersivalensis (largest complete specimen 22.5 mm length with 74 chaetiger) are smaller than those found in the North Sea (39 mm length with 81 chaetiger) by Rainer (1989), in the coasts of Spain (40 mm with 90 chaetiger) by Laborda (2004), and in the southern Europe (up to 40 mm length with 69 chaetiger) by Ravara et al. (2010). Distribution. North Atlantic Ocean (Rainer 1991; Laborda 2004; Ravara et al. 2010; Gil 2011); Mediterranean Sea (Coll et al. 2010), Sea of Marmara (present study). Habitat. This species is typically found in muddy-sand bottoms. It occurs up to 295 m depth (Rainer 1991; Laborda 2004; Gil 2011). It was found at 10���50 m depths in the present study., Published as part of Ku��, Sevgi, Kurt, G��ley & ��inar, Melih Ertan, 2021, Nephtyidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, with descriptions of two new species, pp. 183-214 in Zootaxa 5060 (2) on pages 202-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5060.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5627169, {"references":["McIntosh, W. C. (1908) Polychaeta. Nephthydidae to Syllidae. In: A Monograph of the British Annelids. 2 (1). Ray Society, London, pp. 1 - 232.","Rainer, S. F. (1989) Redescription of Nephtys assimilis and N. kersivalensis (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) and a key to Nephtys from Northern Europe. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 875 - 889. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400032227","Rainer, S. F. (1991) The genus Nephtys (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) of northern Europe: a review of species, including the description of N. pulchra sp. n. and a key to the Nephtyidae. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen, 45, 65 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02365637","Dnestrovskaja, N. Yu. & Jirkov, I. A. (2001) Nephtyidae Grube 1850. In: Polychaeta of the Arctic Ocean. Yanus-K Press, Moscow, pp. 1 - 632.","Laborda, A. J. (2004) Familia Nephtyidae Grube, 1850. In: Vieitez, J. M., Alos, C., Parapar, J., Besteiro, C., Moreira, J., Nunez, J., Laborda, A. J. & San Martin, G. (Eds.), Annelida, Polychaeta I. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. CSIC, Madrid, pp. 390 - 419.","Ravara, A., Cunha, M. R. & Pleijel, F. (2010) Nephtyidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from southern Europe. Zootaxa, 2682 (1), 1 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2682.1.1","Lamarck, J. B. (1818) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Deterville & Verdiere, Paris, 612 pp.","Gil, J. C. F. (2011) The European fauna of Annelida Polychaeta. Universidade de Lisboa. Lisboa, 1554 pp.","Coll, M., Piroddi, C., Steenbeek, J., Kaschner, K., Lasram, F. B. R., Aguzzi, J., Ballesteros, E., Bianchi, C. N., Corbera, J., Dailianis, T., Danovaro, R., Estrada, M., Froglia, C., Galil, B. S., Gasolm J. M., Gertwage, R., Gil, J., Guilhaumon, F., Kesner-Reyes, K., Kitsos, M. S., Koukouras, A., Lampadariou, N., Laxamana, E., de la Cuadra, C. M. L. F., Lotze, H. K., Martin, D., Mouillot, D., Oro, D., Raicevich, S., Rius-Barile, J., Saiz-Salinas, J. I., Vicente, C. S., Somot, S., Templado, J., Turon, X., Vafidis, D., Villanueva, R. & Voultsiadou, E. (2010) The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, patterns and threats. Plos One, 5 (8), e 11842. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0011842"]}

Nephtys sinopensis n. sp. (Figures 9–12) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B5246F9A-7912-4CE0-A5D8-5B7F9B673F14 Material examined. Holotype: Black Sea: ESFM-POL/2016-243, 26 July 2016, station TRK25, 42°16’60”N, 34°56’14”E, 19.5 m, sand with shell fragments. Paratypes. Black Sea: ESFM-POL/2016-242, 25 July 2016, station TRK22, 42°2’34”N, 33°49’33”E, 22 m, shell fragments with phytodetritic material, 21 specimens; ESFM-POL/2016-244, 26 July 2016, station TRK25, 42°16’60”N, 34°56’14”E, 19.5 m, sand with shell fragments, 33 specimens; ESFM-POL/2016-245, 27 July 2016, station TRK32, 42°0’57.24”N, 35°9’28.51”E, 60 m, mud with shell fragments, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2016-246, 27 July 2016, station TRK35, 41°33’40”N, 36°34’19”E, 50 m, mud and phytodetritic material, 2 specimens. Additional material. Sea of Marmara: ESFM-POL/2013-1359, 06 June 2013, station Y1, 40°01’08’’N, 26°13’00’’E, 50 m, mud with detritic material, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1360, 16 June 2013, station Y27, 40°23’30’’N, 29°03’54’’E, 10 m, mud with shell fragments, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1362, 26 June 2013, station Y50, 41°12’16’’N, 29°07’15’’E, 10 m, mud with shell fragments; 8 specimens; Black Sea: ESFM-POL/2014- 645, 12 July 2014, station TRK7, 41°18’40”N, 29°40’10”E, 27 m, mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM- POL/2014-646, 13 July 2014, station TRK10, 41°19’40”N, 30°47’55”E, 21 m, coarse sand with shell fragments, 15 specimens; ESFM-POL/2014-644, 13 July 2014, station TRKE1, 41°23’36”N, 31°38’11”E, 21 m, mud with shell fragments, 41 specimens; ESFM-POL/2014-647, 14 July 2014, station TRK13, 41°37’20”N, 31°51’3”E, 21 m, coarse sand with phytodetritic material, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2014-648, 15 July 2014, station TRK22, 42°2’34”N, 33°49’33”E, 25 m, mud with shell fragments, 23 specimens; ESFM-POL/2014-649, 15 July 2014, station TRK25, 42°16’60”N, 34°56’14”E, 21 m, mud with shell fragments, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2014-650, 17 July 2014, station TRK34Y, 41°33’40”N, 36°34’19”E, 21 m, mud with phytodetritic material, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2014-651, 17 July 2014, station TRK37, 41°19’40”N, 36°32’10”E, 10 m, mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2014-652, 18 July 2014, station TRK44, 41°4’2”N, 38°2’49”E, 52 m, shell fragments with phytodetritic material, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2014-653, 19 July 2014, station TRK55, 41°1’45”N, 39°54’15”E, 21 m, mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2015-294, 02 July 2015, station TRK1, 41°55’34”N, 28°12’27”E, 21 m, shell fragments with fine sand, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2015-295, 03 July 2015, station TRK7, 41°18’40”N, 29°40’10”E, 21 m, shell fragments with fine sand, 8 specimens; ESFM-POL/2015-296, 03 July 2015, station TRK10, 41°19’40”N, 30°47’55”E, 20 m, shell fragments with fine sand, 5 specimens; ESFM- POL/2015-293, 04 July 2015, station TRKE1, 41°23’36”N, 31°38’11”E, 13 m, shell fragments with phytodetritic material, 23 specimens; ESFM-POL/2015-297, 04 July 2015, station TRK13, 41°37’20”N, 31°51’3”E, 18 m, fine sand with shell and detritic fragments, 18 species; ESFM-POL/2015-298, 04 July 2015, station TRK13A, 41°35’23.22”N, 32°2’4.73”E, 17 m, shell fragments with fine sand, 7 specimens; ESFM-POL/2015-299, 05 July 2015, station TRK22, 42°02’34”N, 33°49’33”E, 21 m, phytodetritic material with shell fragments, 11 specimens; ESFM-POL/2015-300, 07 July 2015, station TRK35, 41°20’48”N, 36°23’27”E, 48 m, mud with fine sand and shell fragments, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2015-301, 08 July 2015, station TRK37, 41°19’40”N, 36°32’10”E, 9 m, mud with shell fragments and fine sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2016-239, 24 July 2016, station TRK10, 41°19’40”N, 30°47’55”E, 20 m, shell fragments with phytodetritic material, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2016-238, 24 July 2016, station TRKE1, 41°23’36”N, 31°38’11”E, 12 m, mud with shell fragments, 21 specimens; ESFM-POL/2016-240, 26 July 2016, station TRK13, 41°37’20”N, 31°51’3”E, 19 m, fine sand with shell fragments, 9 specimens; ESFM- POL/2016-241, 26 July 2016, station TRK16, 41°43’10”N, 32°4’60”E, 20 m, mud with phytodetritic material, 9 specimens; ESFM-POL/2017-198, 26 July 2016, station TRK13, 41°37’20”N, 31°51’3”E, 19 m, fine sand with shell fragments, 23 specimens; ESFM-POL/2017-199, 27 July 2017, station TRK22, 42°2’34”N, 33°49’33”E, 27 m, shell fragments with phytodetritic material, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2017-200, 27 July 2017, station TRK25, 42°16’60”N, 34°56’14”E, 19 m, mud with shell fragments, 21 specimens, ESFM-POL/2017-201, 30 July 2017, station TRK34Y, 41°19’40”N, 36°32’10”E, 20 m, mud with phytodetritic material, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2017- 202, 31 July 2017, station TRK37, 41°32’60”N, 36°40’40”E, 8 m, shell fragments with phytodetritic material, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2018-150, 22 July 2018, station TRK10, 41°19’40”N, 30°47’55”E, 21 m, fine sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2018-149, 22 July 2018, station TRKE1, 41°23’36”N, 31°38’11”E, 14 m, fine sand with shell fragments, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2018-151, 23 July 2018, station TRK13, 41°37’20”N, 31°51’3”E, 20 m, sandy mud with detritic material, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2018-152, 25 July 2018, station TRK22, 42°2’34”N, 33°49’33”E, 25 m, mud with shell fragments and detritic material, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2018-153, 26 July 2018, station TRK25, 42°16’60”N, 34°56’14”E, 20 m, sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2018-154, 28 July 2018, station TRK37, 41°32’60”N, 36°40’40”E, 8.5 m, sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2018-155, 01 August 2018, station TRK61, 41°46’0”N, 41°31’0”E, 45 m, mud with phytodetritic material, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2019-52, 05 July 2019, station TRK7, 41°18’40”N, 29°40’10”E, 22 m, mud, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-53, 07 July 2019, station TRKE1, 41°23’36”N, 31°38’11”E, 14 m, fine sand with shell fragments, 4 specimens; ESFM-POL/2019-54, station TRK22, 09 July 2019, 42°2’34”N, 33°49’33”E, 25 m, mud with shell fragments and detritic material, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2019-55, 09 July 2019, station TRK25, 42°16’60’’N, 34°56’14”E, 20 m, mud, 5 specimens. Other comparative material examined: Nephtys cirrosa Ehlers, 1868, Aegean Sea (Gökçeada), ESFM- POL/2000-625, 13 August 2000, 40˚07’22”N, 25˚39’50”E, 15 m, sand, 26 specimens. Description. Holotype complete, 11.5 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, with 55 chaetigers. Sizes of paratypes varies between 8–12 mm long and 0.6–0.8 mm wide with 47–58 chaetigers. Body wider anteriorly, gradually tapering from middle region to pygidium. Colour cream in ethanol. When pharynx everted, prostomium subpentagonal (0.17 mm) as long as wide, anterior margin convex, posterior margin “V” shaped (Figs. 9A, 10B); when pharynx not everted, prostomium subrectangular, anterior margin slightly convex, posterior margin “U” shaped (Fig. 10A), extending over chaetiger 1. Antennae (0.09 mm) and palps (0.07 mm) digitiform with swollen tips, palps slightly shorter than antennae, inserted on ventro-lateral margin of prostomium (Figs. 9A, 10A, B). Pharynx with 10 pairs of terminal bifid papillae (0.09 mm), separated by a dorsal and ventral gap (Figs. 9A, 10C); middorsal papilla slender (0.17 mm), conical, slightly longer than subterminal ones (0.09 mm) (Fig. 10C); midventral papilla absent; with 21–22 rows of 6–7 conical subterminal papillae, (3–4 long, 3–4 small papillae) extending over 2/3 length of pharynx (Figs. 9A, 10B), proximal region of pharynx smooth. One pair of light brown jaws, triangular in shape, on the antero-lateral margin of pharynx. (Fig. 9B). One pair of eyes visible in small specimens on chaetiger 3. Nuchal organ rounded, conspicuous. Parapodia of chaetiger 1 without dorsal cirri or lamellae, smaller than subsequent ones, directed anteriorly, close to prostomium. Ventral cirri of chaetiger 1 digitiform with a broad base and swollen tip (Figs. 9A, 10A, B), almost ½ times shorter than palps (0.03 mm). Parapodia biramous, interramal space “U” shaped anteriorly, becoming “V” shaped on posterior parapodia, covered with regular ciliated patches (Fig. 11C). Prechaetal lamellae well developed on chaetiger 2–3. Noto- and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae well developed on chaetiger 4 and 2, respectively. On anterior chaetigers (chaetiger 10), prechaetal lamellae well developed, simple and triangular in neuropodia, bilobed in notopodia; similar in size to acicular lobes in notopodia, slightly longer than acicular lobes in neuropodia; noto- and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae rounded, longer than acicular lobes (Figs. 9F, 10D). On middle chaetigers (chaetiger 20–40) prechaetal lamellae reducing gradually and fusing with acicular lobe (Figs. 9G, H, 11A); noto- and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae rounded (Fig. 11B), morphologically similar to those on anterior chaetigers, but neuropodial lamellae much longer, extending beyond acicular lobes. On posterior chaetigers (chaetiger 52) prechaetal lamellae almost reduced and appearing as a small piece of acicular lobe in neuropodia (Figs. 9I, 11C); noto- and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae, rounded, as long as acicular lobes (Figs. 9I, 11C, D). Acicular lobes rounded anteriorly, become conical on middle and posterior chaetigers (Figs. 9F–I, 11A, C, D). Dorsal cirri long, cirriform, as long as branchiae on first 7–8 anterior chaetigers and last 7–8 posterior chaetigers (Figs. 9F–I, 11D), smaller than branchiae on middle chaetigers, strongly covered with irregular ciliated patches. Ventral cirri long, digitiform with a tapering tip, almost equal in size to parapodial lobes in posterior chaetigers (Figs. 9F–I, 11D, 12C–E). Branchiae very small on all chaetigers, almost equal in length to dorsal cirri on anterior and posterior chaetigers, recurved in median region, straight in anterior and posterior region; cirriform, starting from chaetiger 4 to posterior end; well developed on chaetigers 9–10; occupying 1/2 of interramal space when fully developed (Figs. 9F–I, 11A, B), with densely ciliated patches, irregularly distributed. Four types of chaetae present in parapodia; capillary chaetae, barred chaetae, geniculate chaetae and spinose chaetae. Chaetiger 1 with 5–6 capillary chaetae in neuropodia and 6–7 barred chaetae in notopodia. Geniculate chaetae (150 µm) first appearing in noto- and neuropodia of chaetiger 3 or 4, placed on postacicular area, numbering 1–4 in each ramus (Figs. 9C, 12A). Long spinose chaetae (900 µm) contain randomly scattered spines; first appearing in noto- and neuropodia of chaetiger 2, placed on postacicular area, numbering 20–25 in each ramus (Figs. 9D, 12B). Barred chaetae (200 µm) first appearing on chaetiger 1, thick in anterior chaetigers, numbering up to 6 in notopodia and up to 8 in neuropodia, becoming thin in posterior chaetigers; bar covering area of chaetae not significantly changing on chaeta from anterior and posterior regions of body (Figs. 9E, 12B). Number of barred and geniculate chaetae decreasing towards last two chaetigers. Spinose chaetae still outnumbered (15–16) and long even in posterior chaetigers. One yellowish-brown acicula present in each ramus, with a straight tip in anterior and median parapodia; with a curved tip in posterior parapodia. Pygidium rounded with one digitiform anal cirrus placed dorsally, as long as the last 2–3 chaetigers. Reproduction. Almost 1/4 of the population consists of mature individuals. Eggs appears in the coelomic cavity of posterior chaetigers. The diameter of eggs varied between 75 and 90 μm. Eggs are light yellowish in color and the specimens did not have any morphological modification on the body. Remarks. Nephtys sinopensis n. sp. differs from other Nephtys species by having small body sizes and geniculate chaetae on the postacicular area of the noto- and neuropodia. Nephtys sinopensis n. sp. is morphologically similar to N. cirrosa Ehlers, 1868, but differs from it by a number of characters (see Table 1). The presence of the geniculate chaetae on the postacicular area of the noto- and neuropodia was also mentioned for N. cirrosa, but the number of chaetae in each parapodia are different in these species. Nephtys sinopensis n. sp. bears only up to 4 geniculate chaetae (based on the largest and mature specimen), whereas N. cirrosa has 7–15 geniculate chaetae in each ramus (Fauvel 1923; Rainer 1991; Dnestrovskaja & Jirkov 2001; this study). When compared to N. sinopensis n. sp. (8–12 mm long, 0.6–0.8 mm wide for 47–58 chaetigers), N. cirrosa has larger-body sizes (53 mm long for 95 chaetigers (Ehlers 1868); 70 mm long (Kiseleva 2004); 84 mm long for up to 99 chaetigers (Ravara et. al. 2010); 30 mm long for 70 chaetigers in this study). Nephtys sinopensis n. sp. does not present the spatula-shaped prostomium typical for N. cirrosa. In addition, the ventral cirri of chaetiger 1 are equal or slightly longer than the antennae and palps in N. cirrosa, whereas the ventral cirri of chaetiger 1 are almost half as long as the antennae and palps in N. sinopensis n. sp. The proboscis of N. sinopensis n. sp. possesses 21–22 rows of 6–7 subterminal papillae (some 2–3 irregular papillae also count as a row), whereas the proboscis of N. cirrosa has 22 rows of 9–10 subterminal papillae. Another important difference between these two species is the shape of acicular lobes, which are conical in N. sinopensis n. sp. vs. unequally bilobed in N. cirrosa. Nephtys cirrosa is commonly known as “catworm” because of having extremely long antennae, palp and ventral cirri on chaetiger 1. Although Nephtys ehlersi Heinen 1911 and N. cirrosa were considered as synonymous by Rainer (1991). Ravara et al. (2010) described two different forms of N. cirrosa (A and B) and proposed that the Form B is quite similar to the original description of N. ehlersi, whereas Form A is similar to the original description of N. cirrosa. The Form A is mainly characterized by having rounded to bilobed acicular lobes, rudimentary notopodial prechaetal lamellae and a middorsal papilla subequal in size to the other subterminal papillae. Nephtys cirrosa Form B is mainly characterized by having rounded to conical acicular lobes, well developed and bilobed notopodial prechaetal lamellae and a middorsal papilla longer than the subterminal papillae. The bilobed notopodial prechaetal lamellae and rounded/conical acicular lobes of N. cirrosa Form B are similar to those of N. sinopensis n. sp. However, N. cirrosa form B has relatively larger postchaetal lamellae and orange pigmentation in the prostomium (see Ravara et al., 2010), whereas N. sinopensis n. sp. has smaller postchaetal lamellae and without pigmentation on the prostomium. In addition, N. cirrosa Form B has bilobed neuropodial prechaetal lamellae in the anterior chaetiger (see Ravara et al., 2010, Fig. 15K), but in N. sinopensis n. sp. they are simple and triangular. More importantly, N. sinopensis n. sp. has longer ventral cirri, as long as the parapodial lobes in the posterior region, which are quite shorter than the parapodial lobes in N. cirrosa Form A and B (see Ravara et al., 2010, Figs. 15M and 15G). Distribution. Black Sea and Sea of Marmara. Habitat. This species is typical in fine sand and muddy substratum. It is widely distributed between 10 and 50 m depth. It was found only at three stations in the Sea of Marmara, but very common in the Black Sea. Etymology. This species name refers from to the type locality, Sinop (Turkey). Type locality. Sinop, Turkey, Black Sea.

Inermonephtys turcica n. sp. (Figures 2–4) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1C719DAD-B8C1-4E95-ACE7-CEC32B55DF07 Material examined. Holotype: ESFM-POL/2000-910, Aegean Sea, 03 August 2000, Saros Bay, 40˚20’03”N, 26˚13’12”E, 94 m, muddy sand. Paratypes: ESFM-POL/2013-1305, Sea of Marmara, 15 June 2013, station Y21, 40°35’14’’N, 27°57’16’’E, 50 m, muddy sand with shell fragments; ESFM-POL/2000-911, Aegean Sea, 03 August 2000, Saros Bay, 40˚20’03”N, 26˚13’12”E, 94 m, muddy sand, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2000-916, 02 August 2000, Gökçeada, 40˚13’20”N, 26˚03’00”E, 96 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2000-912, 15 September 2000, Didim, 37˚23’55”N, 27˚06’52”E, 71 m, muddy sand, 6 specimens; ESFM-POL/2000-917, 14 September 2000, Kuşadası Bay, 37˚55’18”N, 27˚07’41”E, 78 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2000-918, 29 September 2000, Güllük Bay, 37˚12’43”N, 27˚12’18”E, 85 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2000-915, 18 September 2000, Bodrum, 36˚59’00”N, 27˚05’35”E, 83 m, mud, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2000-919, 18 September 2000, Gökova Bay, 36˚58’30”N, 27˚57’10”E, 109 m, muddy sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2000-913, 21 September 2000, Bozburun, 36˚42’30”N, 28˚00’15”E, 57 m, muddy sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2016-349, 15 August 2016, Aliağa, 38°49’23.88”N, 26°57’4.74”E, 21 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2000-914, 23 September 2000, Marmaris, 36˚44’30”N, 28˚26’10”E, 110 m, sand with mud, 1 specimen. Additional material. Levantine Sea: ESFM-POL/2005-3416, 30 September 2005, Finike Bay, 36°16’3.47”N, 30°11’19.81”E, 100 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2005-3417, 30 September 2005, Finike Bay, 36°16’7.88”N, 30°12’22.66”E, 100 m, mud, 2 specimens. Description. Holotype (ESFM-POL/2000-910) posteriorly incomplete, 25.7 mm long, 2.8 mm wide, with 97 chaetigers; paratypes incomplete (some pygidium-bearing posterior parts present); 25–55 mm long, 2.14–2.9 wide and 44–109 chaetigers. Colour in ethanol yellowish, without any pigmentation (Fig. 3A). Prostomium subrectangular (0.6 mm long, 0.5 mm wide), flattened, reaching to chaetiger 2 (Figs. 2A, 3B). Anterior margin rounded, posterior margin “V” shaped, with a pair of conspicuous and digitiform nuchal organs (Figs. 2A, 3B). Eyes visible in small specimens (1 mm wide) becoming indistinct or absent in larger specimens. Antennae absent. One pair of cushionlike palps with digitiform tips (0.08 mm long) present on ventro-lateral margin of prostomium (Figs. 2B, 3C). Pharynx partly everted; proboscis without papillae. One pair of jaws present near pharyngeal base, light brown, spindle-shaped (length about 0.7 mm long, height 0.3 mm) (Fig. 2C). Parapodia of first chaetiger slightly smaller than subsequent ones, directed anteriorly, parallel to prostomium. First parapodia with well developed notopodial postchaetal lamellae, conical neuropodia with protruding acicular lobe, ventral and dorsal cirri. Dorsal and ventral cirri of the first chaetiger conical, with a broad base and tapering distally, similar in size (0.2 mm) (Figs. 2A, 3B). Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae well developed on chaetiger 2 in largest paratype, and on chaetiger 3 or 4 in small specimens. Prechaetal lamellae well developed on neuropodia of chaetiger 4 and on notopodia of chaetiger 5 (in smallest specimens very rudimentary and could not be seen in the whole body). In anterior chaetigers (chaetiger 10), prechaetal lamellae small, broadly rounded, shorter than acicular lobe (Figs. 2G, 4A 1); notopodial postchaetal lamellae well developed, broadly rounded, extending well beyond acicular lobe (Figs. 2G, 4A 2); neuropodial postchaetal lamellae cylindrical, extending well beyond acicular lobe (Figs. 2G, 4A 2). In chaetiger 20, prechaetal and postchaetal lamellae somewhat similar to those on chaetiger 10 (Figs. 2H, 4B 1), but notopodial postchaetal lamellae becoming leaf-like with a tapered tip (Figs. 2H, 4B 2). In middle chaetigers (chaetiger 40), notopodial postchaetal lamellae narrower distally, tapered towards a rounded tip, neuropodial postchaetal lamellae cylindrical, extending well beyond acicular lobe (Figs. 2I, 4C 2); noto- and neuropodial prechaetal lamellae rounded, shorter than acicular lobes (Figs. 2I, 4C 1). In posterior chaetigers (chaetiger 102), notopodial postchaetal lamellae leaf-like, similar to chaetiger 20 but with more pointed tips (Figs. 2J, 4D 2). Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae reduced, almost not visible (Figs. 2J, 4D 1–2). Noto- and neuropodial prechaetal lamellae small, rounded, narrower than anterior and median region (Figs. 2J, 4D 1). Acicular lobes oblique-shaped in anterior region (Figs. 2G, 4A 1 –B 1), becoming conical in middle region (Figs. 2I, 4C 1) and acutely pointed in posterior region (Figs. 2J, 4D 1). Branchiae involute, long and digitiform (Figs. 2G–J, 4A–D), heavily ciliated when fully developed, starting from chaetiger 3 (as a small papilla) or 4, in large specimens (body width> 2 mm); from chaetiger 5–7 in medium size specimens (body wide 1 to 2 mm); and from chaetiger 10–13 in small specimens (body wide Dorsal cirri conical, longer than branchiae on first 4–5 anterior chaetigers; relatively robust and shorter in following parapodia, becoming slender and longer towards the posterior end (Figs. 2G–J, 4A–D). Ventral cirri conical in anterior and middle region, longer than neuropodial acicular lobes (Figs. 2G–I, 4A–C), become leaf-like in posterior parapodia, and similar size to the neuropodial lobes (Figs. 2J, 4D). Four types of chaetae present in parapodia; capillary chaetae, barred-like chaetae, spinulated chaetae and lyrate chaetae. Capillary chaetae only present on notopodia of first chaetiger, numbering 3–4. Barred chaetae with very light sandpaper-like appearance (Figs. 2E, 3F), thick and long, numbering 7–8 in first chaetiger, becoming thinner and shorter in middle parapodia, first appearing on both preacicular position of noto- and neuropodium of chaetiger 1 and disappearing in chaetiger 30–33. Spinulated chaetae first appearing on postacicular position of neuropodia in chaetiger 1, with one lateral row of coarsely serrated edge (Figs. 2F, 3D). Spinulated chaetae begin to appear on both pre- and postacicular position of noto- and neuropodia after disappearence of barred chaetae in chaetiger 30–33, numbering 30–35 in median chaetigers. Lyrate chaetae starting from chaetiger 3 or 4 in adults and on chaetiger 6–7 in small specimens, until the end of body, numbering 1–4 in each ramus, with slightly unequal branches (Figs. 2D, 3E). Aciculae reddish-brown, with strong longitudinal stripes, blunt tips in anterior and middle parapodia, becoming clearly curved in posterior parapodia; numbering 3–4 per ramus in first 7–10 anterior parapodia, 2 between parapodia 10 and 30–33 in adults, and 1 in posterior chaetigers; usually, notopodia carrying one more acicula than neuropodia in anterior chaetigers, and number of aciculae changing according to body size (1 in juveniles, up to 4 in adults). Pygidium rounded with one anal cirrus placed dorsally. Reproduction. One of the paratypes had eggs. Eggs appear from median chaetigers to posterior, in the coelomic cavity. The diameter of eggs varied between 100 and 120 μm. Eggs are light yellowish in colour and the specimens did not have any morphological modification on the body. Remarks. The genus Inermonephtys includes ten valid species: I. aramco Ravara & Carvalho, 2017, I. brasiliensis Martin, Gil & Da Cunha Lana, 2009, I. foretmontardoi Ravara, Cunha & Pleijel, 2010, I. gallardi Fauchald, 1968, I. inermis (Ehlers, 1887), I. japonica Imajima & Takeda, 1985, I. palpata Paxton, 1974, I. patongi Nateewathana & Hylleberg, 1986, I. soldius Franco & Rizzo, 2016 and I. tetrophthalmus Rainer & Kaly, 1988. Inermonephtys turcica n. sp. differs from the other Inermonephtys (except I. foretmontardoi) species in having long and digitiform neuropodial postchaetal lamellae on the anterior and middle chaetigers. Inermonephtys turcica n. sp. closely resembles I. foretmontardoi and I. inermis. This new species differs from I. inermis in having well developed neuropodial postchaetal lamellae in the anterior and middle regions, which extend well beyond the acicular lobes (rudimentary throughout the body in I. inermis) and differs from I. foretmontardoi in having barred chaetae in the preacicular area of the noto- and neuropodia, shape of palps (digitiform process with cushion-like base in I. turcica n. sp., ovoid, very small in I. foretmontardoi) and the first presence of branchiae (from chaetiger 4 in I. foretmontardoi; from chaetiger 3 to 13 in I. turcica n. sp.). In addition, the neuropodial postchaetal lamellae on the posterior chaetigers are greatly reduced and smaller than acicular lobes in I. turcica n. sp., a character that has not been mentioned in the original description of I. foretmontardoi (holotype incomplete) by Ravara et al. (2010). Another close species, I. aramco from the southern region of the Red Sea, differs from I. turcica n. sp. by the presence of branchiae from chaetiger 15 or 16 (3–13 in I. turcica n. sp.), and the rudimentary neuropodial postchaetal lamellae (well developed in I. turcica n. sp.). In addition, Ravara & Carvalho (2017) described Inermonephtys aff. inermis from the Red Sea based on a single specimen that has mixed characteristics of I. foretmontardoi and I. inermis. This species differs from I. turcica n. sp. by having rounded postchaetal lamellae slightly shorter than the acicular lobe (well developed and longer than acicular lobes in anterior and median chaetigers of I. turcica n. sp.) and spinose preacicular chaetae (preacicular chaetae are barred in anterior and median chaetigers, spinulated in posterior chaetigers in I. turcica n. sp.). The lack of barred chaetae in the posterior chaetigers in I. turcica n. sp. was also mentioned for I. soldius described from the coast of Brazil. However, these two species differ from each other by a set of morphological characters: 1) neuropodial postchaetal lamellae are rounded in I. soldius. vs. long and digitiform in I. turcica n. sp., 2) branchiae start at chaetiger 5 in I. soldius vs. between chaetigers 3 and 13 in I. turcica n. sp., 3) parapodia bear 1 or 2 aciculae in I. soldius vs. bear up to 4 aciculae in anterior parapodia in I. turcica n. sp. Since the majority of the individuals of Inermonephtys turcica n. sp. were incomplete, except for the smallest specimens, it was not possible to compare biometric features of the species such as the body length, the number of chaetigers and the number of branchiae-bearing chaetigers. However, the width of the chaetiger 15 was used to designate three size groups within I. turcica n. sp.: adult (body width> 2 mm), young (between 2 mm and 1 mm) and juveniles (body width Distribution. Sea of Marmara, Aegean Sea, Levantine Sea Habitat. This species was predominantly found in muddy sandy biotopes between 21 and 109 m depths. Etymology. This species name refers to the type locality, Turkey.

Levinsenia marmarensis Çinar, Dagli & Açik, 2011 (Figures 7–8) Levinsenia marmarensis Çinar, Dagli & Açik, 2011: 2132–2136, Figs 9–10. Material examined. ESFM-POL/2013-61, 06 June 2013, Y2, 40°06’59’’N, 26°22’04’’E, 50 m, muddy sand, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-98, 07 June 2013, Y6, 40°26’03’’N, 26°41’59’’E 25 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1174, 08 June 2013, Y9, 40°28’09’’N, 27°11’14’’E, 50 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1175, 12 June 2013, Y19, 40°56’10’’N, 27°44’16’’E, 100 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 7 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1176, 12 June 2012, Y20, 40°56’23’’N, 27°55’23’’E, 100 m, mud, 10 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013- 1177, 15 June 2013, Y24, 40°57’20’’N, 28°07’21’’E, 100 m, muddy sand with shell fragment, 4 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1180, 16 June 2013, Y25, 40°26’49’’N, 28°19’11’’E, 50 m, mud, 2 specimens. Description. All specimens incomplete, 4.3–14.1 mm, 0.12–0.20 mm wide, with 29–73 chaetigers. Color in alcohol dull white. Body long, slender; anterio-dorsal side slightly swollen, prebranchial region wider than branchial region, body tapering to posterior part (Figs 7A; 8 A–B). Prostomium more or less subtriangular, much longer than wide (ratio length / width: 1.03), anterior part of prostomium slightly rounded with an eversible palpode (Figs 7A; 8 B–D), without eyes. In some specimens, a pair of bulges on posterio-lateral side of prostomium (Fig. 8 C–D). A pair of nuchal organs as narrow, deep, vertical slits, placed on dorso-lateral sides of posterior part of prostomium; cilia protruding out of each slit; without pigmentation (Fig. 8C). Cilia patches, lateral organ and cheek organ absent on lateral side of prostomium. Peristomium indistinct on dorsal and lateral sides, only discernable under SEM, partly fused with anterior margin of chaetiger 1 on dorsal side. Mouth with three buccal lips; two placed anteriorly and one placed posteriorly with six longitudinal folds, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1. A pair of ciliary slits (csal) present on anterior margin of anterior lips (Fig. 8D). Dorso-lateral irregular pores (dlip) present, located regularly just posterior to branchiae and irregularly on dorsal side of body (Fig. 8H). Branchiae 6–8 pairs, beginning on chaetiger 7; short, slightly flattened, lanceolate, with a rounded tip, last pair always shorter (Figs 7A; 8A, E); 136 μm long in anterior part, 164 μm long in middle part, 147 μm long in posterior part of branchial region. Interramal lobes and notopodial papilla absent. Notopodia not fused with branchiae (Fig 8E). Notopodial postchaetal lobes short and rounded on first two chaetigers; relatively long and digitiform between chaetigers 3–12; short and rounded in posterior region (Figs 8E, G–H). Neuropodial postchaetal lobes absent. Lateral sense organs present on all chaetigers, located between notopodia and neuropodia, just posterior to notopodial postchaetal lobes; elliptical with irregularly clustered pores from prebranchial region to middle part of branchial region; more or less elliptical with irregularly clustered pores from middle part to posterior part of branchial region (Fig. 8 G–H); with 16–18 pores in prebranchial region (long axis of organ: 11–12 μm), with 10–12 pores (long axis: 4–5 μm) in branchial region. Two types of chaetae present on chaetigers; capillary and modified neurochaetae (Fig. 8 F–G). Capillary chaetae starting in both noto- and neuropodia of chaetiger 1 and present on all subsequent chaetigers, arranged as bundles, colorless; in anterior notopodia, numbering 8–19 in each ramus and ca. 128 μm long; in middle notopodia numbering 4–5 in each ramus and ca. 95 μm long; in posterior notopodia, numbering 2–5 in each ramus and ca. 76 μm long; in anterior neuropodia, numbering 9–10 in each ramus and ca. 139 μm long; in middle neuropodia, numbering 8–10 in each ramus and ca. 136 μm long and in posterior neuropodia, numbering 1–3 in each ramus and ca. 68 μm long. Modified neuropodial chaetae present from chaetigers 18–20 to posterior chaetigers, numbering 6–8 in each neuropodium, arranged in one row, superior chaetae relatively straight and long, inferior chaetae much shorter and curved, about 20 μm long, hook shaped, strongly curved, with rudimentary, fibrillar hood on convex side, with a naked tip (Figs 7B; 8F). Pygidium missing. Remarks. The specimens of Levinsenia marmarensis found in this study matched well with its original description (Çinar et. al. 2011); furthermore, the following characters were described for the first time for Levinsenia marmarensis: ciliary slits, dorso-lateral irregular pores and lateral sense organs. Habitat and Distribution. The specimens of Levinsenia marmarensis were found on soft substrata between 25 and 100 m depths in the Sea of Marmara. Çinar et al. (2011) previously reported this species in the similar habitat and depths (17–54 m) in same the region. This species was also reported from the Aegean Sea (Çinar et al. 2014)., Published as part of Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz & Çinar, Melih Ertan, 2021, Levinsenia species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara with descriptions of two new species, pp. 151-180 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 160-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4438141, {"references":["Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. & Acik, S. (2011) Annelids (Polychaeta and Oligochaeta) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of five new species. Journal of Natural History, 45, 2105 - 2143. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2011.582966","Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. & Kurt-Sahin, G. (2014) Checklist of Annelida from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 734 - 764. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / zoo- 1405 - 72"]}

Levinsenia materi Çinar & Dagli 2013 (Figures 9–11) Levinsenia materi Çinar & Dagli 2013: 941–945, Figs 11–12. Material examined. ESFM-POL/2013-39, 6 June 2013, Y1, 40°00’27’’N, 26°13’24’’E, 10 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1288, 06 June 2013, Y1, 40°00’32’’N, 26°13’04’’E, 25 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013- 48, 06 June 2013, Y2, 40°06’28’’N, 26°22’51’’E, 10 m, mud with shell fragments, 4 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013- 54, 6 June 2013, Y2, 40°06’32’’N, 26°22’31’’E, 25m, mud with pebbles, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1291, 06 June 2013, Y2, 40°06’59’’N, 26°22’04’’E, 50 m, muddy sand, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-70, 06 June 2013, Y3, 40°12’15’’N, 26°26’12’’E, 25 m, mud, 6 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1367, 07 June 2013, Y4, 40°17’36’’N, 26°35’51’’E, 10 m, on Pomatoceros triqueter aggregation, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-80, 07 June 2013, Y4, 40°17’49’’N, 26°35’44’’E, 25 m, maerl bed, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1109, 07 June 2013, Y4, 40°18’09’’N, 26°35’15’’E, 50 m, sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-90, 07 June 2013, Y5, 40°20’55’’N, 26°40’38’’E, 25 m, mud, 4 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1110, 07 June 2013, Y7, 40°24’28’’N, 26°51’24’’E, 25 m, maerl bed, 6 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1111, 07 June 2013, Y8, 40°25’15’’N, 27°03’49’’E, 10 m, mud, 63 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1114, 08 June 2013, Y9, 40°26’25’’N, 27°11’29’’E, 25 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013- 1115, 08 June 2013, Y9, 40°28’09’’N, 27°11’14’’E, 50 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1117, 09 June 2013, Y17, 40°39’16’’N, 27°41’14’’E, 25 m, fine sand, 14 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1026, 09 June 2013, Y17, 40°39’58’’N, 27°41’08’’E, 50 m, mud with Amphiura filiformis, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1120, 12 June 2013, Y19, 40°56’10’’N, 27°44’16’’E, 100 m, muddy sand, 11 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1122, 15 June 2013, Y21, 40°29’54’’N, 27°58’28’’E, 25 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013- 1123, 16 June 2013, Y24, 41°03’08’’N, 28°08’44’’E, 25 m, muddy sand with Lithothamnion sp., 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-670, 16 June 2013, Y24, 41°00’16’’N, 28°07’50’’E, 50 m, muddy sand with shell fragment, 8 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1126, 17 June 2013, Y29, 40°32’34’’N, 28°46’53’’E, 25 m, sandy mud with Lithothamnion sp., 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1127, 17 June 2013, Y29, 40°32’39’’N, 28°46’42’’E, 50 m, muddy sand, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1129, 14 June 2013, Y31, 40°01’44’’N, 28°26’31’’E, 10 m, sand with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1130, 24 June 2013, Y35, 40°57’22’’N, 28°58’21’’E, 50 m, mud, 4 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1131, 21 June 2013, Y38, 40°46’12’’N, 29°17’21’’E, 100 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1132, 20 June 2013, Y41, 40°42’42’’N, 29°25’20’’E, 50 m, mud, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1133, 20 June 2013, Y41, 40°43’18’’N, 29°24’58’’E, 100 m, mud, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1028, 20 June 2013, Y42, 40°45’43’’N- 29°29’39’’E, 50 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1189, 26 June 2013, Y50, 41°12’16’’N, 29°07’25’’E, 10 m, sand, 1 specimen. Description. All specimens incomplete, 7.9– 27 mm long, 12.9–0.24 mm wide, with 51–111 chaetigers. Color in alcohol usually light yellow. Body long, stout, anterio-dorsal side slightly swollen, posterior part of body stout; with a black tube (Fig. 9A). Prostomium conical, longer than its width (ratio length / width: 1.6); anterior part more or less truncated, with an eversible palpode; with two distinct annulations, without eyes (Figs 9B; 10 A–C). A pair of nuchal organs as long, wide, vertically placed on dorso-lateral sides of posterior part of prostomium; without cilia and pigmentation (Fig. 10 B–C). Cheek organ and lateral organ absent. Cilia patches (cp) as a vertical slit with cilia, present on lateral sides of prostomium (Fig. 10 C–D). Peristomium indistinct on dorsal and lateral sides, only discernable under SEM, partly fused with anterior margin of chaetiger 1 on dorsal side (Fig. 10 A–C). Mouth with three buccal lips; two placed anteriorly and one placed posteriorly with six longitudinal folds, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1; proboscis without lobes. Branchiae 14–16 pairs, beginning on chaetiger 8, first and last pairs relatively short (Figs 9 A–B; 10A); flattened dorso-ventrally, lanceolate, with a rounded tip; dense ciliary bands present on both sides of outer margin of branchiae; 164 μm long in anterior part, 178 μm long in middle part, 150 μm long in posterior part of branchial region. Interramal lobes and notopodial papilla absent. Branchiae fused to notopodia, merging degree decreasing from anterior to posterior part of branchial region (Fig. 11 A–C). Notopodial postchaetal lobes short and cirriform on first seven chaetigers; relatively long and digitiform between chaetigers 8–22 (emerging on branchiae in branchial region); indistinct in posterior region. Neuropodial postchaetal lobes absent. Lateral sense organs present on all chaetigers, located between notopodia and neuropodia, just posterior to notopodial postchaetal lobes; elliptical with irregularly clustered pores in middle part of branchial region, straight line-shaped with regularly clustered pores from posterior part of branchial region to end of body (Fig. 11B, D); with 17–20 pores (long axis: 5–6 μm) in branchial region, with 28–30 pores (length of lateral sense organ: 10.5–11 μm) in posterior region. Three types of chaetae present: limbate, capillary and modified neurochaetae. Limbate chaetae present in notopodia from chaetiger 1 to chaetiger 20–26 and in neuropodia from chaetiger 1 to chaetigers 22–27, long, thin and straight with fibrils along edge (hirsute), positioning straight, colorless; in notopodia, numbering 7–14, arranged in 2–3 rows, ca. 183 µm long; in neuropodia, numbering 6–15, arranged in 2–3 rows, ca. 195 µm long. Capillary chaetae starting from chaetiger 20–27 to end of body; in middle notopodia, numbering 8–10 in each ramus, two rows and ca. 150 μm long; in posterior notopodia, numbering 3–5 in each ramus, one row and ca. 156 μm long; in middle neuropodia, numbering 10–12 in each ramus, two rows and ca. 136 μm long and in posterior neuropodia, numbering 2–4 in each ramus, one row and ca. 120 μm long. Modified neuropodial chaetae starting from chaetigers 20–27 to posterior chaetiger; numbering 4 in each neuropodium, arranged in one row, superior chaetae relatively straight and long, inferior chaetae much shorter and curved, about 60 μm long, thin, blade shaped, slightly curved near terminal region, with a pointed tip; rudimentary, fibrillar hood on convex side, with a naked tip (Figs 9C; 11D). Pygidium missing. Reproduction. Some specimens of Levinsenia materi with gametes were found in the Sea of Marmara. Eggs usually first occurred at chaetiger 37 and continued to the posterior end, and numbered six between chaetigers 37 and 42, and eight afterwards. The egg diameter varied between 54 and 118 μm. In male specimens, sperm packages occurred at chaetigers 45–51 and numbered two packages per chaetiger (Fig 9A). Çinar & Dagli (2013) reported egg carrying specimens of this species in August and September in the Aegean Sea and noted the egg diameter ranging from 38 to 80 μm (Çinar & Dagli 2013). Remarks. The specimens of Levinsenia materi from the Sea of Marmara are morphologically identical to the original description of the species. However, we found 2–3 more branchial pairs in the larger specimens herein described, which might be a size-related character. The cilia patches (cp) on the prostomium, which were noted by Lovell & Fitzhugh (2020) on Levinsenia barwicki Lovell & Fitzhugh 2020, were only observed on L. materi among the Levinsenia species found in the Sea of Marmara. Habitat and Distribution. The specimens of Levinsenia materi in the Sea of Marmara were found on soft substrata at 10 and 100 m depths. Çinar & Dagli (2013) reported this species at 19–37 m depth on soft substrata and Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Aegean Sea., Published as part of Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz & Çinar, Melih Ertan, 2021, Levinsenia species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara with descriptions of two new species, pp. 151-180 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 162-166, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4438141, {"references":["Cinar, M. E. & Dagli, E. (2013) Polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Aegean and Levantine coasts of Turkey, with de- scriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History, 47, 911 - 947. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2012.752543","Lovell, L. L. & Fitzhugh, K. (2020) Taking a closer look: an SEM review of Levinsenia species (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) reported from California. Zootaxa, 4751 (2), 257 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4751.2.3"]}

Levinsenia kosswigi Çinar, Dagli & Açik, 2011 (Figures 5–6) Levinsenia kosswigi Çinar, Dagli & Açik, 2011:2129–2132, Figs 7–8. Material examined. ESFM-POL/2013-38, 06 June 2013, Y1, 40°00’27’’N, 26°13’24’’E, 10 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-79, 07 June 2013, Y4, 40°17’49’’N, 26°35’44’’E, 25 m, maerl bed, 4 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-104, 07 June 2013, Y5, 40°20’55’’N, 26°40’38’’E, 25 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1138, 07 June 2013, Y8, 40°25’15’’N- 27°03’49’’E, 10 m, mud, 22 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1085, 09 June 2013, Y17, 40°39’16’’N, 27°41’14’’E, 25 m, fine sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1140, 09 June 2013, Y17, 40°39’58’’N- 27°41’08’’E, 50 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-592, 20 June 2013, Y42, 40°45’43’’N, 29°29’39’’E, 50 m, mud, 1 specimen. Additional material examined. Holotype, ESFM-POL/2010-16, 15 April 2010, Sea of Marmara, 40°27’18’’N, 27°4’6’’E, 66 m, mud. Description. All specimens incomplete, 6.6– 25 mm long, 0.13–0.20 mm wide, with 56–92 chaetigers. Color in alcohol usually pale yellowish. Body long, anterio-dorsal side strongly swollen, widths of prebranchial and branchial regions nearly same; getting gradually thinner from post branchial region to posterior end; with a black tube (Fig. 5A). Prostomium conical, longer than wide (ratio length / width: 1.20); anterior part truncated with an eversible palpode; without eyes; with two annulations (Fig. 5 A–B). A pair of nuchal organs placed as vertical lines on dorsolateral sides of posterior part of prostomium; without internal cilia; with two large brown spots on lateral sides of nuchal organs (Fig. 5 A–B). Cilia patches and lateral organ absent. Cheek organ present on lateral sides of prostomium (Fig. 6A). Peristomium indistinct on dorsal and lateral sides, only discernable under SEM, partly fused with anterior margin of chaetiger 1 on dorsal side. Mouth with three buccal lips; two placed anteriorly and one placed posteriorly with six longitudinal folds, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1; proboscis with lobes (Figs 5B; 6A). Branchiae 15–19 pairs, beginning on chaetiger 8 or 9, first and last pairs relatively short (Figs 5A; 6B); cylindro-conical shaped, distal part with a round tip; dense ciliary bands present on both sides of outer margin of branchiae until middle region of branchiae; 320 µm long in anterior part, 408 µm long in middle part, 353 µm long in posterior part of branchial region. All branchiae fused to notopodia, merging degree decreasing from anterior to posterior part of branchial region (Fig. 6 B–C) Interramal lobes and notopodial papilla absent. Notopodial postchaetal lobes present, short and cirriform on first eight chaetigers (prebranchial region); thick and digitiform in branchial region, emerging on base of branchiae, with a rounded joint on tip; short, thick and with a rounded joint on tip in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 6C, E). Neuropodial postchaetal lobes and ventral lobes absent. Lateral sense organs present on all chaetigers, located between notopodia and neuropodia, just posterior to notopodial postchaetal lobes; more or less rounded in shape with irregularly clustered pores on chaetigers from middle to posterior part of branchial region, straight line-shaped with regularly clustered pores in posterior part of body (Fig. 6 D–E); with 30–35 pores (length of lateral sense organ: 11–12 μm) in middle region, with 40–45 pores (length of lateral sense organ: 10–11 μm) in posterior region; with flexible cilia distinctly protruding from opening or embedded into pore. Three types of chaetae present on chaetigers: limbate, capillary and modified neurochaetae. Limbate chaetae present in notopodia from chaetiger 1 to chaetiger 8–15 and in neuropodia from chaetiger 1 to chaetiger 27–32, long, thin and straight with fibrils along edge (hirsute), positioning straight, colorless; in notopodia, numbering 7–15, arranged in two rows, ca. 192 µm; in neuropodia, numbering 10–20, arranged in two rows, ca. 211 µm. Capillary chaetae starting in notopodia of chaetiger 9–16 and in neuropodia of chaetiger 28–33 to end of body, arranged as bundle, colorless (Figs 6 B–C, E); in anterior notopodia, numbering 6–10 in each ramus and ca. 190 μm long; in posterior notopodia numbering 5–8 in each ramus and ca. 177 μm long in middle region and numbering 3–5 in each ramus and ca. 170 μm long; in middle neuropodia, numbering 8–10 in each ramus and ca. 232 μm long and in posterior neuropodia numbering 4–6 in each ramus and ca. 218 μm long. Modified neuropodial chaetae present from chaetiger 26–32 to end of body; each neuropodium carrying 4–6 modified neurochaetae, arranged in one row, superior chaetae relatively straight and long, inferior chaetae much shorter and curved, about 40 μm long, thick, slightly curved, more or less sail-shaped hook, with a rudimentary, fibrillar hood on convex side (Figs 5C; 6E). Pygidium missing. Reproduction. Eggs were found in some specimens of Levinsenia kosswigi collected from the Sea of Marmara. They usually first occurred at chaetiger 34 and continued to the posterior end and numbered six in each chaetiger. The egg diameter varied between 54 and 130 μm. Remarks. The specimens of Levinsenia kosswigi from the present study are morphologically similar to the type specimens of the species collected from the Sea of Marmara, but some of our specimens have a larger body size (max. 15–16 mm in the type specimens vs. max. 25 mm in our specimens). Besides, the following characters were described for the first time in this study for Levinsenia kosswigi: cheek organ, notopodial postchaetal lobes with a rounded joint on tip, notopodium fused with the branchiae, lateral sense organs and limbate chaetae. The fusion of the notopodium with the branchiae is herein described for the first time. It seems that this character is unique for this genus within Paraonidae and has not been observed in the other genera studied in the Sea of Marmara (Erdoğan-Dereli et al. 2017; Erdoğan-Dereli & Çinar 2019; 2020a). The cheek organ on the prostomium of Levinsenia species was first described as tubercles with cilia by Strelzov (1979). Later, this organ was proved not to be unique to Levinsenia and also described on the specimens of Paraonis fulgens from the Levantine Sea by Erdoğan-Dereli & Çinar (2020b) However, contrary to the Strelzov’s observation, this organ lacks cilia in all Levinsenia species found in the study area, except for L. materi (Figs 6A; 16B; 17A; 21 A–D). Habitat Distribution. This species was found on soft substrata between 10 and 50 m in the Sea of Marmara. Çinar et al. (2011) previously reported this species in the same habitat at 66–70 m depth in the same region. This species also occurred in the Levantine Sea (Çinar et al. 2014)., Published as part of Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz & Çinar, Melih Ertan, 2021, Levinsenia species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara with descriptions of two new species, pp. 151-180 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 156-159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4438141, {"references":["Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. & Acik, S. (2011) Annelids (Polychaeta and Oligochaeta) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of five new species. Journal of Natural History, 45, 2105 - 2143. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2011.582966","Erdogan-Dereli, D., Cinar, M. E. & Dagli, E. (2017) Cirrophorus species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Paraonidae) in the Sea of Mar- mara, with description of a new species. Zootaxa, 4347 (1), 137 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4347.1.8","Erdogan-Dereli, D. & Cinar, M. E. (2019) The genus Paradoneis (Annelida: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descrip- tions of two new species. Zootaxa, 4686 (4), 465 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.2","Erdogan-Dereli, D. & Cinar, M. E. (2020 a) The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Mar- mara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna. Zootaxa, 4844 (1), 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4844.1","Strelzov, V. E. (1979) Polychaete Worms of the Family Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909 (Polychaeta, Sedentaria). Amerind Publishing Co., for The Smithsonian Institution & The National Science Foundation, New Delhi, 212 pp. [English translation from Russian]","Erdogan-Dereli, D. & Cinar, M. E. (2020 b) Paraonis fulgens (Annelida: Paraonidae), a new species record for the marine fauna of Turkey. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 181 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.12714 / egejfas. 37.2.09","Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. & Kurt-Sahin, G. (2014) Checklist of Annelida from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 734 - 764. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / zoo- 1405 - 72"]}

Levinsenia tribranchiata Çinar, Dagli & Açik, 2011 (Figures 12–14) Levinsenia tribranchiata Çinar, Dagli & Açik, 2011:2136–2140, Figs 11–12. Material examined. ESFM-POL/2013-103, 07 June 2013, Y5, 40°20’55’’N, 26°40’38’’E, 25 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1169, 07 June 2013, Y7, 40°24’28’’N, 26°51’24’’E, 25 m, maerl bed, 9 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1171, 09 June 2013, Y17, 40°39’58’’N, 27°41’08’’E, 50 m, mud, 44 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1173, 16 June 2013, Y25, 40°24’48’’N, 28°20’41’’E, 25 m, sandy mud with Amphiura filiformis, 1 specimen. Description. All specimens incomplete, 6.8–9.2 mm, 0.12–0.20 mm wide with 35–60 chaetigers. Color in alcohol dull white. Body long, fragile, slender and thin, anterior part of body wider and anterio-dorsal side slightly swollen, posterior part of body filiform (Fig. 12A). Prostomium conical, wider than long (ratio length / width: 0.90), anterior part more or less rounded with a cylindrical palpode, without eyes. A pair of nuchal organs as narrow deep, short slits, vertically placed on dorso-lateral sides of posterior part of prostomium; with scarce internal cilia; without pigmentation (Fig. 13A, D). Cilia patches and cheek organ absent on lateral side of prostomium. Lateral organ (lo) located on lateral sides of prostomium, more or less elliptical, with irregularly arranged pores (Fig. 13 D–E). Peristomium indistinct on dorsal and lateral sides, only discernable under SEM, partly fused with anterior margin of chaetiger 1 on dorsal side. Mouth with three buccal lips; two placed anteriorly and one placed posteriorly with five longitudinal folds, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1. A pair of ciliary slits (csal) present on anterior margin of anterior lips, proboscis with dense cilia. (Fig. 13 B–C). Branchiae always three pairs, beginning on chaetiger 6; slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, cylindro-conical shaped, with a rounded tip; dense ciliary bands present on both sides of outer margin of branchiae until subdistal region (Figs 12B; 14 A–B); 71 μm long in anterior part, 60 μm in middle part, 41 μm in posterior part of branchial region. Notopodia completely fused with branchiae on first branchial chaetiger, partly fused on remaining branchial chaetigers (Figs 14 A–B, D) Interramal lobes and notopodial papilla absent. Notopodial postchaetal lobes short, cirriform on chaetigers 1–5; relatively long, digitiform on chaetigers 6–9; long, filiform in posterior region. Neuropodial postchaetal lobes absent (Fig. 14 A–E). Lateral sense organs present on all chaetigers, located between notopodia and neuropodia, just posterior to notopodial postchaetal lobes; elliptical with irregularly clustered pores from prebranchial region to end of branchial region; straight line-shaped with regularly clustered pores from posterior part of branchial region to end of body (Fig. 14 C–E); with 7–8 pores in prebranchial region (long axis of organ: 3–4 μm), with 16–18 pores (long axis: 6–6.5 μm) in branchial region, with 14–16 pores (long axis: 6–6.5 μm) in posterior region; with flexible cilia distinctly protruding from opening or embedded into pore. Three types of chaetae present on chaetigers: limbate, capillary and modified neurochaeta. Limbate chaetae present in notopodia from chaetiger 1 to chaetiger 5–9 and in neuropodia from chaetiger 1 to chaetiger 10–13, long, thin and straight with fibrils along edge (hirsute), positioning straight, colorless; in notopodia, numbering 7–9, arranged in two rows, ca. 114 µm long; in neuropodia, numbering 8–10, arranged in two rows, ca. 130 µm long. Capillary chaetae starting from chaetiger 6–14 to posterior-most chaetiger, arranged as rows; in middle notopodia, numbering 7–8 in each ramus, two rows and 90 μm; in posterior notopodia, numbering 4–5 in each ramus, two rows and 73 μm long; in middle neuropodia, numbering 13–15 in each ramus, two rows and 150 μm long; in posterior neuropodia, numbering 2–3 in each ramus, one row and 52 μm long. Modified neuropodial chaetae starting from chaetigers 13–15 to posterior-most chaetiger, numbering 3–5 in each neuropodium, arranged in one row, superior chaetae relatively straight and long, inferior chaetae much shorter and curved, about 17 μm long, hook-shaped, slightly curved, with a distinct, fibrillar hood on convex side, not reaching to tip (Figs 12C; 14E). Pygidium missing. Reproduction. Some specimens of Levinsenia tribranchiata from the Sea of Marmara had eggs in their coelomic cavities from chaetiger 15 to the end of the body; each chaetiger had 10 eggs. The egg diameter varied between 60 and 134 μm. Çinar et al. (2011) reported egg-bearing specimens of this species in April from the Sea of Marmara, with diameters varying between 45 and 95 μm. Remarks. The specimens Levinsenia tribranchiata collected during the present study closely coincided with the original description of the species. Compared to other Levinsenia species, L. tribranchiata has a different sensory organ, the lateral organ, placed on the lateral sides of the prostomium. This type of lateral organ is first described for the genus Levinsenia, although it was previously described for Paradoneis longifurcata (Erdoğan-Dereli & Çinar 2019). It is noteworthy that these two species belonging to different genera share the same morphological structure. Habitat and Distribution. This species was found on soft substrata between 25 and 50 m depths in the present study. This species was also reported from similar habitats between 17 and 100 m depths in the Sea of Marmara, and the Aegean and Levantine Seas (Çinar et al. 2011; 2014)., Published as part of Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz & Çinar, Melih Ertan, 2021, Levinsenia species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara with descriptions of two new species, pp. 151-180 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 167-169, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4438141, {"references":["Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. & Acik, S. (2011) Annelids (Polychaeta and Oligochaeta) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of five new species. Journal of Natural History, 45, 2105 - 2143. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2011.582966","Erdogan-Dereli, D. & Cinar, M. E. (2019) The genus Paradoneis (Annelida: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descrip- tions of two new species. Zootaxa, 4686 (4), 465 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.2","Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. & Kurt-Sahin, G. (2014) Checklist of Annelida from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 734 - 764. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / zoo- 1405 - 72"]}

Levinsenia vulgaris n. sp. (Figures 19–22) Levinsenia vulgaris n. sp.: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5BF49C1C-B5C6-4DA4-9F4C-39FA538E4B4E Material examined. Holotype. ESFM-POL/2013-1380, 20 June 2013, Y41, 40°42’42’’N, 29°25’20’’E, 50 m, mud with shell fragments. Paratypes. ESFM-POL/2013-1181, 12 June 2013, Y20, 40°57’09’’N, 27°54’46’’E, 50 m, mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1182, 16 June 2013, Y24, 41°03’08’’N, 28°08’44’’E, 25 m, muddy sand with Lithothamnion sp., 4 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-633, 23 June 2013, Y31, 40°53’30’’N, 28°27’32’’E, 500 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1183, 23 June 2013, Y33, 40°54’37’’N, 28°44’53’’E, 200 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1184, 24 June 2013, 40°54’50’’N, 28°52’12’’E, Y 34, 100 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-628, 21 June 2013, Y37, 40°47’01’’N, 29°07’57’’E, 500 m, mud, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1185, 19 June 2013, Y38, 40°47’42’’N, 29°18’22’’E, 50 m, muddy sand, 12 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-623, 19 June 2013, Y40, 40°43’12’’N, 29°17’33’’E, 500 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1186, 20 June 2013, Y41, 40°42’42’’N, 29°25’20’’E, 50 m, mud, 6 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013- 1187, 20 June 2013, Y42, 40°45’43’’N, 29°29’39’’E, 50 m, mud, 6 specimens. Additional material. ESFM-POL/2016-44, 17 August 2016, Aegean Sea, Ildır Bay, 38º27’15”N, 26º26’38”E, 65 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2017-79, 14 August 2017, Levantine Sea, Mersin Bay, 36°45’44”N, 34°39’03”E, 16 m, mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen. Description. Holotype incomplete, 12.6 mm long, 0.22 mm wide for 67 chaetigers; all paratypes incomplete, 3.6–10.2 mm long, 0.14–0.22 mm wide for 30–59 chaetigers. Color in alcohol light yellow; red coloration present on dorsal body side of specimens with gametes (Figs 20 A–C, H). Body slender, fragile; slightly wider and with antero-dorsal side swollen in prebranchial chaetigers, prebranchial and branchial chaetigers nearly of the same width, posterior part thin (weakly moniliform in gamete bearing specimens) (Figs 19A; 20 A–C, H). Prostomium conical, longer than wide (ratio length / width: 1.5); anterior end somewhat rounded with an eversible palpode, without eyes (Figs 19B; 21A, C). A pair of nuchal organs as narrow deep, short slits, vertically placed on dorso-lateral sides of posterior part of prostomium; with scarce internal cilia; without pigmentation (Figs 19 A–B; 20B; 21A). Cilia patches and lateral organ absent. Cheek organ located on lateral sides of prostomium; retractile and rounded in shape (Figs 19 A–B; 21A–D). Peristomium indistinct on dorsal and lateral sides, only discernable in SEM picture, partly fused with anterior margin of chaetiger 1 on dorsal side. Mouth with two buccal lips; one placed anteriorly, and one placed posteriorly, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 20D). Dorsal ciliary bands (dcb) present, located on dorsal side of branchial chaetigers. Short dorsal ciliary bands (sdcb) present just ventral to each branchial base as a transversal line (Fig. 22C). Ciliary bands absent on ventral side of body. Dorso-lateral irregular pores (dlip) present, located on ventral side of each branchia and scattered on dorsal side of body (Fig. 22D). Branchiae 14 pairs in holotype, 11–15 in paratypes, beginning on chaetiger 6; flattened dorso-ventrally, lanceolate, distal part with a rounded tip; first two pairs of branchiae relatively small and ciliary bands rudimentary; last pairs of branchiae shortest; dense ciliary bands located on both sides of outer margin of branchiae reaching subdistal region (Figs 19 A–B; 20A; 22A, D); ca. 210 μm long in anterior part, ca. 248 μm long in middle region, ca. 216 μm long in posterior part of branchial region. Notopodium fused with branchiae, merging degree decreasing from anterior to posterior part of branchial region (Fig 22A). Interramal lobes and notopodial papilla absent. Notopodial postchaetal lobes present, very short and cirriform on first five chaetigers (prebranchial chaetigers); emerging from branchiae, short and pyriform on chaetiger 6 and 7; long, digitiform, with more or less symmetrically enlarged base in the rest of the branchial region, length progressively increasing posteriorly; very short and cirriform on postbranchial chaetigers (Figs 19 A–B; 22A–B, D–E). Neuropodial postchaetal lobes absent. Lateral sense organs present on all chaetigers, located between notopodia and neuropodia, just posterior to notopodial postchaetal lobes; elliptical with irregularly clustered pores from prebranchial region to middle part of branchial region; (Fig. 22B, E); with 10–13 pores in prebranchial region (long axis of organ: 5–5.5 μm), with 13–15 pores (long axis: 6–6.5 μm) in branchial region; with flexible cilia distinctly protruding from opening or embedded into pore. Three types of chaetae present on chaetigers: limbate, capillary and modified neurochaeta. Limbate chaetae present on noto- and neuropodia of chaetigers 1–5; long, thin and straight with fibrils along edge (hirsute), positioning straight, colorless; in notopodia, numbering 6–15, arranged in two rows, ca. 204 µm long; in neuropodia, numbering 7–18, arranged in two rows, ca. 146 µm long. Capillary chaetae commencing from noto- and neuropodia of chaetiger 6 to last posterior chaetiger; in notopodia, numbering 5–8 in each ramus, two rows and ca. 197 μm long in middle region, numbering 2–4 in each ramus, one row and ca. 114 μm long in posterior region; in neuropodia, numbering 6–10 in each ramus, two rows and ca. 177 μm long in middle region, numbering 3–4 in each ramus, one row and ca. 109 μm long in posterior region. Modified neuropodial chaetae starting from chaetigers 23–32 to last posterior chaetiger, numbering 4–6, arranged in one row, superior chaetae relatively straight and long, inferior chaetae much shorter and curved, about 55 μm long, shape similar along in body regions, as a slender hook, weakly curved towards terminal region, with a rounded tip; with a distinct fibrillary hood on convex side (Figs 19C; 20 E–G). Pygidium missing. Reproduction. Eggs were present in some specimens of Levinsenia vulgaris n. sp. collected in June from the Sea of Marmara. Eggs usually first occurred at chaetiger 30, continued to the posterior end, and numbered 12 in each chaetiger. The egg diameter varied between 16 and 27 μm. The egg bearing specimens from the study area lacked coloration. The male specimens collected in August from the Aegean Sea had specific red color patterns on the dorsal side of each chaetiger from chaetiger 24 to the end of the body (Fig. 20C, H). Remarks. Levinsenia vulgaris n. sp. is mainly characterized by having five prebranchial chaetigers, mostly 14–15 pairs of branchiae, very short branchiae pairs on the first two branchial chaetigers, and the branchiae fused with notopodia and notopodial lobes, which have symmetrical enlargements at the base. Morphologically, Levinsenia vulgaris n. sp. is similar to L. kantauriensis Aguirrezabalaga & Gil 2009, L. kirbyae Lovell 2002, L. materi Çinar & Dagli 2013 and L. gracilis (Tauber 1879). The latter was re-described by Lovell and Fitzhugh 2020 based on syntypes and topotypes. However, these species differ from each other in terms of the following diagnostic features: (1) Fusion of notopodia with branchiae: fused in L. vulgaris n. sp.; not fused in L. gracilis, L. kantauriensis, L. kirbyae and L. materi. (2) The number of prebranchial chaetiger: five in L. vulgaris n. sp.; 5–7 in L. gracilis, five in L. kantauriensis, and seven in L. kirbyae and L. materi. (3) Branchiae: lanceolate with a rounded tip, 11–15 pairs in L. vulgaris n. sp.; digitiform, with a blunt tip, 7–16 pairs in L. gracilis; cirriform with a rounded tip, 5–6 pairs in L. kantauriensis; conical, gradually tapering to tip, 13–14 pairs in L. kirbyae; conical with a rounded tip, 11–14 pairs in L. materi. (4) Notopodial postchaetal lobes: very short and cirriform in the prebranchial region, pyriform in the first two branchial chaetigers, long, digitiform with a symmetrical basal enlargement in the branchial region, short and cirriform in the posterior part of the body in L. vulgaris n. sp.; as low mounds in the prebranchial region, digitiform without a basal enlargement in the branchial region and shorter in the posterior region of the body in L. gracilis; short and rounded in the prebranchial region, long, digitiform, distally rounded without a basal enlargement in the branchial region and short, thin, rounded in the posterior part of the body in L. kantauriensis; papilla-shaped in the prebranchial region, digitiform without a basal enlargement in branchial region and short in the post-branchial region in L. kirbyae; short and rounded in the prebranchial region, long and digitiform without a basal enlargement in the branchial region, short and thick in the postbranchial region in L. materi. Etymology. The specific epithet means “common, usual”. Habitat and Distribution. The specimens of Levinsenia vulgaris n. sp. were found on soft substrata between 25 and 500 m in the Sea of Marmara, Aegean and Levantine Seas. This species might have been reported as L. gracilis on the coasts of Turkey and in the Mediterranean Sea., Published as part of Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz & Çinar, Melih Ertan, 2021, Levinsenia species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara with descriptions of two new species, pp. 151-180 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 174-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4438141, {"references":["Aguirrezabalaga, F. & Gil, J. (2009) Paraonidae (Polychaeta) from the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic) with the description of eight new species. Scientia Marina, 73, 631 - 666. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2009.73 n 4631","Lovell, L. L. (2002) Paraonidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) of the Andaman Sea, Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 24, 33 - 56.","Cinar, M. E. & Dagli, E. (2013) Polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Aegean and Levantine coasts of Turkey, with de- scriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History, 47, 911 - 947. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2012.752543","Tauber, P. (1879) Annulata Danica. En Kritisk Revision af de i Danmark Fundne Annulata Chaetognatha, Gephyrea, Balano- glossi, Discophoreae, Oligochaeta, Gymnocopa og Polychaeta. Reitzel. K benhavn, 1879, 1 - 143.","Lovell, L. L. & Fitzhugh, K. (2020) Taking a closer look: an SEM review of Levinsenia species (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) reported from California. Zootaxa, 4751 (2), 257 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4751.2.3"]}

Levinsenia longobranchiata n. sp. (Figures 15–18) Levinsenia longobranchiata n. sp.: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F2E7D547-2182-455B-84B6-4ACD19250C3 Material examined. Holotype: ESFM-POL/2013-1030, 16 June 2013, Y27, 40°23’30’’N, 29°03’23’’E, 50 m, black mud, 1 specimen; Paratypes: ESFM-POL/2013-1033, 16 June 2013, Y27, 40°23’30’’N, 29°03’23’’E, 50 m, black mud, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1043, 17 June 2013, Y28, 40°29’15’’N, 28°51’09’’E, 50 m, muddy sand with pebbles, 5 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1054, 20 June 2013, Y41, 40°43’18’’N, 29°24’58’’E, 100 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1054, 20 June 2013, Y42, 40°45’43’’N, 29°29’39’’E, 50 m, muddy sand with pebbles, 1 specimen. Description. Holotype incomplete, 5.5 mm long, 0.21 mm wide for 50 chaetigers; all paratypes incomplete, 3.34–12.15 mm long, 0.10–0.21 mm wide for 25–83 chaetigers. Color in alcohol dull white (Fig. 16A). Body slender, fragile; anterior part of body slightly wider and anterio-dorsal side slightly swollen in prebranchial chaetigers; prebranchial and branchial chaetigers nearly of same width; posterior part of body filiform and spiral (Figs 15A; 16A; 18A). Prostomium conical, longer than wide (ratio length / width: 1.27); anterior part of prostomium somewhat truncated, with an eversible palpode, without eyes (Figs 15B; 16B; 17A). A pair of nuchal organs as narrow, deep short slits, vertically placed on dorso-lateral sides of posterior part of prostomium; with scarce internal cilia; without pigmentation. (Figs 15 A–B; 16A–B; 17A). Cilia patches and lateral organ absent on lateral sides of prostomium. Cheek organ present, located on lateral sides of prostomium, retractile, rounded in shape (Figs 15 A–C; 16B; 17A). Peristomium indistinct on dorsal and lateral sides, only discernable under SEM, partly fused with anterior margin of chaetiger 1 on dorsal side. Mouth with two buccal lips; one placed anteriorly and one placed posteriorly, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 15C). Short dorsal ciliary bands (sdcb) present, located just ventral to each branchial base, arranged as a transversal line (Fig. 17C); ciliary bands absent on ventral side of body. Branchiae 12 pairs in holotype, 10–13 pairs in paratypes, starting on chaetiger 6 (in holotype and paratypes); very long (two and a half times the segment width), flattened dorso-ventrally, with a rounded tip; relatively short on chaetigers 6–7, getting longer to middle and posterior parts of branchial region, shortest on last branchiferous chaetiger; dense ciliary bands present on both sides of outer margin of branchiae to pre-tip region (Figs 15A; 16A, C–D; 17C–D); 285 µm long in anterior part, ca. 385 µm long in middle part, ca. 292 µm long in posterior part of branchial region; varying between 258–441 μm long in paratypes. Notopodia fused with branchiae. Interramal lobes and notopodial papilla absent. Notopodial postchaetal lobes absent on prebranchial chaetigers (Figs 15B; 17A, B); starting on chaetiger 6 (branchial region), emerging on branchiae, very short, bottle shaped; in postbranchial region similarly shaped, (Figs 15 A–B; 16C, E; 17A–D; 18B). Neuropodial postchaetal lobes absent. Lateral sense organs present on all chaetigers, located between notopodia and neuropodia, just posterior to notopodial postchaetal lobes; more or less elliptical with irregular clustered pores from prebranchial region to end of body (Figs 17 B–C; 18B); with 4–5 pores in prebranchial region (long axis of organ: 2.5–3 μm), with 5–6 pores (long axis: 2–3.5 μm) in branchial region, with 11–12 pores (long axis: 5–5.5 μm) in postbranchial region; with flexible cilia distinctly protruding from opening or embedded into pore. Three types of chaetae present on chaetigers: limbate, capillary and modified neurochaeta (Figs 17 A–B, D; 18B). Limbate chaetae of one type; present on both notopodia and neuropodia of chaetigers 1–5, long, thin and straight with fibrils along edge (hirsute), positioning straight, colorless; in notopodia, numbering 3–8, arranged in two rows, ca. 86 µm long; in neuropodia, numbering 3–10, arranged in two rows, ca. 83 µm long. Capillary chaetae starting from noto- and neuropodia of chaetiger 6 to posterior-most chaetiger; in middle notopodia, numbering 3–6 in each ramus, arranged in two rows and ca. 90 μm long; in posterior notopodia, numbering 2–3 in each ramus, arranged in one row and ca. 30 μm long; in middle neuropodia, numbering 5–9 in each ramus, arranged in two rows and ca. 160 μm long; in posterior neuropodia, numbering 3–5, arranged in one row and ca. 44 μm long. Modified neuropodial chaetae present from chaetiger 23 to end of body (from 20–25 in paratypes), numbering 4–8 per fascicle, arranged in one row, superior chaetae much longer (about 45 µm), inferior chaetae much shorter and curved; hook- shaped with longitudinal stripes, slightly curved, with distinct, fibrillary hood on concave side, tip naked and abruptly tapered (Figs 15D; 16 E–G; 18B–E) Pygidium absent in holotype (also in all paratypes). Parasite. Unidentified parasites were observed on the branchiae and body surface (Fig. 16D). Reproduction. Holotype had sperm packages in its coelomic cavity, which first appeared on chaetiger 31 and were present in all subsequent chaetigers. Remarks. Levinsenia longobranchiata n. sp. is mainly characterized by having very long branchiae (two and a half times longer than the segment width), by the absence of notopodial postchaetal lobes on the prebranchial chaetigers, and by the notopodia being completely fused with the branchiae. Within the genus Levinsenia, only L. multibranchiata, which was originally described from the Santa Barbara Channel Basin (California, Pacific Ocean) at 475–557 m depth by Hartman (1957) and subsequently reported by Strelzov (1979), Blake (1996) and Lovell & Fitzhugh (2020), shares the presence of branchiae at least twice longer than the body width. Levinsenia longobranchiata n. sp. is also similar to L. gracilis japonica ( Imajima, 1973) and L. kosswigi Çinar, Dağlı & Açik, 2011, but these species differ from each other in the following characters; (1) Notopodial postchaetal lobes: absent in the prebranchial region, and short, bottle-shaped in the branchial and posterior regions in L. longobranchiata n. sp.; short, digitiform in the branchial region in L. gracilis japonica; present in all body regions, short and rounded in the prebranchial region, long and digitiform with a rounded joint on tip in the branchial region, short, conical in the posterior region and filiform in the preanal region in L. kosswigi; present in all body regions, short and conical in the prebranchial region, digitiform in the branchial region in L. multibranchiata (2) Branchiae: elongate, two and a half times longer than the segment width, 10–12 pairs and the last pair always shorter than the others in L. longobranchiata n. sp.; elongate, lanceolate, as long as the segment width with an acute tip, 22 pairs and the last pairs always shorter than the others in L. gracilis japonica; conical, distinctly shorter than the segment width, 17–21 pairs, the last pairs shorter than the others in L. kosswigi; filiform, almost twice as long as segment width, 20–38 pairs, and the last pair not shorter than the others in L. multibranchiata. Etymology. The species name refers to its long branchiae. Habitat and Distribution. This species was found in soft substrata between 50 and 100 m from the Sea of Marmara., Published as part of Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz & Çinar, Melih Ertan, 2021, Levinsenia species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara with descriptions of two new species, pp. 151-180 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 169-173, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4438141, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1957) Orbiniidae, Apistobranchidae, Paraonidae and Longosomidae. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 15, 211 - 393.","Strelzov, V. E. (1979) Polychaete Worms of the Family Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909 (Polychaeta, Sedentaria). Amerind Publishing Co., for The Smithsonian Institution & The National Science Foundation, New Delhi, 212 pp. [English translation from Russian]","Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909, In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. 6. The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 27 - 70.","Lovell, L. L. & Fitzhugh, K. (2020) Taking a closer look: an SEM review of Levinsenia species (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) reported from California. Zootaxa, 4751 (2), 257 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4751.2.3","Imajima, M. (1973) Paraonidae (Polychaeta) from Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, 16, 253 - 292.","Cinar, M. E., Dagli, E. & Acik, S. (2011) Annelids (Polychaeta and Oligochaeta) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of five new species. Journal of Natural History, 45, 2105 - 2143. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2011.582966"]}

Levinsenia demiri Çinar, Dagli & Açik, 2011 (Figures 2–4) Levinsenia demiri Çinar, Dagli & Açik, 2011:2124–2128, Figs 5–6. Material examined. ESFM-POL/2013-1271, 06 June 2013, Y1, 40°01’27’’N, 26°13’24’’E, 10 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1272, 06 June 2013, Y1, 40°00’32’’N, 26°13’04’’E, 25 m, mud, 4 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013- 40, 07 June 2013, Y4, 40°18’09’’N, 26°35’15’’E, 50 m, sand, 8 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-49, 07 June 2013, Y5, 40°20’55’’N, 26°40’38’’E, 25 m, mud, 11 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-37, 07 June 2013, Y6, 40°26’03’’N, 26°41’59’’E, 25 m, mud, 74 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-55, 07 June 2013, Y7, 40°24’28’’N, 26°51’24’’E, 25 m, maerl bed, 13 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-71, 07 June 2013, Y7, 40°25’09’’N, 26°51’18’’E, 50 m, mud, 6 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-74, 08 June 2013, Y 9, 10 m, 40°26’20’’N, 27°11’32’’E, mud with gravel and shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-78, 08 June 2013, Y9, 40°26’25’’N, 27°11’29’’E, 25 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-85, 07 June 2013, Y10, 40°28’24’’N, 26°57’30’’E, 50 m, mud with Lithothamnion sp., 11 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-86, 08 June 2013, Y11, 40°35’55’’N, 27°05’25’’E, 25 m, mud with Turitella communis, 30 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-64, 08 June 2013, Y12, 40°40’23’’N, 27°16’31’’E, 25 m, mud, 8 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-545, 08 June 2013, Y12, 40°39’44’’N, 27°17’00’’E, 50 m, mud with Amphiura filiformis, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-604, 08 June 2013, Y 15, 50 m, 40°25’41’’N, 27°27’57’’E, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1083, 09 June 2013, Y16, 40°24’13’’N, 27°39’47’’E, 41 m, mud, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013- 1086, 09 June 2013, Y17, 40°39’58’’N- 27°41’08’’E, 50 m, mud, 24 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1089, 09 June 2013, Y17, 40°41’03’’N, 27°39’52’’E, 100 m, mud, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1090, 10 June 2013, Y18, 40°54’28’’N, 27°33’24’’E, 100 m, mud with shell fragments, 10 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1092, 12 June 2013, Y19, 40°59’52’’N, 27°41’59’’E, 10 m, muddy sand with Lithothamnion sp., 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1093, 12 June 2013, Y19, 40°57’28’’N, 27°42’16’’E, 50 m, mud witn shell fragmnets, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013- 1094, 12 June 2013, Y19, 40°56’10’’N, 27°44’16’’E, 100 m, muddy sand, 22 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1096, 12 June 2012, Y20, 40°56’23’’N, 27°55’23’’E, 100 m, mud, 8 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1097, 15 Jun 2013, Y24, 40°57’20’’N, 28°07’21’’E, 100 m, sand with muddy shell fragments, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1099, 16 June 2013, Y25, 40°24’48’’N, 28°20’41’’E, 25 m, sandy mud with Amphiura filiformis. 21 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1102, 16 June 2013, Y26, 40°22’36’’N, 28°39’41’’E, 25 m, muddy sand with shell fragments, 30 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1105, 17 June 2013, Y29, 40°32’39’’N, 28°46’42’’E, 50 m, muddy sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1106, 24 June 2013, 40°54’50’’N, 28°52’12’’E, Y 34, 100 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1024, 19 June 2013, Y40, 40°43’12’’N, 29°17’33’’E, 500 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-1107, 20 June 2013, Y42, 40°45’43’’N, 29°29’39’’E, 50 m, mud, 2 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-1108, 26 June 2013, Y50, 41°12’16’’N, 29°07’25’’E, 10 m, sand, 1 specimen. Description. All specimens incomplete, 5.49– 19 mm long, 0.15–0.20 mm wide for 33–120 chaetigers. Color in alcohol whitish. Body long, thin, fragile, width of prebranchial and branchial regions nearly same, most anterodorsal side slightly swollen, getting gradually thinner from post branchial region to posterior end; having a black tube (Fig. 2A). Prostomium conical, longer than wide (ratio length / width: 1.20); anterior part rounded with an eversible palpode (Figs 2B; 3 A–B; 4A), without eyes. A pair of nuchal organs as narrow deep, short slits, as vertical lines on dorso-lateral sides of posterior part of prostomium; without cilia and pigmentation. Cilia patches, cheek organs and lateral organs absent on prostomium (Fig. 4A). Peristomium indistinct on dorsal and lateral sides, only discernable under SEM, partly fused with anterior margin of chaetiger 1 on dorsal side (Fig. 4A). Mouth with three buccal lips; two placed anteriorly, one placed posteriorly, with seven longitudinal folds, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1. A pair of ciliary slits (csal) present on anterior margin of anterior lips (Figs 3 A–C). Branchiae 4–6 pairs, beginning on chaetiger 6, not fused with notopodia; dorso-ventrally flattened, cylindroconical shaped, with a rounded tip; dense ciliary bands present on both sides of outer margin of branchiae, tip naked (Figs 3 E–F); 100 µm long in anterior part, 106 µm long in middle part, 92 µm long in posterior part of branchial region. A dense dorsal ciliary band (dcb) existing on mid-dorsal transversal line of each branchial chaetiger; a short dorsal ciliary band (sdcb) arranged in a transversal line, present on ventral side of each branchial base. Ciliary bands absent on ventral side of body. Dorso-lateral irregular pores (dlip) present and irregularly distributed on ventral side of branchiae (Fig. 3F). Interramal lobes and notopodial papilla absent. Notopodial postchaetal lobes short, thick and cirriform on first six chaetigers (prebranchial region); long and digitiform between chaetigers 7–10 (branchial region); short and cirriform on posterior chaetigers. Neuropodial postchaetal lobes and ventral lobes absent (Figs 3 E–F; 4A–C). Lateral sense organs present on all chaetigers, located between notopodia and neuropodia, just posterior to notopodial postchaetal lobes; more or less rounded in shape with irregularly clustered pores from prebranchial region to middle part of branchial region; more or less elliptical in shape with irregularly clustered pores from middle part to posterior part of branchial region; straight lined in shape with regularly clustered pores from posterior part of branchial region to end of body (Figs 3 D–E; 4B–C); with 10–12 pores in prebranchial region (long axis of organ: 3–4 μm), with 14–15 pores (long axis: 6–7 μm) in branchial region; with 25–30 pores (long axis: 8–9 μm) in posterior region; with flexible cilia distinctly protruding from opening or embedded into pore. Three main types of chaetae present on chaetigers: capillary, limbate and modified neurochaeta (Fig 4 A–C). Limbate chaetae present on both notopodia and neuropodia of chaetigers, starting from chaetiger 1 to chaetiger 6–13, arranged in two rows, long, thin and straight with fibrils along edge (hirsute), colorless; in notopodia numbering 7–10, ca. 125 µm long, positioning ventral to dorsal in fascicle; in neuropodia numbering 8–12, ca. 112 µm, slightly sigmoid, positioning dorsal to ventral in fascicle (Fig 4 A–B). Capillary chaetae starting from chaetiger 7–13 and present on all subsequent chaetigers, arranged in bundles; in middle notopodia numbering 7–9 in each ramus and 125 μm long, in posterior notopodia numbering 4–5 in each ramus and 45 μm long; in middle neuropodia numbering 8–10 in each ramus and 123 μm long, in posterior neuropodia numbering in 2–3 each ramus and 40 μm long. Modified neuropodial chaetae present from chaetiger 14 to end of body; numbering 4–6 in each neuropodium, arranged in one row, superior chaetae relatively long, inferior chaetae shorter (average length: 28 μm) and much curved, hook shaped, terminal region strongly curved with fibrillar hood on convex side (Figs 2C; 4C). Pygidium missing. Reproduction. Eggs were found in some specimens of Levinsenia demiri collected from the Sea of Marmara. They usually first occurred at chaetiger 26 and continued to the posterior end and numbered six in each chaetiger. The egg diameter varied between 13 and 21 μm. Remarks. The specimens of Levinsenia demiri from the Sea of Marmara are closely identical to its original description (Çinar et al. 2011). However, the present paper emended some characters to the description such as ciliary slits, dorsal ciliary band, dorso-lateral irregular pores, lateral sense organs and limbate chaetae Habitat and Distribution. Levinsenia demiri was found on soft substrata at 10–100 m depths in the study area. Previous works reports the species from similar substrata between 10–1200 m depths in the eastern (Çinar et al. 2011; 2014; Katsiaras & Simboura 2015) and western (Langeneck et al. 2017) Mediterranean Sea.

Aricidea (Acmira) katzmanni new species (Figures 17–22) LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 49B63C3F-B1D0-4F17-9733-9A8712D52A04 Material examined. Holotype: ESFM-POL/2013-974, 06 June 2013, station Y1, 40°00’27’’N, 26°13’24’’E, 10 m, mud. Paratypes: ESFM-POL/2012-291, 27 September 2012, station K8, 40°28’03’’N, 27°42’35’’E, 7-8 m, P. oceanica, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-977, 06 June 2013, station Y1, 40°00’27’’N, 26°13’24’’E, 10 m, mud, 9 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-45, 06 June 2013, station Y1, 40°01’08’’N, 26°13’00’’E, 50 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-43, 06 June 2013, station Y2, 40°06’28’’N, 26°22’51’’E, 10 m, mud with shell fragments, 36 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-59, 06 June 2013, station Y2, 40°06’59’’N, 26°22’04’’E, 50 m, muddy sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-978, 06 June 2013, station Y2, 40°06’32’’N, 26°22’31’’E, 25m, mud with pebble, 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-981, 06 June 2013, station Y2, 40°06’59’’N, 26°22’04’’E, 50 m, muddy sand, 8 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-982, 09 June 2013, station Y16, 40°18’35’’N, 27°45’46’’E, 10 m, fine sand, 11 specimens. Additional material examined. ESFM-POL/2005-2360, 07 October 2005, Levantine Sea, Göcek, 36º44’20’’N, 28º55’43’’E, 3 m, Zostera marina, 29 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-984, 09 June 2013, station Y17, 40°39’16’’N, 27°41’14’’E, 25 m, fine sand, 19 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-986, 09 June 2013, station Y17, 40°39’58’’N, 27°41’08’’E, 50 m, mud, 8 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-987, 12 June 2013, station Y19, 40°58’36’’N, 27°42’29’’E, 25 m, mudy sand with Lithothamnion sp., 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-990, 13 June 2013, station Y24, 41°03’55’’N, 28°09’12’’E, 10 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2013-992, 16 June 2013, station Y24, 41°03’08’’N, 28°08’44’’E, 25 m, mudy sand with Lithothamnion sp., 3 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-994, 17 June 2013, station Y29, 40°32’22’’N, 28°46’59’’E, 10 m, sand with pebble, 25 specimens; ESFM-POL/2013-995, 14 June 2013, station Y31, 40°01’44’’N, 28°26’31’’E, 10 m, sand, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2016-198, 3 February 2016, Sea of Marmara (Bosphorus), Karaköy, 41°01’29”N, 28°58’55”E, 25 m, sandy mud with shell fragments, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2016-192, 23 August 2016, Levantine Sea, off Finike, 36°17’21”N, 30°13’18”E, 56 m, mud, 1 specimen; ESFM-POL/2016-193, 25 August 2016, Aegean Sea, Marmaris, 36°50’58”N, 28°16’43”E, 19 m, mud, 34 specimens; ESFM-POL/2016 - 194,19 August 2016, Aegean Sea, Güllük, 37º14’55”N, 27º20’30”E, 37.5 m, sandy mud, 3 specimens. Description. Holotype incomplete (some paratypes complete), 8.44 mm long (2.74–13.67 mm long in paratypes), 0.32 mm wide (0.20–0.57 mm wide in paratypes) with 86 chaetigers (30–102 chaetigers in paratypes). Color of holotype in alcohol yellowish (also in all paratypes); gamete bearing specimens having red speckles near notopodia along body (Fig. 19I). Body cylindrical and stout; width of prebranchial and branchial regions nearly same; segmentation narrow in branchial region; slightly thickened in postbranchial region (Figs 17A; 18A; 19A; 20A; 21 A–B). Prostomium subtriangular; much wider than long (ratio length / width: 0.88), anterior margin rounded (Figs 17A; 18 A–B; 20C); eyes absent in holotype, present in most paratypes. Crown-like ciliary band (clcb) present (Figs 17A; 18A; 20B, C; 22A). A pair of ciliary slits (cs) located just anterior to nuchal organs, semicircular in shape (Figs 20B, C; 22A). Antenna long (0.15 mm in holotype; 0.10–0.26 mm long in paratypes), extending to chaetiger 2; digitiform with more or less swollen region above mid-region; with cilia (Figs 17A; 18A; 20B, C; 22A). A pair of nuchal organs present, as narrow, deep, short and slanted slits placed on dorso-lateral sides of posterior prostomium, more or less convex in shaped; dense internal ciliation not reaching to outer margin of slits; without pigmentation (Fig. 20 B–C). Mouth with three buccal lips; two placed anteriorly, one placed posteriorly and extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1, with five longitudinal folds; a Y-shaped gap present between anterior lips (also in all paratypes) (Fig. 18B). A dorsal ciliary band (dcb) present on mid-dorsal transversal line of each prebranchial and branchial chaetiger. A pair of short dorsal ciliary bands (sdcb) present in a transverse line, just posterior to base of each branchia (Figs 20 A–C; 21C). Intersegmental ciliary band (iscb) present, located between segments, originating near notopodia (Fig. 22B). Ciliary bands absent on ventral side of body (Fig. 21 A–B). Branchiae numbering 18 pairs in holotype, 10–21 pairs in paratypes, starting on chaetiger 4; flattened, foliaceous with rounded tip, weakly swollen in middle branchial region (Fig. 20A); dense ciliary bands on both sides of branchiae; (Figs 17A; 18A; 19A; 21 A–C); branchiae usually shorter than segment width; 220 μm long in anterior region, 233 μm long in middle region, 294 μm long in posterior region; posterior five pairs longer (length / width mostly between; 2.9–8.1). Notopodial postchaetal lobes starting in chaetiger 1; short, cirriform on first two chaetigers; increasing in length and becoming stout, clavate shaped on chaetiger 3; stout, long, finger-like, with bases symmetrically inflated after chaetiger 3 to end of branchial region; becoming longer, stout and finger-like in postbranchial region; long, thin and filiform in posterior-most region (Figs 17A; 18A, C–F; 19B; 20A–B; 21A–C; 22B–C). Neuropodial postchaetal lobes present in chaetigers 1–11 as short ridges; becoming indistinct towards chaetiger 11 (Figs 17A; 22B). Lateral sense organs present on all chaetigers, located between noto- and neuropodia, just posterior to notopodial postchaetal lobes; elliptical with irregularly clustered pores from prebranchial region to middle part of branchial region; more or less C-shaped with regularly clustered pores from middle part to posterior part of branchial region; straight line-shaped with regularly clustered pores from posterior part of branchial region to end of body (Fig. 22 A–E); with 30–35 pores in prebranchial region (long axis of organ: 9–10 μm), with 60–62 pores (long axis: 11–12 μm) in branchial region, with 65–68 pores (long axis: 21–22 μm) in posterior part of branchial region, with 80–82 pores (long axis: 24–25 μm) in posterior region; with flexible cilia distinctly protruding from opening or embedded into pore. Three main types of chaetae present on chaetigers: limbate, capillary and modified neurochaetae. Limbate chaetae of two types; first type present only in notopodia of chaetigers 1–15, numbering 15–27 arranged in three rows, ca. 150 µm long, thin and straight with fibrils along edge (hirsute), dorsally directed side, colorless; second type present only in neuropodia of chaetigers 1–15, numbering 14–42, arranged in four rows, ca. 144 µm µm long, slightly wider and sigmoid with fibrils along edge (hirsute), dorsal to ventral in fascicle, colorless (Figs 17A; 18D; 19B). Capillary chaetae starting in noto- and neuropodia of chaetiger 16 and present in all subsequent chaetigers; in middle notopodia numbering 5–8, arranged in two rows, ca. 276 μm long; in posterior notopodia numbering 2–5, arranged in one row, ca. 282 μm long; in middle neuropodia numbering 10–18, arranged in 2–3 rows, ca. 244 μm long; in posterior neuropodia numbering 4–7, arranged in one row, ca. 323 μm long. Modified neuropodial chaetae from chaetiger 39 (30–40 in paratypes) to pygidium, numbering 4–8 in each neuropodium, accompanied with thin capillary chaetae; as curved hooks (90° degree towards terminal region), with a strong hood, hood with numerous fibrils and encompassing curved end of shaft except for a small subdistal gap; with a short, thin and fragile arista arising from subterminal region (in most specimens arista is missing) (Figs 17 B–D; 19C–G; 21D); superior chaetae longer, ca. 62 μm long. Pygidium flattened, rounded, with three cirri (Figs 18C; 19H); two cirri placed ventro-laterally long (91–96 μm) and digitiform; one cirrus placed mid-ventrally short (12.5 μm) and subtriangular. Reproduction. Some specimens of this species from the Sea of Marmara had sperm packages within coelomic cavities of chaetigers 21–29 and present to the end of the body. The gametous specimens had red speckles near notopodia along the body (Fig. 19I). Remarks. Aricidea (Acmira) katzmanni n. sp. is mainly characterized by having a digitiform antenna with a swollen region near its middle; by the shape of its different types of limbate chaetae; by possessing notopodial postchaetal lobes with symmetrically inflated bases; by lacking notopodial papillae; by its branchiae becoming longer towards the posterior region and by having curved hooks with a very strong hood and a fragile arista. The species most morphologically similar to A. katzmanni n. sp. are A. cerrutii, A. catherinae, A. philbinae and A. pigmentata. All of them have a curved modified neurochaeta with a strongly or weakly developed hood. However, A. katzmanni n. sp. differs from these species in terms of the following characters: (1) the shape and size of the antenna (long, digitiform with a swollen region near the mid-region in A. katzmanni n. sp.; long, digitiform with a central extension in A. catherinae; short and clavate in A. philbinae; short and digitiform in A. cerrutii; claviform and swollen at base in A. pigmentata); (2) the notopodial papillae (absent in A. katzmanni n. sp., A. cerrutii and A. pigmentata; present in the postbranchial region of A. catherinae; present in the branchial region of A. philbinae; (3) the shape of the modified neurochaeta (as curved hook with a strong hood, very short and fragile arista in A. katzmanni n. sp.; as curved hook more or less tapering to terminal region with a weak hood and a long arista in A. catherinae and A. philbinae; as curved hook with a strong hood, but without arista in A. cerrutii; as curved hook with a weak hood, but without arista in A. pigmentata). Etymology. This species name is dedicated to Dr.Werner Katzmann who made contributions to the understanding of polychaete diversity in the Mediterranean Sea. Habitat and Distribution. This species was found in soft substrata and Posidonia oceanica biotope between 7 and 50 m depths in the Sea of Marmara, between 3 and 56 m depths in the Aegean and Levantine Seas., Published as part of Erdoğan-Dereli, Deniz & Çinar, Melih Ertan, 2020, The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4844 (1) on pages 28-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4844.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405867