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The allusive (ishārī) method of exegesis is the name given to the process of interpreting the Qurʾān depending on the particular type of knowledge called maʿrifah, which is accepted to be based on spiritual experience. In the ishārī exegesis, the meanings of the verses of the Qurʾān are revealed to the Sufi’s mind, and then, the Sufi expresses those senses through symbols and signs by employing an implicit style. Comprehensive and advanced works have been written over time in the field of ishārī exegesis, whose first examples were encountered in the early eras of Sufism. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) wrote works in various fields such as fiqh (Islamic law), theology, philosophy, and Sufism. Although he did not have any complete book in the field of ishārī exegesis, his vast corpus is overflowing with his ishārī interpretations of verses of the Qurʾān. For this reason, he is recognized as one of the most influential figures in the field of ishārī exegesis. This article aims to determine the basic principles on which al-Ghazālī’s ishārī interpretations of the Qurʾān in his various works are built in the context of the basic principles of his understanding of the Qurʾān. The first part of the article emphasizes al-Ghazālī’s approach to the Qurʾān and his view of the Qurʾān and then attempts to determine the basic principles of the method of his ishārī exegesis. The third and last part of the study analyzed some ishārī interpretations of al-Ghazālī in his various works to better understand these principles.

Objective: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic effect diagnosis and treatment of certain conditions, including bladder cancer (BC). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on BC diagnosis and treatment.Materials and Methods: Following the approval of the ethics committee for the study, data of 869 patients who underwent surgery for BC in the 2-year period between March 1, 2019 and February 28, 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. The number of surgeries performed for BC, the time elapsed between symptoms and diagnosis, the treatments performed, and the operative pathologies were compared before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Results: During the COVID-19 period, there was a decrease in the total number of BC surgeries compared to the pre-COVID-19 period (p=0.004). It was observed that this decrease was due to a decrease in patients newly diagnosed with BC (p=0.001) as well as the decrease in the number of primary transurethral resection for bladder tumor procedures performed. There was no difference in the tumor stages of the patients at diagnosis (p=0.9). Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy use in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) patients also decreased (p=0.008) during the pandemic period. It was observed that the time between symptom and diagnosis was longer in MIBC than in NIMBC during both periods (p

Purpose: Online learning is a comprehensive type of education in which the teacher and the student are physically separated. We wanted to know how online learning was evaluated through the view of physiotherapy and rehabilitation students. Methods: We included 283 students from department of physiotherapy and rehabilitation in the study. A questionnaire that consisted of 45 multiple-choice questions and 2 open-ended questions was applied to the students. The questions involved whether the student has previously participated in any online learning program, has had access to online learning and technical problems experienced during access. Results: Our study included 210 (74.20%) women and 73 (25.80%) men. We questioned status of having online learning before the pandemic and 49.82% of the students reported that they did not receive online learning before. We found that 21.55% of the students could not motivate themselves. 30.39% of the students thought having insufficient education in the practical courses due to online education. 10.25% of the students stated that they could not access the necessary equipment for online learning. In the question about they received high-quality education with online learning; 21.55% of the students stated that they did not agree at all. Conclusion: We think that it is more beneficial to give some theoretical courses online and synchronized, and practical courses face to face. Therefore, we think that it will be beneficial to postpone the practical courses that cannot be done face to face due to the pandemic and to give those courses face to face after the pandemic process.

AIM Evaluate whether lactate increase in amniotic fluid influences cesarean delivery or correlation of this increase with oxytocin induction and early neonatal blood gas parameters. METHODS We designed this prospective study of 408 pregnant women. We divided the groups as vaginal delivery (n=184), emergency cesarean (n=46), and planned cesarean delivery (n=178). We evaluated the AFL values in terms of being associated with labor outcomes and neonatal blood gas parameters. RESULTS AFL level was different between all three groups. Cord blood pH, lactate values, and maternal age were different between the groups. We analyzed the AFL level and cord blood lactate (CBL) values according to acidemia. The group's lactate levels with a pH

Objectives: To compare platelet indices in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnants and to investigate the clinical use of these parameters in preeclampsia prediction. Material and methods: This retrospective case- control study included 257 preeclampsia patients and 264 healthy pregnant women as the control group. The groups were compared in terms of platelet count (PC), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution range (PDW), plateletcrit (Pct), Pct / MPV ratio and PC / MPV ratio. Results: Between the preeclampsia group and the control group; mean platelet count (227.22 ± 78.58 vs 236.69 ± 64.30), plateletcrit (PCT) (0.21 ± 0.06 vs 0.24 ± 0.27), and platelet distribution width (PDW) (17.11 ± 0.80 vs 17.29 ± 0.82) were not significantly different (p> 0.05). However, MPV values ​​were significantly higher in the preclampsia group compared to the control group (9.66 ± 1.62 and 8.92 ± 1.33, respectively) (p < 0.001). In our study, the optimum cut-off value of MPV was 9.15 with 58.7% sensitivity and 61.7% specificity for the prediction of preeclampsia. Pct/MPV ratio (0.02 ± 0.007 vs 0.027 ± 0.029) ( p = 0.01) and PC/MPV ratio ( 24.63 ± 10.90 vs 27.63 ± 10.24) (p = 0.001) were significantly lower in the preeclampsia group than in the control group. Conslusions: In preeclampsia, changes in platelet functions, destruction and production lead to changes in platelet indices. Compared with normal healthy pregnant women, preeclamptic pregnant women have higher MPV values. In preeclampsia prediction, MPV and PC/MPV ratio are promising as a diagnostic parameter.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the benefit of hematological results in determining the differential diagnosis between testicular torsion (TT) and epididymo-orchitis (EO) in patients presenting with acute scrotum, and to determine its predictive value for the diagnosis of TT.Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 98 patients who applied to our institute’s urology clinics or emergency service with complaints of acute scrotum. Thirty-two patients who underwent orchiectomy or detorsion due to TT and 48 patients with EO were included in the study. The control group consisted of 80 healthy men. Groups were compared in terms of hematological parameters such as age, white blood cell (WBC), mean platelet volume (MPV), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR).Results: WBC, MPV and NLR were found to be statistically significant in distinguishing TT group from other groups, respectively; (AUC = 0.732, 95% CI: 0.647-0.816 and p, Amaç: Bu çalışmada, akut skrotum ile başvuran hastalarda testis torsiyonu (TT) ve epididimo-orşit (EO) arasındaki ayırıcı tanıyı belirlemede hematolojik sonuçların yararını araştırmayı ve TT tanısı için prediktif değerini belirlemeyi amaçladık.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Akut skrotuma bağlı şikayetler ile enstitümüzün üroloji kliniklerine veya acil servisine başvuran 98 olguyu retrospektif olarak inceledik. Çalışmaya TT›ye bağlı orşiektomi veya detorsiyon uygulanan 32 hasta ve EO’lu 48 hasta alındı. Kontrol grubu 80 sağlıklı erkekten oluşuyordu. Gruplar yaş, beyaz kan hücresi (WBC), ortalama trombosit hacmi (MPV), nötrofil/lenfosit oranı (NLR), monosit/lenfosit oranı (MLR) ve trombosit/lenfosit oranı (PLR) gibi hematolojik parametreler açısından karşılaştırıldı.Bulgular: TT grubunu diğer gruplardan ayırt etmede WBC, MPV ve NLR istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulundu, sırasıyla; (AUC = 0.732, %95 CI: 0.647-0.816 ve p

BACKGROUND: Acute phase reactants play a role in the progression and prognosis of many malignant and premalignant tumors. This study investigated the diagnostic value of certain reactants as markers for cervical premalignant lesions. OBJECTIVES: Despite advanced screening and vaccination programs, cervical cancer remains a serious health problem worldwide. We aimed to determine the possible relationship between premalignant cervical disease and serum acute phase reactant levels. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study included 124 volunteers who underwent cervical cancer screening. We divided the patients into three groups according to cervical cytology and histopathological findings as follows: no cervical lesion, low-grade neoplasia, or high-grade neoplasia. METHODS: We included women aged 25–65 years with benign smear or colposcopy results, low- and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The benign group was based only on cytology findings, whereas the other groups were based on histopathology findings. Demographic data and serum albumin, fibrinogen, ferritin, and procalcitonin levels were evaluated in the three groups. RESULTS: We found significant differences among the three groups in terms of age, albumin level, albumin/fibrinogen ratio, and procalcitonin level. The regression analysis revealed lower serum albumin levels in the low- and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion groups compared with the benign group. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to evaluate the importance of serum inflammatory markers in cervical intraepithelial lesions. Our results indicate that serum albumin level, albumin/fibrinogen ratio, procalcitonin level, and neutrophil values differ among cervical intraepithelial lesions.

Tasavvuf tarihinin erken dönemlerinden itibaren sûfî müellifler tarafından kaleme alınan çeşitli eserlerde birbirinden farklı yüzlerce tasavvuf tarifinin yapıldığı görülür. Bu bağlamda zaman , zemîn ve ilgili şahsın önceliklerine göre farklılık arz eden bu tariflerin en kuşatıcılarından birinin sahibi olan Amr b. Osman el-Mekkî tasavvufu “kulun her vakitte, o vakit içinde işlenmesi en uygun olan amelle meşgul olmasıdır” şeklinde tarif eder. Mekkî’den günümüze tasavvuf tarihinin seyri ve sûfîlerin faaliyetleri göz önüne alındığında onun ortaya koymuş olduğu anlayışın tasavvuf erbabı tarafından büyük oranda benimsendiğine şahit olunur. Bu itibarla sûfîler birlikte yaşadıkları halkların yüz yüze kaldıkları sıkıntılara kendi perspektiflerinden çözümler getirmeye çalışmış ve gerektiğinde bu çözümlerin hayata geçirilmesi noktasında aktif roller üstlenmişlerdir. Nitekim tıpkı Moğollar’ın İslam âlemini istilasına karşı savaşırken öldürülen Necmüddîn Kübrâ ve Mısır’a saldıran Fransızlar’a mukabele eden ordu içerisinde en ön saflarda yer alan Ebu’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî gibi, Batı kaynaklı sömürgecilik hareketi karşısında dikkate değer direniş örnekleri veren tarikat mensuplarının faaliyetleri durumun bu minval üzere olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu makalede sömürgecilik karşıtı sûfî direnişin tarihinden ziyade temel nitelikleri üzerinde durulacak ve birbirine yakın dönemlerde, farklı coğrafyalarda bu harekete önderlik eden eren-mücâhidlerin faaliyetlerinin karakteristikleri tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Objectives: We consider the difference between estimated fetal weight and birth weight through the measurement according to the seniority of the residents in obstetrics and gynecology. In this study, we aimed to determine the fallibility of the residents according to their seniority years.Methods: This research was planned as a prospective and approved by the Ethics Committee Ultrasonographic measurements were performed with ultrasound device and the estimated fetal weight was calculated with Hadlock 4 (BPD, HC, AC, FL) formula. Measurements were performed by the residents in the first, second, third and fourth year of training and repeated by the same specialist for each patient. Only those who gave birth within 48 hours of the ultrasonographic measurements were included in the study.Results: A total of 392 pregnant women were included in the study. Ninety-eight pregnant women were examined by 1st year resident, 100 pregnant by 2nd year resident, 93 pregnant by 3rd year resident and 101 pregnant by 4th resident. Largest difference between the estimated fetal weight and birth weight was performed by the fourth year resident with 125.06 ± 247.40 grams.Conclusions: The estimated fetal weight by ultrasonography has an important place in obstetric practice and it may vary according to the years of seniority of the resident. For this reason, ultrasonography should be used effectively and accurately during the training of the residents in the centers of education in obstetrics and gynecology and it is essential that the residents learn the ultrasound examination properly and completely.

Objective Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)is a modified type of albumin protein that is formed under oxidative stress. This study aims to compare the levels of serum IMA between normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies and to evaluate the relationship between the severity of the disease. Methods A total of 90 pregnant women aged between 18 and 45 years participated in this cross-sectional study. The levels of serum IMA were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 30 preeclamptic pregnant women with the severe signs of the disease, 30 preeclamptic pregnant women, and 30 normotensive pregnant women.. The study was designed as a cross-sectional clinical study. Results When the demographic characteristics were examined, statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of age, gestational week at birth and blood pressure. Age was higher in the preeclampsia with signs of severity group than in the normotensive group (p = 0.033). Pregnancy week was significantly the lowest in the preeclampsia with the severity signs group (p = 0.004). In normotensive patients, IMA levels were lower than in the preeclampsia groups (p Conclusion The levels of serum IMA were higher in patients with preeclampsia than in healthy pregnancies. However, there was no significant correlation in terms of preeclampsia severity; more extensive, prospective and long-term studies are needed.

Tarımda iç ticaret hadleri çiftçinin eline geçen bir birim fiyatın, çiftçinin sanayi sektörüne ödediği fiyat karşısında gösterdiği tutum ve davranışlardır. İç ticaret hadlerinin tarımda bilinmesi çiftçilerin ekonomik refahındaki değişmelerim görülmesi, satın alma gücünün yorumlanması, kaynak aktarımının yönünün hangi sektörün lehine/aleyhine geliştiğinin gözlemlenmesi gibi konularda olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada 2001-2019 yılları arası dönemde Türkiye ve Tokat ilinin ayçiçeği üretiminde iç ticaret hadlerinin ne yönde geliştiğini ölçmek temel amaç olarak belirlenmiştir. İç ticaret hadlerini ortaya koymak için üretim miktarı, çiftçinin eline geçen fiyatlar ve tüketici fiyat endeksi baz alınmıştır. Araştırmaya konu olan dönem içinde ayçiçeği üretiminde çiftçinin eline geçen fiyat ile çiftçinin ödediği fiyat aralığındaki makas hareketleri incelenmiştir. İncelenen dönemde Türkiye’de iç ticaret hadleri ayçiçeği üreticisinin lehine gerçekleşirken Tokat İli’nde 2007-2011 ve 2014-2019 yılları arası ayçiçeği üreticilerinin aleyhine gerçekleşmiştir. Ayçiçeği ürününün stratejik önemi de dikkate alınarak enflasyonist fiyat dalgalanmalarından daha az etkilenmesi için desteklerin artırılması gerekmektedir. Kırsal alanda kalkınmanın sürdürülebilirliği açısından politika uygulamaları, fiyat dalgalanmaları ve ekonomik konjonktürden etkilenen iç ticaret hadlerinin sektörel bazda incelenerek önlem alınması önem arz etmektedir.

Background/Aim: Postpartum bleeding is a leading preventable cause of maternal death. Prolonged 3rd stage duration of labor and induction agents can increase postpartum bleeding. This study evaluated the effect of using a dinoprostone (PGE2) vaginal insert, a cervical ripening and labor induction agent, on the 3rd stage duration of labor and the amount of postpartum bleeding. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study involved 301 patients with vaginal delivery between 01.10.2020 and 30.06.2021. Patients were separated into two groups: PGE2+oxytocin (Group A) and only oxytocin (Group B). They were compared in terms of prepartum and postpartum data, 3rd stage duration of labor, and the amount of blood loss in the first 18 h postpartum. Results: The median 3rd stage duration of labor was 8 min in Group A and 7 min in Group B (P=0.009). No significant differences were found between the groups in the amount of postpartum blood loss, percentage changes in hemoglobin and hematocrit values, or when patients were analyzed based on 3rd stage duration of labor (≤10 vs. >10 min). Severe postpartum hemorrhage (≥1000 ml) was associated with decreased gravida, increased body mass index, longer oxytocin use, and prolonged 3rd stage duration of labor in all patients. In Group A, severe postpartum hemorrhage was associated with decreased gravida, increased body mass index, and longer duration of PGE2 use. Conclusion: PGE2 prolonged the 3rd stage duration of labor, but this did not increase postpartum bleeding compared to oxytocin. However, an increase in the duration of PGE2 use was associated with postpartum hemorrhage. Therefore, shortening the duration may be considered in patients with additional risk for postpartum hemorrhage.