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Lactulose is a disaccharide with a prebiotic property that promotes the development of probiotic bacteria. It is increasingly used in the food industry, especially in the use of probiotic foods. Probiotic meat products are relatively new and not well known area of the meat industry. In the study, which is planned based on the possibility that lactulose can influence the quality properties of sucuks positively, sucuks prepared with the addition of lactulose at different concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 2%) were examined according to their various properties following the fermentation process. According to the results, the addition of lactulose did not cause any difference in the dry matter, ash and pH values of the sucuks (p>0.05), however, the water activity of the sucuks containing 2% lactulose were found significantly lower when compared to the other groups (p0.05). Lactulose supplementation did not cause any difference in the textural properties of samples, on the other hand sucuks with 2% lactulose were the most favored group for sensory evaluation. In addition, according to the results of microbiological analysis, there was no difference in the number of Enterobacteriacea, Total Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria (TAMB) and yeast-mold in the samples at the end of the fermentation process. However, the count of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) was found to higher (p, Laktuloz, probiyotik bakterilerin gelişimini teşvik eden prebiyotik özelliğe sahip bir disakkarittir. Gıda endüstrisinde kullanımı giderek artmakta olup, özellikle probiyotik gıdalarda kullanımı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Probiyotik et ürünleri, nispeten yeni ve et endüstrisinin çok iyi tanınmamış bir alanıdır. Ülkemizde bu türde üretilen ürünlerin başında fermente sucuk gelmektedir. Prebiyotik özelliğe sahip laktulozun, ülkemizde çok eski yıllardan beri üretilen ve sevilerek tüketilen fermente sucukların kalite özelliklerini olumlu yönde etkileyebileceğinden hareketle planlanan bu çalışmada, farklı konsantrasyonlarda (%0.5, %1 ve %2) laktuloz ilavesiyle hazırlanan sucuklar, fermantasyon sürecinden sonra çeşitli özellikleri bakımından incelenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre laktuloz ilavesi sucukların kurumadde, kül ve pH değerlerinde farklılık oluşturmamış (p>0.05), bununla birlikte %2 laktuloz katkılı sucuklar laktuloz ilave edilen diğer gruplar ve edilmeyen kontrol grubuna göre su aktivitesi açısından önemli düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur (p0.05). Örneklerin a* değeri (kırmızılık) de laktuloz ilavesiyle düşüş göstermiş ve bu durum kontrol grubu örneklere göre önemli düzeyde farklı (p

This study investigated the negative effects of the 1960-2007 settlement process, with its legal infrastructure, in Amik Plain and its surroundings (Hatay), its implementation by authorized institutions, and the deficiencies in record keeping procedures on the cultural adaptation and spatial belonging of communities.Migration management is more of a concept based on public administration with legal, administrative and political dimensions, but it is also related to human geography in terms of cultural, social, economic, symbolic, political and informatics effects in space. Considering its effects on cultural adaptation and spatial belonging in particular, its role in solving or reducing migration problems cannot be overlooked.The concept was first developed by Bimal Ghosh at the request of the Swedish government and the UN global governance commission. The concept used for both domestic migration and international migration covers all human mobility, including refugees. Migration is defined as an attempt to make it orderly, predictable and manageable that will benefit all stakeholders. The concept is defined in the IOM Glossary on Migration as “managing the entry and presence of foreigners within the borders of the State and the protection of refugees and others in need of protection. It refers to “a planned approach to the development of policy, legislative and administrative responses to key migration issues.”Cultural adaptation is a dynamic process involving reactionary elements such as integration into the new space or culture that individuals and communities encounter due to relocation, as well as integration into social, economic and political developments that individuals and communities experience depending on the internal dynamics of their existing spaces. In this respect, cultural adaptation is a concept that refers not only to the adaptation of the community or individuals to other cultures, but also to the adaptation of the individual to the space thanks to the cultural acquisitions of the individual. It is possible to say that multiple indicators are taken into account in the literature when determining cultural adaptation. The first of these is monumental spaces, which, in the literature, correspond to collective social phenomena, rather than individualism, which indicate the belonging of individuals and reflect more accurately their reality with their own rituals.Other indicators of cultural adaptation have been defined as whether individuals should maintain their pre-migration eating and drinking habits, the rituals that are valued, intergenerational transfer and the language they speak, who they spend time with and whether they follow their places of origin through mass media, and the attitudes towards marital choices.Spatial belonging refers to an emotional connection established as a result of life experiences. It is the individuals’ development of belonging related to the sense of identification with the space through spatial experiences that plays a role in the spatial belonging, rather than connectivity or being connected.When approached geographically in a holistic sense, spatial belonging and cultural adaptations of migrants are shaped by a number of variables such as migration patterns, socio-demographic characteristics, whether or not they are a community, and the socio-cultural structures of the spaces they come out from and head for. While these variables play a role as effective factors on their own, they can turn into positive or negative factors related to migration management. Migration management plays a key role here. As a matter of fact, the present study has significance at this point that it attempts to raise awareness about the negative effects of deficiencies in migration management on cultural adaptation and spatial belonging through the mentioned variables.The research area consisted of the neighborhoods of Akçaova (Antakya), Aydınlı, 408 Evler, Özyörük (Kırıkhan), Buhara (Hassa) and Tayfur Sökmen (Reyhanlı), which correspond to the Amik Plain and its surroundings in Hatay, and are administratively located within the boundaries of Antakya, Hassa, Kırıkhan and Reyhanlı district, formed during the 1960-2007 settlement process. The study was conducted based on the population who were resettled here and had a network of numbers, consciousness and relationships to form a community.Most of the data was primarily derived from two-year in-depth interviews conducted with communities by means of participant observation and ethnographic method. In this context, a sample of 93 people from the communities mentioned above was determined by using purposeful, stratified, and snowball sampling methods.In addition, due to the resettlement situation, data records from the institutions such as the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urban Planning, Provincial Directorate for Natural Disasters, Prime Ministry State Archives (BCA) and Hatay Provincial Directorate of Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) were also used to monitor the migration process. The records that make up the secondary data in the study were analyzed through document analysis and used in comparison with the primary data obtained from the field.Initially, the settlement process was based on the settlement Law No. 2510. The general framework of the settlement was determined by this law until 2006, although amendments were introduced to the law No. 2510 in various periods and revised again.Although it was attempted to carry out and manage the settlement process in accordance with the law, it is worth noting that there were many problems. First of all, the settlement was not planned by taking into account the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the space and the population settled. It is possible to notice the deficiencies such as inadequate planning and inadequate guidance in the migration management, inadequacy in the follow-up and control of the process, lack of migration records.While it is possible to talk about multiple factors affecting the cultural adaptation and spatial belonging of the communities settled, the planning and management of migration plays a key role here. Indeed, numerous problems were identified in the field due to the lack of immigration management. These include adaptation problems for agricultural products and culture, insufficiency of agricultural areas compared to household size, incompatibility of residential areas and economic activities, long distances between residential and agricultural areas, inadequacy and incompatibility of houses with respect to household size, problems of adaptation to the local climate and the issue of othering arising from socio-cultural integration problems. As a cumulative result of the problems, it is noteworthy that there is an increase in trends in migrations with no specific route in migrants suffering from spatial belonging.Although the results of the study appear to be limited to Hatay, they can be seen in many settlements in Turkey. In this sense, in a country, like Turkey, where there are various problems concerning domestic migration, it would not be acceptable to limit the concept of migration management only by addressing it at international level. We believe that the in Turkey concept and practices of migration management should be expanded to include domestic migrations so that it can be more functional.Keywords- Migration Management, Settlement, Cultural Adaptation, Spatial Belonging, Hatay, Bu çalışmada, Amik Ovası ve çevresine (Hatay) yönelik 1960-2007 yılları arasındaki iskân sürecine dair tespit edilen yönetim eksikliklerinin, iskân edilen toplulukların kültürel adaptasyon ve mekân aidiyetlerine olan olumsuz etkilerinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Araştırma sahası, 1960-2007 yılları arasında iskânla şekillenmiş 6 yerleşmeden oluşmakla birlikte, inceleme buraya yerleştirilen topluluk oluşturabilecek sayı, bilinç ve ilişkiler ağına sahip nüfusu temel almıştır.Verilerin büyük bölümünü, katılımcı gözlem ve etnografik metot çerçevesinde 93 kişilik örneklemle yapılan derinlemesine görüşmelerden elde edilen birincil veriler oluşturmuştur. Bunun yanında, iskân söz konusu olması nedeniyle, Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü, İl Afet Genel Müdürlüğü, Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri (BCA) ve Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) Hatay İl Müdürlüğü gibi kurumlara ait ikincil veriler de doküman analizi yoluyla yoğun olarak kullanılmıştır. Sahada göç yönetim eksikliğine bağlı tarım alanları ve konutların yetersizliği, yerleşme ile ekonomik faaliyetlerin uyumsuzluğu, sosyo-kültürel entegrasyon sorunları, ötekileştirme gibi çok sayıda sorun tespit edilmiştir. Kümülatif bir sonuç olarak kültürel adaptasyon ve mekân aidiyetinde sıkıntı çeken göçmenlerde yönü belli olmayan göç eğilimlerinin artması söz konusudur. Göç yönetimi kavramı ve uygulamalarının sadece uluslararası göçlerle sınırlı tutulmaması, iç göçleri de kapsayacak şekilde genişletilmesinin, daha işlevsel olacağı kanaatini taşımaktayız.

Anadoluculuk, 20. yüzyılın başında Osmanlı Devleti’nin buhranlı dönemlerinde doğmuş, Cumhuriyet’le birlikte etkinliğini sürdürmüş bir fikir hareketidir. Edebiyat başta olmak üzere felsefe, sosyoloji, tarih ve coğrafya literatürünü etkilemiştir. Eldeki çalışma 1920 ila 1940 yılları arasında bu fikir hareketiyle ortaya çıkmış, Anadolucu coğrafya yazınının tespiti ve temel özelliklerini belirleme amacındadır. Çalışma, Türkiye’de kültürel, felsefi ve siyasi fikir hareketlerinin coğrafya literatürünün gelişimine olan etkisine örnek oluşturması bakımından önem arz eder. Bu doğrultuda, Anadoluculuk akımı çerçevesinde coğrafi bilginin yeri ve rolü nedir? Akım çerçevesinde üretilen coğrafya yazını, bilgi ve yaklaşım yönüyle Türkiye coğrafya literatürüne herhangi bir katkı vermiş midir? gibi sorulara cevap aranmıştır. Anadoluculuk hareketinin yayın organları vasıtasıyla ya da münferit olarak yayımlanan Anadolucu coğrafya yazın örnekleri temel aldıkları ortak kavramlar (coğrafi ve ideolojik), kavramların oluşturduğu örüntü, akademik anlamda coğrafi bilgi düzeyleri, mekân ölçekleri ekseninde içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Anadoluculuk hareketinin mekân odaklı yaklaşımı, yani Anadolu’yu toplumsal değerlerin örgütleyicisi olarak kabul etmesi, Anadolucu coğrafya literatürünün doğmasında etkilidir. Anadolu coğrafyasının bilimsel bir temelde yazılmasıyla, atıl olan vatanın tanınması ve gelişimi için alt yapı oluşturma gayesi güdülmüştür. Anadolu’yu temel alan coğrafya literatürünün, Türkiye coğrafyasına (özellikle kitaplar) yönelik çalışmaların ilk örneklerini teşkil etmesi nedeniyle, Anadolu-Türkiye eksenli monografya çalışmalarının gelişimine katkı sağladığı düşüncesini taşımaktayız. Anadolucu coğrafya yazınının burada verilen örneklerle sınırlı olamayacağı, 19. ve 20. yüzyıl geç Osmanlı ile erken Cumhuriyet dönemi coğrafya literatürünün tanınmasına bağlı olarak zamanla genişleyeceği kanaatindeyiz., Anatolianism is an intellectual movement that was born during the depression period of the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century and continued its influence with the Republic. It influenced the literature of philosophy, sociology, history and geography, especially literature. The present study was carried out in an attempt to identify the Anatolian geographical literature and its basic characteristics which emerged along with this intellectual movement between 1920 and 1940. The study is significant in terms of exemplifying the impact of cultural, philosophical and political intellectual movements on the development of geographical literature in Turkey. Accordingly, answers to the following questions were sought: What is the place and role of geographical knowledge within the framework of the Anatolian movement? Has the geographical literature, which was generated within the framework of this movement, made any contribution to the geographical literature of Turkey in terms of information and approach? Examples of Anatolian geographical literature published individually or through the publishing organs of the Anatolianism movement were subjected to content analysis on the basis of common concepts (geographical and ideological), the pattern of concepts, the levels of geographical knowledge in academic sense, and spatial scales. The space-oriented approach of the Anatolian movement, that is, its acceptance of Anatolia as an organizer of social values, is instrumental in the emergence of Anatolian geographical literature. With the writing of Anatolian geography on a scientific basis, it was intended to create an infrastructure for the recognition and development of the idle homeland. Since the geographical literature based on Anatolia constitutes the first examples of the studies on the geography of Turkey (especially books), we believe that it will contribute to the development of Anatolian-Turkish monograph studies.We are of the opinion that Anatolian geographical literature cannot be limited to the examples given here and it will expand over time thanks to the recognition of the geographical literature of the late 19th century Ottoman and early Republican period.

Bu çalışmada, süt endüstrisinde yan ürün olarak elde edilen düşük katma değerli kırık peynirler ve lor peyniri kullanılarak 3 farklı formülasyonda geleneksel peynirli (sütlü) biber üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, ürünlerin mikrobiyolojik, kimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri 5 aylık depolama süresi boyunca incelenmiştir. Mikrobiyolojik analizlere göre, örneklerin başlangıçtaki E. coli içeriği sırasıyla 3.71, 2.73, 4.72 log kob/g olarak belirlenmiş ve 21. günün sonunda hiçbir grupta tespit edilmemiştir. Duyusal analiz sonuçlarına göre, 2. grup 4 ay boyunca tat (5.9-6.6), koku (6.2-6.6) ve görsel açıdan (6.3-6.7) en çok beğenilen grup olmuştur. Kimyasal analiz sonuçları göz önüne alındığında ise, depolama süresince tüm grupların parametrelerinde tüketimi olumsuz yönde etkileyebilecek bir değişikliğin olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, süt endüstrisi yan ürünleri kullanılarak katma değeri yüksek bir ürünün üretilebileceği ortaya konmuştur., In this study, traditional pickled pepper was produced in 3 different formulations by using whey cheese and cheese crumbs, which are obtained as a by-product in the cheese-making process. In the scope of the study, the microbiological, chemical and sensory properties were examined during the 5 months of storage period. The initial E. coli contents of the samples were determined as 3.71, 2.73, 4.72 log cfu/g respectively and it was not detected in any of the group at the end of the 21st day. The 2nd group was the most acceptable in terms of taste (5.9-6.6), smell (6.2-6.6) and visual appearance (6.3-6.7) for 4 months. It was observed that there was no change in the chemical parameters of all groups that could negatively affect consumption during the storage period. As a result of the study, it was shown that a high value-added product can be produced by using dairy by-products.

With the purpose of determining formal and functional culture regions for Aba Wrestling, this study is significant in solidifying the role of culture in spatial organization. Data were obtained by using ethnographic methods through participatory observations and interviews with people aged 65 years and older in communities that have adopted wrestling. The characteristics such as its practice, terminology and clothing style can be considered an indication of Hatay Aba Wrestling formal culture region. The region actually continued to exist encompassing Aleppo as the centre during Ottoman period and it was later restructured by the changes in political borders between 1921 - 1939. The present study is aimed at determining the functional and formal culture regions that are the continuation of a preexisting region in Turkey. Formal culture regions caused a spatial organization centered on Yayladağı and Altınözü between 1939 - 1990. The borders of the Hatay formal culture region became indistinct because of the 1990-institutionalization attempts, but these attempts resulted in the formation of the Hatay functional culture region. The Antakya-centred functional culture region overlapped the provincial borders. Today, this culture region is likely to expand its activities at a national and international level. This transformation is regarded as the change of the centre, actors and borders rather than having an evolutionary-progressive trait., Aba güreşi şekilsel ve işlevsel kültür bölgelerini belirleme amacındaki bu çalışma, kültürün mekânı örgütlemedeki rolünü somutlaştırması bakımından önem arz eder. Veriler, güreşi benimsemiş topluluklar içerisindeki 65 yaş ve üstü olan kişilerle etnografik yöntemle katılımcı gözlem ve görüşme yapılarak elde edilmiştir. Aba güreşinin uygulanışı, terminolojisi, giyim-kuşamı gibi özellikleri temelinde, Hatay aba güreşi şekilsel kültür bölgesinden söz edilebilir. Bölge, Osmanlı döneminde Halep merkezli olarak varlığını sürdürürken, 1921-1939’da siyasi sınırların değişiminden etkilenerek yeniden şekillenmiştir. Çalışmada, geçmişteki bölgenin Türkiye’deki bakiyesi konumundaki, şekilsel ve işlevsel kültür bölgelerinin tespiti yapılmıştır. Şekilsel kültür bölgesi, 1939-1990 arasında Yayladağı-Altınözü merkezli mekânsal örgütlenmeye meydan vermiştir. 1990 sonrasındaki kurumsallaşma çabaları, Hatay şekilsel kültür bölgesinin silikleşmesine, buna karşın Hatay işlevsel kültür bölgesinin oluşumuna yol açmıştır. Merkezini Antakya’nın oluşturduğu işlevsel kültür bölgesi, il sınırlarıyla örtüşmüştür. Günümüzde faaliyetlerini ulusal ve uluslararası boyuta taşıma eğilimindedir. Dönüşüm, evrimsel-ilerlemeci bir nitelik taşımaktan çok merkez, aktör ve sınırların değişiminden ibarettir.

The aim of this study was to determine the Aflatoxin M-1 (AFM(1)) quantities in raw milk samples and cheese samples produced from the same lot. The samples were obtained from six dairy plants in four different seasons. AFM(1) amounts of the samples were assessed by a Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) device with fluorescence detector, using a preliminary immune affinity column (IAC) for post-column derivatization and these values were compared with legal limits. Average of AFM(1) values of raw milk samples were determined to be 41.9 ng/l, 31.3 ng/l, 68.5 ng/l and 92.0 ng/I in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. 54.2 % of the investigated milk samples exceeded legal limits. AFM(1) concentrations were higher during the autumn and winter. Average values of AFM(1) in cheese samples were determined to be 92.7 ng/kg, 72.3 ng/kg, 190.6 ng/kg and 255.8 ng/kg in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. AFM(1) was at levels of 1.25 to 5.18-fold higher than those presented in the raw milk used for the cheese production. Based on the admissible limit, 16.7 % of the cheese samples were shown to have exceeded this valid maximum limit value. Consequently, it was found that seasonal change had a significant effect on the amount of AFM(1). Kirklareli UniversityKirklareli University [KLU-BAP-27] This work was supported by Kirklareli University Scientific Research Projects Coordinator (Project No: KLU-BAP-27)

In the present study, the potential use of cold-pressedgrape seed oil waste in a reduced-fat emulsionwas determined. For this purpose, effectsof cold-pressed grape seed oil waste onflow behavior, dynamic and 3-ITTrheological properties of the emulsions were investigated.Two different control samples with 10 or 30% oil content were prepared, andtwo different emulsions with 2 or 4% grape seed oil waste were produced. The flow behaviorproperties of samples were modeled by Hershel-Buckleymodel, and consistency coefficient (K), flow behavior index (n) and yield stress (s0)values were determined. The effect of oiland waste content on the K values of samples was significant (p, Bu çalışmada soğuk pres üzüm çekirdeği yağıatığının, yağı azaltılmış emülsiyonların üretiminde kullanım olanaklarıaraştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla üzüm çekirdeği yağı atığı ve yağ oranınınemülsiyonların akış davranış, dinamik ve 3ITT reolojik özelliklerine etkisiincelenmiştir. Yağ oranı %10 ve %30 olan iki farklı kontrol örneklerihazırlanmış, %2 ve %4 üzüm çekirdeği yağı atığı içeren emülsiyonlarüretilmiştir. Örneklerin akış davranış reolojik özellikleri, Hershel-Buckley model ile modellenmiş vekıvam katsayısı (K), akış davranışindeksi (n) ve akma gerilimi (s0)değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Örneklerin Kdeğerlerine, yağ ve atık oranın etkisi önemli bulunmuştur (p

The present study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality and safety of 67 meat and 112 dairy product samples manufactured by small-scale factories at the European side of Turkey. The results revealed that the bacteriological quality of the meat and dairy products tested was poor as Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and mold counts were found in 76.1 %, 47.8 %, 25.4 % and 50.7 % meat product samples, respectively, and in 67.0 %, 50.0 %, 2.8 % and 54.5 % dairy product samples respectively. Concerning food safety, E. coli 0157 and Listeria monocytogenes were detected by real time PCR assay in 10.5 % and 10.5 % meat product samples, and 5.4 % and 6.3 % dairy product samples, respectively. These results indicated a generally poor microbiological quality of a broad variety of products and the existence of foodborne pathogens in these products highlighted serious health issues. Therefore, in order to increase microbiological safety and quality of products, manufactured in small-scale factories of Turkey, we recommend improving and questioning existing HACCP concepts and conducting a monitoring system as a control of success.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the transglutaminase enzyme on the physicochemical characteristics, overrun, melting resistance, rheological and sensorial properties of ice cream made from goat’s milk. Different enzyme units (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 U/g milk protein) and treatment times (20 min and 60 min) were applied to determine the optimum process conditions. Treatment of the transglutaminase in the ice cream mix significantly affected the rheological and melting properties of the ice cream samples. The samples prepared with higher enzyme units and enzyme-treatment times showed higher melting resistance, consistency index, and viscoelastic modulus (G’) than the ice cream mix. The correlation coefficient between melting resistance and viscoelastic modulus was found to be high (0.76). The apparent viscosity of all samples decreased with increasing the shear rate, indicating that all samples exhibited non-Newtonian shear thinning flow behavior. The sensory, overrun, and physicochemical properties of samples were not affected by the enzyme treatment. This study showed that treatment times and enzyme units are essential factors in the processing of the transglutaminase enzyme for improving the rheological and melting properties of ice cream mixes. Another significant result was that desired melting resistance could be achieved for ice cream with lower stabilizer and fat content., U radu je ispitivan utjecaj dodatka enzima transglutaminaze na fizikalno-kemijska svojstva, porast volumena, otpor prema topljenju, reološka i senzorska svojstva sladoleda od kozjeg mlijeka. Enzim je dodavan u različitim koncentracijama (0,5, 1, 2, i 4 U/g proteina mlijeka) te su ispitivana različita vremenska razdoblja enzimatskog tretmana (20 min i 60 min) kako bi se odredili optimalni parametri procesa. Tretman sladoledne smjese dodatkom transglutaminaze rezultirao je statistički značajnim učincima na reološka svojstva i topivost ispitivanih uzoraka. Uzorci pripremljeni dodatkom većih koncentracija enzima i duljim vremenima tretiranja pokazivali su veći otpor prema topljenju, veći indeks konzistencije i veću viskoznost (G’) nego kontrolni. Koeficijent korelacije između otpora prema topljenju i koeficijenta viskoznosti bio je visok (0,76). Prividna viskoznost svih uzoraka opadala je s porastom brzine smicanja, što je ukazivalo na nenewtnovski tip tečenja u svim uzorcima. Dodatak enzima nije utjecao na fizikalnokemijska, senzorska i reološka svojstva, kao niti na porast volumena sladoleda. Ovo je istraživanje pokazalo da su vremena tretmana i primijenjene koncentracije enzima transglutaminaze ključni faktori za poboljšanje reoloških svojstava i topljivosti sladolednih smjesa. Također se pokazalo da primjena ovog enzima omogućuje postizanje željenih otpora prema topljenju u sladolednim smjesama s nižim udjelom stabilizatora i mliječne masti.

Probiotic bacteria and probiotic-based products have many benefits to health. Therefore, works on the production of probiotic-added products continues increasingly. However, these bacteria lose their vitality in food production and processing and in the digestive system significantly. The addition of these bacteria to the stored with a physical barrier into foods can contribute to the continuing vitality of them in the digestive system. Microencapsulation method developed for this purpose and involves coating or entrapping of a core material with a polymeric material to generate microspheres in the size range of 1–1000 µm. This versatile technology has been used to encapsulate a wide variety of products from pharmaceuticals to flavors. Especially in recent years, this technology has widely preferred for the encapsulation of living cells because of many advantages. In this review, it has tried to provide information about microencapsulation of the probiotic bacteria and the techniques used in this method., Probiyotik özellikteki bakterilerin ve probiyotikbazlı ürünlerin sağlığa pek çok yararları bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle probiyotikkatkılı ürünlerin üretimi üzerine çalışmalar artarak devam etmektedir. Ancak buözellikteki bakteriler, gıdaların üretimi ve işlenmesi ile sindirim sistemindecanlılıklarını önemli ölçüde kaybetmektedirler. Bu bakterilerin fiziksel birbariyer içinde saklanarak gıdalara ilave edilmesi, canlılıklarının sindirimsisteminde devam etmesine katkı sağlayabilmektedir. Bu amaçla geliştirilmişmikroenkapsülasyon yöntemi, çekirdek materyalin bir polimerik malzeme ilekaplanarak 1 ile 1000 µm boyutlarında mikrokürelerin oluşmasını sağlamaktadır.Bu çok kapsamlı teknoloji, ilaçlardan aroma maddelerine kadar çok geniş birürün yelpazesinin kapsüllenmesi için kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle son yıllardabu teknik sahip olduğu pek çok avantajından ötürü canlı hücrelerinenkapsülasyonunu için de yaygın olarak tercih edilmektedir. Bu derlemede,probiyotik özellikteki bakterilerin mikroenkapsülasyonu ve bu bağlamdakullanılan miroenkapsülasyon teknikleri hakkında bilgiler verilmeyeçalışılmıştır.

Probiyotik özellikteki bakterilerin ve probiyotik bazlı ürünlerin sağlığa pek çok yararları bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle probiyotik katkılı ürünlerin üretimi üzerine çalışmalar artarak devam etmektedir. Ancak bu özellikteki bakteriler, gıdaların üretimi ve işlenmesi ile sindirim sisteminde canlılıklarını önemli ölçüde kaybetmektedirler. Bu bakterilerin fiziksel bir bariyer içinde saklanarak gıdalara ilave edilmesi, canlılıklarının sindirim sisteminde devam etmesine katkı sağlayabilmektedir. Bu amaçla geliştirilmiş mikroenkapsülasyon yöntemi, çekirdek materyalin bir polimerik malzeme ile kaplanarak 1 ile 1000 ?m boyutlarında mikrokürelerin oluşmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu çok kapsamlı teknoloji, ilaçlardan aroma maddelerine kadar çok geniş bir ürün yelpazesinin kapsüllenmesi için kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle son yıllarda bu teknik sahip olduğu pek çok avantajından ötürü canlı hücrelerin enkapsülasyonunu için de yaygın olarak tercih edilmektedir. Bu derlemede, probiyotik özellikteki bakterilerin mikroenkapsülasyonu ve bu bağlamda kullanılan miroenkapsülasyon teknikleri hakkında bilgiler verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Probiotic bacteria and probiotic-based products have many benefits to health. Therefore, works on the production of probiotic-added products continues increasingly. However, these bacteria lose their vitality in food production and processing and in the digestive system significantly. The addition of these bacteria to the stored with a physical barrier into foods can contribute to the continuing vitality of them in the digestive system. Microencapsulation method developed for this purpose and involves coating or entrapping of a core material with a polymeric material to generate microspheres in the size range of 1–1000 µm. This versatile technology has been used to encapsulate a wide variety of products from pharmaceuticals to flavors. Especially in recent years, this technology has widely preferred for the encapsulation of living cells because of many advantages. In this review, it has tried to provide information about microencapsulation of the probiotic bacteria and the techniques used in this method.

Bu çalışmada 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi'nin basına yansımaları ve etkileri, Konya basını üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Konya basını, 148 yıllık tarihiyle Anadolu yerel basınında önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Bu bakımından 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi'nin yerel düzeyde ve yerli basında nasıl karşılandığı, Konya basınının Konya kamuoyunu etkilemek için nasıl kullanıldığı, bu çalışmada ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. 12 Eylül Rejimi döneminde Konya'da yayınlanan gazeteler şunlardır: Yeni Konya, Yeni Meram, Konya'nın Sesi, Konya Postası, Türkiye'de Yarın. Bu gazetelerin yayınlarını incelediğimizde Yeni Konya, Yeni Meram ve Konya Postası gazetelerinin sağ ideolojiye yakın; Konya'nın Sesi gazetesinin sol ideolojiye yakın; Türkiye'de Yarın gazetesinin ise Millî Selâmet Partisi'nin `Millî Görüş` ideolojisine yakın çizgide yayınlar yaptıklarını görmekteyiz. 12 Eylül'den önce bu gazeteler farklı görüşlerde yayın yapmalarına rağmen; 12 Eylül'den sonra hepsinin ortak noktası darbeden yana bir tavır ortaya koymalarıdır. 12 Eylül Rejimi döneminde Konya basını incelendiği zaman, Konya basınının ve Konya kamuoyunun darbeden yana bir tavır ortaya koydukları görülmektedir. Konya basınında darbeyi destekleyen haber ve makaleler yayınlanmasında, Konya basının bu dönemde 2. Ordu ve Sıkıyönetim Komutanlığının denetimi altında yayın hayatına devam etmesinin etkisi büyüktür. Konya kamuoyunun darbeyi desteklemesinde ise, 12 Eylül ile birlikte terör ve anarşinin `bıçak kesiği` gibi kesilmesi etkili olmuştur.Anahtar Kelimeler: 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi, Konya Basını. This study evaluates the effects and projections of the 12 September 1980 coup to Konya press. Konya press has an important position in the local Anatolian press, having a 148 year-old history. In this respect this research focuses on how the 12 September 1980 coup was received in the local press and on the local level and how it was used so as to influence the Konya public opinion in Konya press. The following newspapers were published in Konya during the 12 September regime: Yeni Konya, Yeni Meram, Konya'nın Sesi, Konya Postası, Türkiye'de Yarın. When we examine the newspapers' publications, we see that Yeni Konya, Yeni Meram and Konya Postası make publications close to the right ideology whereas Konya'nın Sesi make publications close to the left ideology and Türkiye'de Yarın – close to the ideology of the National Salvation Party called 'the National View'. Although these newspapers made different publications before the 12 September coup, all of them took up a similar position supporting the coup after 12 September. When we study Konya press during the 12 September regime, we see that Konya press and the Konya public opinion showed approval of the coup. When Konya media published news and articles supporting the coup, Konya press continued to make publications supervised by 2. Army and the Martial Law Commandership during this period, which affected it greatly. While Konya public opinion supported the coup, it was efficient in cutting the terror and anarchy like 'knife cut'.Key words: 12 September 1980 Coup d'etat, Konya Press. 211

Bu araştırmada, standart ve SOLO taksonomisine dayalı rubrikler ile puanlanan açık uçlu matematik sorularında puanlayıcı katılığı ve cömertliğinin çok yüzeyli Rasch modeli ile incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın veri kaynağını, sekizinci sınıfa devam eden 104 öğrencinin araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen matematik başarı testindeki açık uçlu sorulara verdiği cevaplar oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada puanlayıcı olarak görev alan yedi matematik öğretmeni ise çalışmanın katılımcıları olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında, standart ve SOLO taksonomisine dayalı rubrikler kullanılmıştır. Verilerin toplanması birkaç aşamada gerçekleşmiştir. İlk aşamada açık uçlu sorulardan oluşan matematik başarı testi öğrencilere uygulanarak, puanlayıcıların değerlendirme yapacakları dokümanlar elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra puanlayıcılar, öğrencilerin açık uçlu matematik sorularına verdikleri cevapları standart rubrik kullanarak puanlamışlardır. Bu işlemin ardından SOLO taksonomisine dayalı rubrikler kullanılarak yapılan puanlamalara geçilmiştir. Açık uçlu matematik sorularına verilen cevapların standart ve SOLO taksonomisine dayalı rubrikler kullanılarak puanlanmasıyla elde edilen veriler çok yüzeyli Rasch modeline göre analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada; standart rubrikler kullanılarak yapılan puanlamalarda; puanlayıcılar arası uyumun düşük olduğu ve katılık/cömertlikleri yönüyle puanlayıcılar arasında anlamlı fark bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. SOLO taksonomisine dayalı rubriklerden puanlayıcılar arası uyumun yüksek olduğu ve puanlayıcıların benzer katılık/cömertlikte puanlama yaptıkları saptanmıştır.

The authenticity of meat products is an important issue for religious and public health reasons in Turkey. The aim of the study was to determine the animal species of origin and to assess the microbiological quality of raw and processed meat products collected from different markets in Thrace Region of Turkey. The detection of animal species and isolation of food-borne pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli 0157 were performed using the real-time PCR assays. A standard cultural method was applied for the enumeration of hygienic indicator microorganisms such as coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. DNA from pork and horse meat were not detected in any raw and processed meat products, therefore all samples were acceptable in accordance to halal food due to the absence of pork. In six processed red meat products (beef burger, beef. salami and beef sausage) DNA of poultry was detected, and the samples did not fullfil the labeling requirements. L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and E. coil 0157 were detected in one, seven and nine raw meat samples, and in twelve, one and five processed meat samples, respectively. The microbiological results of this study demonstrate that analyzed meat products did not meet the microbiological limits due to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms according to Turkish Food Codex. This study exposes the occurrence of food mislabeling and particularly poor hygienic quality of meat products on the commercial market and a potential risk of foodborne infections in this region.

İnterdisipliner bir yaklaşımla (Antropoloji-Coğrafya) ortaya konan bu çalışmada Pir Hatip ziyareti ve çevresindeki, inanç, kültür ve gelenek değişkenleri üzerinden, ziyarete atfedilen değerler ile inançsal dünyaya ilişkin algılar ve uygulamalardan kültürel yapı ile ritüeller arasındaki bağın çözümlenmesi, mekânın oluşumunda coğrafi şartların etkinliği ve mekânın fonksiyonları ele alınmıştır. Yinekültürel peyzaj unsuru olarak Pir Hatip ziyaretini oluşturan coğrafi unsurların peyzaj ve kullanım özellikleri üzerinde dedurulmuştur Çalışmada saha gözlemlerinin yanında nitel araştırmaya dair kartopu yöntemiyle belirlenen 31 kişiden oluşan örneklemle derinlemesine görüşme yapılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmada coğrafi ve antropolojik bakışla mekânın ritüel, sağaltım, kültürel bellek, rekreasyonel fonksiyonlarının yanında, kültürel aktarım aracı ve nirengi noktası gibi işlevleri ile fonksiyonel etki sahasına sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Pir Hatip ziyareti üzerinden denilebilir ki, sosyo-ekonomik yaşamın bir parçası olarak kutsal mekânlar, inançları kültüre uyarlama aracı olarak kullanılmalarının yanında, insan-çevre arasındaki ilişkilerin farklı bir boyutunu göstermeleri açısından da önem arz etmektedirler., In an interdisciplinary approach (Anthropology-Geography), based on the Pir Hatip Ziyaret Place and its surrounding environment, belief, culture and tradition variables, this study focuses on the analysis of the values attached to the Pir Hatip Ziyaret Place and the link between cultural structure and rituals basing on the perceptions and practices of religious world, and the influence of geographical conditions on the construction and the functions of the place. Also, it addresses the landscape and functional features of the geographical elements constituting Pir Hatip Ziyaret Place as a cultural landscape component. In this study, along with field observation activities, in-depth interviews were conducted with 31 people who were selected by snowball sampling method for qualitative research purposes, and the outcomes were interpreted. With a geographical and anthropological point of view, the study found that the Place serves as a cultural transmission mean and a triangulation point and an area of influence where it performs these functions as well as its ritual, healing, cultural memory, recreational functions. Based on the example of the Pir Hatip Ziyaret Place, it can be said that sacred places as a a part of socioeconomic life are important in displaying a different dimension of human-environment relations as well as their being used as a mean to harmonize the beliefs with the culture The phenomenon of religion is a factor having effects on almost all aspects of the life in the societies in terms of social, intellectual and mood states. For ages, human beings have attributed sanctity to some places and objects in line with their faiths as a manifestation of their reasons of being and mostly, have found concrete ways to express their religious beliefs by using these places and objects. Based on this concretization, social scientists studying on religious beliefs have developed different theories, and each discipline has tended to make a definition according to its own field. Some anthropologists like Geertz have defined religion in a more secular manner as a system of symbols which regulates and handles the perception of people on the general order of the existence (1973:90) or as a reflection of a human being’s attitude towards or deep commitment to the invisible on the social relations and a system of faith and worship for what they consider to have divine authority (Bettany, 2005:22) while authors from other disciplines including theology have defined it as a life style which determines and disciplines all mental functions as well as attitudes and behaviours of a human being based on thought and belief (belief in creator) (Gündüz, 2016:18-21;Kılıç, 2015:9- 14). While the present study aims to analyse the connection between cultural structure and beliefs mainly on the basis of the practices related to the places of visit with an anthropological understanding, the impacts of geographical conditions on the faith and cultural elements and of faithbased practices on the landscape of the place are emphasized with respect to the cultural and faith geography. Being a different consequence of the human-environment interaction in terms of geography, sanctuaries exist with the cultural values attributed to the places rather than their outstanding physical environment conditions. In other words, this study aims to address the concept of sacred place within the framework of an anthropological approach, which attempts to explain human with its culture and values, along with a geographical perspective, which attempts to understand and explain a place from almost all aspects. In doing so, the emergence of a sacred place with the attribution of several functions within the framework of daily life practices of the society of individuals as well as the differentiation process of the place from the surrounding environment along with its functions in the daily life will be elaborated. Attempts will be made to reveal the relations of location and accessibility (according to settlements, social and economic areas of activity) with the geographical (lithological, vegetative and economic activities) factors with respect to both functions and differentiation process. In other words, landscape and usage features of the geographical elements constituting Pir Hatip ziyaret place as a cultural landscape element will be highlighted. The concept of sacred place will be interpreted within the framework of humanenvironment interaction by considering the role of geographical elements along with faith and social values in the emergence of sacred places and their functions. Conceptual and Theoretical Framework It can be argued that definitions concerning religion and its functions vary by disciplines, and some disciplines claim that current life practices and functions have created the religion while some claim that the religion has created functions and culture. However, this is not the focus of the present study. No matter how the phenomenon of religion is defined, the accepted understanding is that the practices related to religious beliefs and traditions connect many cultural patterns to one another and influence them in different ways. This influence shapes all aspects of the social life as well as place and perception of place and thus, brings forth the concept of “sacred place”. Eliade states that the sacred is generally defined on the basis of the unholy in the belief systems and anything that a human being organizes, feels, confronts or likes can gain sanctity (Eliade, 2000: 27-36). According to Durkheim, all the known religions have one common feature: religions accept the classification of real or imaginary things into two classes by human beings as a preliminary truth and this is explained with the terms of “sacred” and “profane”. Sacred objects do not consist of only beings which are named such as the lord and the spirit. A rock, a tree, a water spring, a small stone or a piece of tree can be sacred (Durkheim, 2005: 56). The concepts of sanctity and sacred place, in particular, have aroused interest in those studying cultural geography and geography of belief as well as anthropologists and religious historians, and different definitions have been made. According to the post-modern view, the spiritual dimension is attributed to a place by the believers depending on the cultural structure (Park, 2004: 19-23). Yi Fu Tuan emphasizes sacred places with the concepts of difference, afterlife, orderliness and integrity by stating that the “sacred” disturbs and interrupts the routine and is beyond the cliché. In this respect, according to Tuan, it is not possible to find precise and clear definitions which completely reveal the sanctity of a place. Just as different criteria are used by different faiths in the selection of the holy and sacred places, criteria may change within the same belief system throughout the history (Yi Fu Tuan, 1978). Thus, it can be argued that the borders of sacred places, which play key roles in many belief systems, are sometimes limited to the tomb of the person to whom sanctity is attributed and sometimes expand to larger area. If it is necessary to exemplify, while buildings are constructed to determine the borders of sacred places in the Nusayri belief (Türk, 2005: 159; Çağımlar, 2002), in our research field, these borders are determined by the surrounding trees. The sacred is known as the opposite pole of what is known and recognized and what is daily and ordinary in all societies without exception. What is accepted as sacred can be a natural object, an article, a place, a plant, a human being or a virtual being (Erginer, 2003: 509). According to many belief systems, elements of the nature such as mountain, river, tree, rock etc. are included in the sacred places along with human constructions such as temples, cities and tombs (Sopher, 1967:49; Al Faruqi, Sopher, 1974:66). Out of them, the ones covering both natural and human elements stand out. Although the sacred places of visit have differences on the level of faith and practice, they have been encountered in many cultures from the archaic societies to the modern one and they have existed in all eras (Eliade 1971: 367-371). Significance The study is significant in that it reveals the functions of the sacred place named after Pir Hatip as well as their place in the daily life practices and human-environment interaction from anthropological and geographical perspectives within the definitions and theories of different disciplines studying the faith, existence of sacred places and their functions. In particular, the findings related to the functions attributed to the sacred places due to sentimental values as well as the functions concerning the daily life practices and the attempt to explain them on the basis of human-environment interaction make this study significant within the existing literature. Method In line with the specified objectives, the study is based on field observations and interpretation of the information obtained through qualitative fieldwork. To this end, persons above a specific age were contacted and their approaches to the sacred place in question and the changes in these approaches were examined along with their life cycles. During the research, interview forms containing open-end questions were used and 22 participants were contacted. The participants were aged 60 and older while their education statuses ranged from the illiterates to primary school, secondary school, high school and university graduates. The numbers of male and female participants were equal. Although a goal-oriented approach was adopted during sampling in terms of age, snowball sampling was used during the fieldworks as a result of the orientations from the people. On the other hand, nine individuals between the ages of 20 and 30, who visited the sacred place at least once, were interviewed later with the aim of revealing the differences between the generations. The findings were interpreted by using the methods of participant observation, in-depth interview, visual documentation and oral history studies. Besides these, the thematic visual materials of the field consisting of maps were prepared with ArcGIS /ArcMap10.3 package program based on Google Earth while photos were taken during the fieldworks. Findings and Discussion On the basis of the values attributed to the sacred place located in the field of the present study by the local people, although there is not a completely common view, it can be argued that the sacred place belief plays an adaptive role in the society’s sense of protection in terms of protection and sustainability. It is beyond doubt that faith and cultural features played distinctive roles in the embodiment of this belief since economic and social concerns and expectations of the people have always been at the forefront. All these show that the developments in technological, social, economic, political and cultural spheres have effects on the belief systems, and they are shaped within them, gain different values and forms and persist. It has been observed that rules related to the rituals of the sacred place become flexible in parallel to the changes in time and living conditions. This shows that sacred places play a key role in the adaptation of the beliefs to the cultural structures. As long as the humankind exists, beliefs and values will be reflected on the places. Based on the example of Pir Hatip ziyaret place, it can be argued that all changes and developments in the life of a human being have paved the way for the emergence of new places adapted to the existing belief system. This is because of the fact that each change in the life will result in new desires and a place will be needed to attribute the new values. The Pir Hatip ziyaret place shows that sacred places as concrete elements of cultures and, in particular, belief systems reflecting on the space are distinguished from the other places as indispensable parts of the socio-economic life and create an area of influence with more than one functions. Based on our example, it can be stated that it is highly inadequate to generalize all the places considered to be sacred by the people and assess them with only one function. In addition to the functions, which are related to the faith and resemble to one another, they are important since they show another dimension of the interaction between human and environment from a geographical perspective. What should not be overlooked at this point is that geographical elements play key roles in both the emergence of sacred places and their functions along with the characteristics of the social structure and faith. Geographical features such as location, topography, lithological structure, vegetation, hydrographic structure as well as transport systems are determinative in the emergence of sacred places as well as the creation of the hierarchical structure between them, their functions and the area of influence. This influence means that the geographical elements, which are absolute, are interpreted in different ways depending on the perceptions of human beings. This in turn shows that sacred places have an indispensable function in the determination and understanding of the human-environment interaction. As a consequence, from a geographical perspective, the process of a place to become sacred is striking since it sheds light on the role of faith in the attempt of the human to perceive and shape the environment. Based on this assessment, the findings obtained in the present study concerning the sacred places and specifically Pir Hatip ziyaret place can be summarized as follows: - It is difficult to precisely determine the belief system on which a sacred place like Pir Hatip ziyaret place emerged in Nusaybin Mardin which has been home to many religions and cultures throughout the history. However, it is apparent that the time has adapted it to the belief systems and cultural values. - The area where the ziyaret place is located does not have distinct geographical features in its neighbourhood, but it has been attributed sanctity, protected and differentiated. - Views about the ziyaret place and rules concerning the rituals are stretched in accordance with the changing conditions of the time and life, and harmony with the flow of the life is ensured. Due to the features specified in these two items, sacred places differ from the definitions given in the literature. - As it is seen in the example of Pir Hatip ziyaret place, the diversity resulting from changes and developments in the human life has been adapted to the existing belief system, and this has resulted in the emergence of new places or reshaping of the existing ones. - Although sacred places are different from other places within the space perception of the societies, they are not free from the practices of the daily life. They undertake functions related to not only faith and spirituality but also daily life. In this respect, they are parts of the daily life. It is appropriate to state that they are embedded with economic and cultural life. - From geographical and anthropological perspectives, it has been found out that sacred places have functional impact and multiple functions such as cultural transmission tool and benchmark in addition to such functions as ritual, therapy, cultural memory and recreation. - Location of the place and distance to the transport systems, in particular, are highly influential in the emergence and diversification of the functions. Also, it has been determined that the location and developments in the transport systems depending on the functions of the ziyaret place have impacts on the extent of the area of influence. - Sacred places have a quasi-autonomous nature when compared to the other places and thus, they are protected. This is a reality that can be observed in almost all sacred places. However, this study has shown that this autonomy does not mean impunity. They are not outside the daily life. - As sacred places play key roles in the rearrangement of the natural landscape, they are effective in the protection of the natural environment. However, the protection understanding here is not directly the protection of environment but is protection of the natural since it is sacred. In this aspect, sacred places properly represent a different dimension of the human-environment interaction. - Considering their place in the social memory and use as a cultural transmission tool, it is striking that they play key roles in the creation and maintenance of social identity as well as the development of the sense of ownership for the place.

Hijyenik açıdan güvenilir gıda üretilebilmesi için gıda işletmelerinde hammadde, personel ve işletme hijyeni kadar su hijyeni de önemlidir. Günümüzde halen su kaynaklı gastrointestinal hastalıklar halk sağlığını tehdit etmeye devam etmektedir. Bu çalışma Kırklareli ilinde faaliyet gösteren gıda işletmelerindeki suların kalitesini belirlemek ve mevcut durumu gözlemlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla toplam 33 farklı işletmeden 83 şebeke ve kuyu suyu incelemeye alınmıştır. Su numunelerinin fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri limit değerler dâhilinde bulunurken, mikrobiyolojik kalite açısından %10.8’i (n=9) E. coli, %84.3’ü (n=70) koliform bakteri, %27.7’si (n=23) psikrofil bakteri, %37.3’ü (n=31) toplam aerobik mezofilik bakteri (TAMB) için belirtilen yasal limit değerleri üzerinde çıkmıştır. Kış döneminde ilgili numunelerin %26.2’sinde koku, %9.5’inde bulanıklık belirlenmiştir. Water hygiene is an important parameter as well as raw material, personal and process hygiene in order to produce hygienically safe food. Gastrointestinal diseases caused by water continue to threaten public health worldwide today. The aim of this study is to assess the hygienic quality of water used in food plants in Kirklareli, Turkey. For this purpose, 83 supply and well water samples were analyzed from 33 different plants. Physico-chemical properties of all samples were within the legal values while 10.8% (n=9), 84.3% (n=70), 27.7% (n=23), 37.3% (n=31) of samples did not meet limit values in terms of exceeding E. coli, coliform bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria and total aerobic mesophyll bacteria (TAMB), respectively. In winter period, odor in 26.2% and turbidity in 9.5% of the samples were detected. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi, KLÜBAP/28

In this research, it was aimed to investigate educational philosophies adopted by preservice teachers in terms of various variables. Survey method was used in the study with this aim. The working group of the research composes of 310 preservice teachers from Primary Education Department of Atatürk Faculty of Education of Marmara University in the spring semester of 2011-2012 academic year. “Philosophy Preference Assessment Scale” developed by researchers has been used in the research as data collection tool. The obtained data were analyzed by means of SPSS 17.0 package program. Research findings showed that, preservice teachers adopted traditional educational philosophies consisting of perennialism and essentialism more than contemporary educational philosophies consisting of progressivism and reconstructionism. As a result of this research, it was determined that, gender is not an effective variable on educational philosophies adopted by student teachers. It was found that, class and department variables have a statistically significant effect on the level of student teachers’ adoption of traditional and contemporary educational philosophies. Results were discussed in the light of the literature.

ÖZ: Bu araştırmanın amacı, Ang vd. (2007) tarafından geliştirilen Kültürel Zekâ Ölçeği (KZÖ)’ni Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve ölçeğin psikometrik özelliklerini incelemektir. Araştırma 2011-2012 Öğretim Yılı Bahar Dönemi’nde Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi’nin farklı bölümlerinde öğrenim gören ve toplam 1104 öğrenciden oluşan 5 ayrı çalışma grubu üzerinde yürütülmüştür. KZÖ’nün Türkçe’ye uyarlanması sürecinde öncelikle ölçeğin dilsel eşdeğerliği incelenmiş ve Türkçe ile İngilizce formlardan elde edilen puanlar arasında pozitif yönde, güçlü ve anlamlı korelasyonlar saptanmıştır. Açımlayıcı ve Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, KZÖ’nün Türkçe formunun orijinal forma paralel dört faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Uyum geçerliği çalışmasından elde edilen bulgular; KZÖ ile Kültürler Arası Duyarlılık Ölçeği arasındaki korelasyonun .61, KZÖ ile Tromso Sosyal Zeka Ölçeği arasındaki korelasyonun ise .44 olduğunu göstermiştir. Güvenirlik analizi sonucunda, ölçeğin iç tutarlılık katsayısı .85 ve test-tekrar güvenirlik katsayısı .81 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Madde analizi sonucunda, alt ölçeklerin düzeltilmiş madde toplam korelasyonlarının .33 ile .64 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak, KZÖ’nün Türkçe formunun üniversite öğrencilerinin kültürel zekâları ölçmek amacıyla kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir. ABSTRACT: The purpose of the present study is to adapt Cultural Intelligence Scale (CIS), which is developed by Ang et al. (2007) to Turkish, and to assess its psychometrics properties. Research was conducted on 5 different study groups, who consisted of 1104 students at Dicle University Ziya Gokalp Education Faculty during 2012 Spring Semester. In Turkish adaptation process of CIS, its language equivalence was assessed and strong positive and significant correlations were obtained between Turkish and English versions. Explanatory and Confirmatory factor analysis showed four factors for Turkish version of CIS similar to its original version. Concurrent validity results showed that correlation between Turkish version of CIS and Intercultural Sensitivity Scale was .61 and correlation between Turkish version of CIS and Tromso Social Intelligence Scale was .44. Reliability analyses showed .85 internal consistency coefficient and .81 test-retest reliability. Item analyses showed corrected item-total correlations were between .33 and .64. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Turkish version of CIS is a valid and reliable measurement in assessing university students’ cultural intelligence.

Bu araştırmada, ortaöğretim fizik dersinde başarının değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan açık uçlu soruların puanlanmasında SOLO Taksonomiye dayalı olarak hazırlanan rubrik kullanımı geleneksel puanlama anahtarlarına göre karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Bu araştırma kapsamında hazırlanan açık uçlu sorular, 2012–2013 eğitim-öğretim yılında Kahramanmaraş il merkezinde öğrenim görmekte olan 11. sınıf öğrencilerinden 200 öğrenciye uygulanmıştır. Sorulara verilen yanıtların puanlanması SOLO Taksonomiye dayalı dereceli puanlama anahtarı hakkında eğitim verilen üç fizik öğretim elemanı tarafından yapılmıştır. Karşılaştırmalı araştırma yönteminin uygulandığı bu araştırmada, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan mülakat tekniğinden de yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, SOLO Taksonomiye dayalı hazırlanan puanlama anahtarı kullanarak puanlama yapmanın, farklı öğretmenlerin puanlamaları arasındaki farklılıkları azalttığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, SOLO Taksonomiye dayalı hazırlanan rubrikle puanlama yapmanın objektif ve puanlama kolaylığının olduğu ve de zamandan tasarruf sağladığı belirlenmiştir

Bu çalışma, sekizinci sınıf öğrencilerinin İngilizce dersi başarıları ile ilişkili öğrenci ve öğretmen özelliklerinin ortaya konulması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma 2014-2015 yılı bahar döneminde Ankara, İstanbul, Antalya, Sinop, Bartın, Muş, Mardin ve Şırnak illerinde görev yapan 41 İngilizce öğretmeni ve bu öğretmenlerin eğitim verdiği toplam 863 sekizinci sınıf öğrencisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri İngilizce başarı testi, öğrenci ve öğretmen envanterleri aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. İki düzeyli Hiyerarşik Lineer Modelleme analizi kullanılarak, öğrenci ve öğretmen özelliklerinin hangilerinin sekizinci sınıf öğrencilerinin İngilizce dersi başarısı ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, öğrencilerinin sekizinci sınıf İngilizce dersi başarısı ile ilişkili olan özelliklerden hangilerinin öğretmen özellikleri ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, öğrenci özelliklerinden cinsiyet, anne eğitim durumu, İngilizce'ye ayrılan zaman ve İngilizce'ye ilişkin özgüven; öğretmen özelliklerinden ise öğretmen iş birliği, öğretmenin yapılandırmacı yaklaşım anlayışına sahip olması, öğretmen iş doyumu ve mesleki gelişim değişkenlerinin İngilizce dersi başarısı ile ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, öğrencilerinin sekizinci sınıf İngilizce dersi başarısı ile ilişkili olan öğrenci özellikleri ile öğretmen özellikleri arasında herhangi bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir. Çalışmada yer alan öğrenci ve öğretmen özelliklerinin öğrenci başarısı ile ilişkisi pozitif bulunmuştur. Bu sonuca göre anne eğitim düzeyi, İngilizce'ye ayrılan zaman, İngilizce'ye ilişkin özgüven, öğretmen iş birliği, öğretmenin yapılandırmacı yaklaşıma anlayışına sahip olması, öğretmen iş doyumu ve öğretmen mesleki gelişimi arttıkça öğrenci İngilizce dersi başarısında yükseliş meydana gelecektir. Buna ek olarak, kız öğrencilerin erkek öğrencilere göre İngilizce başarısı açısından daha başarılı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the characteristics of eighth grade students and teachers and English course achievement. This study was carried out during 2014-2015 spring semester with 41 English teachers and their eighth grade students (863 in total) in the provinces of Ankara, İstanbul, Antalya, Sinop, Bartın, Muş, Mardin, and Şırnak. The data were collected via English achievement test, student inventory and teacher inventory. It was determined, by using two-level hierarchical linear modelling, which characteristics of students were related to eighth grade English course achievement and which characteristics of the English teachers were related to eighth grade English course achievement. Besides, it was determined which characteristics of students were related to teacher characteristics in terms of eighth grade English course achievement. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that mother education level, time spent on English learning, and self-confidence in English that were student characteristics and teacher collaboration, constructivist approach in teaching, job satisfaction, and professional development that were student characteristics had a relationship with English course achievement. However, there was no relationship between student characteristics related to eighth grade English course achievement and teacher characteristics. It was also found that all variables in the study had a positive relationship with English course achievement. Accordingly, the increase in the characteristics of mother education level, time spent on English learning, self-confidence in English, teacher colaboration, constructivist approach in teaching, job satisfaction and professional development will cause increment in English achievement. It was also revealed that girls were more successful than boys in terms of egihth grade English course achievement.