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Background: Vitamin D has been found to be associated with the pathogenesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the potential role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is still unclear. Aim: We aimed to investigate the association between calcium metabolism and ADHD symptomatology. Methods: We included 106 participants aged between 7 and 13 years old (51 ADHD patients, mean age: 9.54 ± 1.77, 55 healthy controls mean age: 9.97 ± 0.94) to this study. K-SADS-PL and Conners' Parent/Teacher Rating Scales, Stroop Test were performed. Blood samples to measure serum levels of Vitamin D, PTH, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were collected in the spring (March--April--May) to prevent seasonal variability. Results: PTH, P, and ALP values were significantly lower and Vitamin D, Ca, and Mg values were significantly higher in the ADHD group (P < 0.05, for all). Both groups had Vitamin D deficiency. Control group has lower Vitamin D levels than the ADHD group (respectively; 17.66 ± 9.07, 21.99 ± 10.99, P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between PTH and CTRS hyperactivity, CGI-RI and CGI-EL sub-scores, CGI-Total, DSM-IV-Inattention, DSM-IV Hyperactivity/Impulsivity, DSM-IV-Total scores (P < 0.05, for all). Conclusions: We found lower PTH levels in ADHD patients and a strong and negative correlation between PTH and symptom severity. Future studies are needed to clarify if these findings are due to the key role of PTH in ADHD pathology or PTH's function in activating vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to investigate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents diagnosed with tic disorders. Materials and Methods: The study population included 187 children with tic disorders, aged between 4 and 18 years. The data were obtained by using Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Disorders, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). The demographic information, history of familial diseases were recorded. Results: The study included 37 girls (mean 10.9 ± 2.5 years) and 150 boys (mean 10.9 ± 2.7 years) with a mean age of 10.9 ± 2.6 years. Of all cases, 135 were classified as Tourette Syndrome (n=135; 72,2%), 50 as motor tics (n=50; 26,7 %) and 2 as others tic disorders (n=2; 1,1%) according to the diagnostic tic disorders subtype. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean age and first symptom age according to the subtype of tic disorder. In 9 1% of the cases, the age of onset of tics was 12 years or younger. The rate of having at least one comorbidity, mean number of comorbidities and comorbid ADHD rates were significantly higher among boys than girls. The most common comorbid diagnoses were ADHD (n=142, 75.9%), OCD (n= 08, 57.8%) and anxiety disorder (n=57, 30.4%). Conclusion: In our study, male cases, early onset and multiple comorbid diagnoses were found to be significantly higher in childhood tic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS), a subgroup of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), has received much attention even though the specific underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a key factor in the innate immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MBL2 gene polymorphisms in pediatric OCD patients diagnosed as PANDAS, PANDAS-Variant and non-PANDAS. Methods: The study included 102 pediatric OCD patients (59 [57.8% ] PANDAS, 20 [19.6% ] non-PANDAS, and 23 [22.5% ] PANDAS-Variant) and 60 healthy controls. Polymorphisms at codon 52, 54 and 57 of the MBL2 gene were investigated. Results: Codon 54 polymorphism and any variant of MBL2 gene were significantly more frequent in the OCD group than in the control group (OR=2.97, 95% CI: 1.26-6.97; and OR=2.66, 95% CI: 1.32-5.38, respectively). According to regression analysis, the presence of any variant of MBL2 gene was found in 14.50-fold increased frequency in the PANDAS subgroup compared with the non-PANDAS subgroup (95% CI: 2.49-84.19). Conclusions: Our findings support an association between MBL2 genotypes and pediatric OCD, particularly PANDAS-OCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comorbid psychiatric disorders, frequent hospitalization, multiple outpatient treatment, prior history of hypertension, obesity and lipid dysregulation are associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome in children. Side effects of antipsychotic drugs and their management have recently become a major subject of research due to enhanced antipsychotic drug usage in child and adolescents. Prevention strategies are usually preferred to secondary or tertiary strategies in the management of metabolic syndrome associated with antipsychotic drugs. Clinicians should present multidisciplinary approach to endocrine and metabolic side effects due to antipsychotic use in pediatric patient groups and avoid multiple drug use in such patients. In this paper, we briefly reviewed metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotic drugs in child and adolescent population, possible mechanisms of susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and pharmacological and non pharmacological treatment approach to prevention of weight gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of internet use and Problematic Internet Use (PIU) in adolescents with and without psychiatric disorder. Methods: The present study was performed on 884 adolescents, who were in the age group of 12 to 18 years. Each o psychiatric sample (PS) and community sample (CS) included 442 age/gender matched adolescents. PS were patients at the child and adolescent psychiatry departments of Cukurova, Mersin and Akdeniz Universities. Online Cognition Scale (OCS) was used for Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of internet use and Problematic Internet Use (PIU) in adolescents with and without psychiatric disorder. Methods: The present study was performed on 884 adolescents, who were in the age group of 12 to 18 years. Each o psychiatric sample (PS) and community sample (CS) included 442 age/gender matched adolescents. PS were patients at the child and adolescent psychiatry departments of Cukurova, Mersin and Akdeniz Universities. Online Cognition Scale (OCS) was used for PIU. Results: The most common diagnoses in PS were attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n: 260), followed by anxiety disorders (AD; n: 96), mood disorders (MD; n: 55), and other disorders (OD; n: 31, 7.0%). 23.3% of participants in PS and 10.6% in CS reported use of internet for more than 8 hours/week (p=0.0001). Additionally, mean OCS scores of participants in PS were significantly higher than those in CS (p=0.0001). The highest OCS score average was observed in the ADHD group and it was significantly higher than that in CS (p=0.0001). Conclusion: This study has supported the relationship between PIU and psychopathology among adolescents which is more pronounced in adolescents with ADHD. (Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47: 241-6) Key words: Problematic internet use, PIU, internet addiction, IA, psychopathology PIU. Results: The most common diagnoses in PS were attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n: 260), followed by anxiety disorders (AD; n: 96), mood disorders (MD; n: 55), and other disorders (OD; n: 31, 7.0%). 23.3% of participants in PS and 10.6% in CS reported use of internet for more than 8 hours/week (p=0.0001). Additionally, mean OCS scores of participants in PS were significantly higher than those in CS (p=0.0001). The highest OCS score average was observed in the ADHD group and it was significantly higher than that in CS (p=0.0001). Conclusion: This study has supported the relationship between PIU and psychopathology among adolescents which is more pronounced in adolescents with ADHD. (Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47: 241-6 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although, marked contribution of media on modern life, excessive and inappropriate using may cause important behavioral and emotional problems, especially in children and adolescents. It was shown by many experimental and longitudinal studies that media violence result permanent and increased aggressive behaviors short and long periods. It includes viewing violence on television but it is more pronounced on computer and internet games because of active learning processes. Recently, internet addiction is an also important mental health problem which affects the most of the societies. Playing game and chatting on internet are more risky using forms for internet addiction. Other psychiatric disorders, especially attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mood disorders and anxiety disorders are frequently seen together with internet addiction. Family training programs includes risks of media and appropriate media using forms; and legal measures are prime necessities at now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a periodic syndrome characterized by recurrent vomiting attacks and normal intervals. A boy is presented at the age of 12 who had CVS and his vomiting attacks were triggered by stress and infection diseases, in this study. The aims of the study are to draw attention on different etiology of CVS and to discuss of different treatment applications through this case report. In his treatment, olanzapine 5 mg/day was given because of the antiemetic and anxiolytic effects. His symptoms were significantly improved through 6 mounts with this treatment but there wasn't fully remission. Because of recurrent upper respiratory system infections, prophylactic penicillin treatment was started additionally. Fully remission was seen under this combination treatment through 18 moths. CVS is common among children but etiology and maintenance treatments of CVC have not been defined enough, yet. Traditional applications include symptomatic treatments during attacks. There is limited knowledge about preventive treatment of vomiting attacks. There are a few data about maintenance treatment with antipsychotic and antibiotic on CVS. Antipsychotic and antibiotic treatments especially in the cases whose symptoms triggered by infection diseases may be good alternatives on preventive treatment of CVS cases. Clinical studies are need about effectiveness and tolerability of different antipsychotic and antibiotic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, atypical symptomatology and difficulties concerning the differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BPD) in children and adolescents before the first episode are discussed through 4 cases aged 5, 13, 14 and 16 years. Although all cases were treated and followed for months/years with diagnoses such as conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline disorder, dissociation, and psychosis, their diagnoses were considered as BPD after months or years. Misdiagnosis and/or delayed diagnosis of BPD are common among children and adolescents. Use of stimulant or antidepressant agents provoked manic symptoms, while antipsychotics (risperidone and aripiprazole) and mood stabilizers (valproic acid and lithium) were useful as combined and/or mono therapy for these cases. BPD should be considered in the differential diagnosis in child and adolescent cases with atypical symptomatology and treatment resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edema is rare side effect due to antipsychotic medication. The knowledge about edema related risperidone limited to adult case reports. Although risperidone is the most common used antipsychotic for child and adolescent psychiatric patients, risperidone mono-therapy related edema was not reported previously in this age period. In this study, a girl was at the age of 14 who had pretibial edema due to risperidone mono-therapy is reported. All organic examination was normal during this side effect. Her edema was resolved 2 week after the stopped risperidone treatment and edema wasn't seen again during another antipsychotic treatment. Risperidone is a serotonin 2A/ dopamine-2 (5HT2A/D2), noradrenergic α-1 and α-2 receptor antagonist. However, risperidone may cause edema with peripheral α-2 receptor blockage. The studies are need which investigated pathogenesis of edema a side effect of antipsychotic in addition to metabolic side effects of antipsychotic. In this case, it seems that changing of the drugs is enough to control of edema but it is not well known what the good clinical practice is in the edema cases. Frequency of edema related antipsychotic and good clinical practices in this case should be searched through the large clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impaired regulation of emotional responses has significant social consequences for patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and can be thought to increase the risk for technological addictions., Aim: Ditto objective of the present research is to investigate the relationship between technological addictions and trait emotional intelligence (EI) in adolescents with ADHD., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 150 treatment-naïve adolescents with ADHD, aged 12-18 years. The sociodemographic information form, the Emotional Quotient-Inventory: Youth Version (EQ-i: YV), Internet Addiction Test, Smartphone Addiction Scale, and Conners' Parent Rating Scales were used for data collection., Results: The findings revealed that ADHD-C and female patients have lower mean stress management scores on EQ-i: YV. Patients who have smartphone addiction (SA)/problematic internet usage have lower total EI and stress management scores. The oppositional, hyperactivity, and DSM-total scores were negatively correlated with stress management scores. Intrapersonal and stress management scores were negatively correlated to SA symptoms., Conclusion: The stress management dimension was the strongest factor related to ADHD and technological addictions. In adolescents with ADHD, stress management may be the key factor to cope with daily problems. Therefore, the interventions to develop EI can be a therapeutic option in ADHD and technological addictions., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Indian Journal of Psychiatry.)

Introduction: Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS), a subgroup of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), has received much attention even though the specific underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a key factor in the innate immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MBL2 gene polymorphisms in pediatric OCD patients diagnosed as PANDAS, PANDAS-Variant and non-PANDAS., Methods: The study included 102 pediatric OCD patients (59 [57.8% ] PANDAS, 20 [19.6% ] non-PANDAS, and 23 [22.5% ] PANDAS-Variant) and 60 healthy controls. Polymorphisms at codon 52, 54 and 57 of the MBL2 gene were investigated., Results: Codon 54 polymorphism and any variant of MBL2 gene were significantly more frequent in the OCD group than in the control group (OR=2.97, 95% CI: 1.26-6.97; and OR=2.66, 95% CI: 1.32-5.38, respectively). According to regression analysis, the presence of any variant of MBL2 gene was found in 14.50-fold increased frequency in the PANDAS subgroup compared with the non-PANDAS subgroup (95% CI: 2.49-84.19)., Conclusions: Our findings support an association between MBL2 genotypes and pediatric OCD, particularly PANDAS-OCD., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors do not have any conflict of interest to report regarding this study.