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Cataloged from PDF version of article. Thesis (M.S.): Bilkent University, Department of Computer Engineering, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2020. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-103). Text mining is an important research area considering the increase in text generation and the need for analysis. Text mining in Turkish is still not a wellinvested research area, compared to the other languages. In this thesis, we analyze different types of Turkish text from different points of views, having an overall review on text mining in Turkish at the end. First, we analyze the translation quality of a Turkish novel, My Names is Red novel, to English, French, and Spanish with the features generated for each chapter. With the proposed method, translation loyalties to the original text can be quantified without any parallel comparisons. Then, we analyze the Turkish spoken texts of 98 people in different age groups in terms of gender and age attributes of the speakers. We also analyze the difference between written and spoken texts in Turkish. Results show that it is possible to predict the attributes of the speaker from the spoken text and written and spoken texts are significantly different in terms of stylometric measures. Later on, we make an assessment on cross-lingual transferring performances of multilingual networks from English to Turkish. We see that transferring is possible; however zero-shot cross-lingual transferring still has its way to be competitive with monolingual networks for Turkish. Lastly, we conduct a time-based stylometric analysis of Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’s works. We see that Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar shows some differences compared to his contemporaries. by Sevil Çalışkan M.S.

Bu makalede bilişimin beşerî bilimlerdeki önemli bir uygulaması olan sayısal üslup analizi yönteminin tanıtılması hedeflenmiş ve çevirilerin aslına sadakatini ölçen özgün bir araştırma sunulmuştur. Sayısal üslup analizi, bilgi ve belge yönetiminde çeşitli sınıflama işlemlerini gerçekleştiren ve edebiyat araştırmalarında yakın okuma sırasında görülmesi mümkün olmayan gözlemleri sağlayan yaklaşımlardan oluşmaktadır. Makalede, öncelikle Türkçe metinler üzerinde çalışmak isteyen araştırmacılar için, üslup analizinin Türkçeye nasıl uyarlanacağı anlatılmış ve bu konuda Türkçe metinler üzerinde yapılan çalışmaları inceleyen kapsamlı bir kaynak taraması sunulmuştur. Üslup analizinin uygulama amaçları örneklerle incelenmiş, ön işleme ve öznitelik çıkarımı, sınıflandırma yaklaşımları, başarı düzeyi değerlendirmesi ve yardımcı bilişim araçları konularına yer verilmiştir. Orhan Pamuk’un Benim Adım Kırmızı isimli romanı ve çevirilerindeki üslup uyumuna ilişkin sunulan özgün araştırma, roman kahramanlarının temel bileşenler düzlemindeki dağılımlarını inceleyen yeni bir yaklaşım kullanmaktadır. İstatistiksel olarak kayda değer olan gözlemler yazar üslubunun çevirilerde korunduğunu gösteren niteliktedir. In this article an important problem of digital humanities, stylometry, is introduced and a novel study on quantification of translation loyalty is presented. Stylometry involves approaches that perform various classification tasks in information and document management and provides observations in literary analyses that cannot be obtained by close reading. A comprehensive survey of related studies and ways of adapting them to Turkish are presented for researchers who want to work on Turkish texts. In this context, the purpose of stylistic analysis, pre-processing, feature extraction and classification approaches, performance measures and available software tools are provided. Our new study on Orhan Pamuk’s novel My Name is Red quantifies the consistency of translations with the original work and uses a new approach that examines the distributions of novel protagonists on the principal components analysis plane. Statistically significant observations show that the writer style is preserved in translations.

ÖZET Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, aktif çamur sistemindeki ağır metal adsorpsiyonunu araştırmaktır. Bunu incelemek üzere iki farklı çalışma yürütülmüştür. Birinci çalışmada, aerobik seçicili aktif çamur sisteminde farklı çamur yaşlarında gerçekleşen ağır metal adsorpsiyonu, ikinci çalışmada ise sürekli çalıştırılan klasik ve aerobik seçicili sistemlerdeki metal adsorpsiyonu incelenmiştir. Birinci çalışmada, sürekli olarak işletilen laboratuar ölçekli aerobik seçicili aktif çamur sistemlerinden çamur örnekleri alınmış, Cu(II) ve Cr(VI) metallerinin adsorpsiyon verimlerini tespit etmek üzere kesikli reaktörler kurulmuştur. 5 ve 15 günlük çamur yaşlarında 0,5, 1,0, 3,0, 10,0 ve 25,0 mg/L'lik artan Cu(II) iyonu konsantrasyonlarında ve 0,5, 1,0, 3,0, 10,0 mg/L'lik artan Cr(VI) iyonu konsantrasyonlarında giderim verimleri belirlenmiştir. Her iki metalin iki farklı çamur yaşındaki adsorpsiyon verimlerini tespit etmek üzere Freundlich izotermi kullanılarak elde edilen `k` adsorpsiyon kapasitesi değerleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Kesikli deneylerin değerlendirmeleri sonucunda, 15 günlük çamur yaşında Cu(II) için ortalama giderim seviyesi % 16 olarak belirlenirken 5 günlük çamur yaşında %84 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlara benzer olarak Cr(VI) için ise 15 günlük çamur yaşında %15 ve 5 günlük çamur yaşında da %33'lük bir giderim seviyesi tespit edilmiştir. İkinci çalışmada ise sürekli olarak işletilen klasik ve aerobik seçicili sistemlere 2,0 mg/L Cr(VI) içeren sentetik atıksu ve 0,5 mg/L Cu(II) içeren sentetik atıksu beslenmiştir. Sistemlerde biriken metal miktarları belirlenmiştir. Her iki çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre klasik ve aerobik seçicili sistemler arasında metal giderimi yönünden fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: adsorpsiyon, aerobik seçici, aktif çamur, çamur yaşı, bakır, krom(VI) 11 ABSTRACT The overall objective of this study was to investigate heavy metal adsorption in the activated sludge system. In this study, two different studies were carried out to investigate heavy metal adsorption in the activated sludge system. In the first study, heavy metal adsorption occurring at different sludge ages in the aerobic selector activated sludge system was determined. Heavy metal adsorption was investigated in the conventional and aerobic selector systems operated continuously. Batch sorption experiments were carried out with sludge samples obtained from the bench-scale systems in order to determine adsorption levels of Cu(II) and Cr(VT). Initial soluble concentrations of metals in the mixed liquors were 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 25.0 mg/L and 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 mg/L for Cu(H) and Cr(VI), respectively. Freundlich equilibrium isotherm was employed to determine `k` values indicating the adsorption capacities of sludge samples. Overall evaluation of the batch experiments showed that the mean removal level of Cu(II) was 84% for Qc=5 days whereas 16% of removal was obtained for Qc=15 days. Corresponding results for Cr(VT) were 33% and 15%. In the second study, continuous conventional and aerobic selector activated sludge systems were fed with synthetic wastewater containing 2.0 mg/L Cr(VI) and 0.5 mg/L Cu(II). Metal quantities removed in the systems were determined. Both studies indicated that there was a significant difference between metal biosorption capacities of conventional and aerobic selector activated sludge systems. Keywords: adsorption, aerobic selector, activated sludge, sludge age, copper, hexavalent chromium 100

We present the first quantitative analysis of spoken discourse for the Turkish language using memoirs of a group of old-time moviegoers of varying age groups whose birth year spreads over a period of four decades ranging from the 1930s to the 1960s. They tell their experiences by answering a set of questions. Their responses are evaluated comprehensively with the expectation that various attributes of the participants are reflected by their everyday speaking language. We also investigate their language characteristics in terms of their vocabulary richness and word usage. The results show that the age and gender of the participants can be inferred to some extent from their speech, as is the case for written text. However, the difference is not significant in the language use of younger and older respondents in terms of vocabulary richness and archaic word usage. With additional data obtained for some participants, it is shown that text can be accurately identified as being either spoken or written; however, the spoken text of a person can only be differentiated from their written text with the accuracy level of a random guess.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate responses of potential indicator bacteria (i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis) to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the UV/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) disinfection processes of surface waters with different qualities in terms of humic content. The UV and the UV/H2O2 processes were applied to waters containing various concentrations of fulvic acid in order to inactivate E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis spores. Three fulvic acid (0, 2 and 6 mg l−1) and four H2O2 (0, 10, 25 and 50 mg l−1) concentrations were used. Results showed that the k values of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis spores varied between 2.22 and 4.00, 1.73 and 3.58, and 1.40 and 1.86, respectively, in all test conditions. The sensitivity of the test organisms followed a decreasing order of E. coli > P. aeruginosa > B. subtilis. Results of the study indicated that the blocking effect of fulvic acid for the UV light was diminished by using H2O2 in combination with the UV radiation. Findings of the present study strongly suggested that the UV/H2O2 process was significantly effective on the inactivation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa in humic waters, whereas it induced little or no apparent contribution to the disinfection efficiency of B. subtilis spores.