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Copyright of Etkileşim: Academic Journal of Uskudar University Faculty of Communication is the property of Etkilesim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to elucidate the etiological factors and clinical outcomes associated with mono-pronuclear (1PN) and tripronuclear (3PN) fertilization, in comparison to the bi-pronuclear(2PN) fertilization, within the framework of ICSI cycles. We seek to examine the association between abnormal fertilization patterns and various factors, including patient demographics, cycle characteristics, semen parameters, and oocyte quality. The goal is to clarify the impact of abnormal pronuclear patterns on embryo development and clinical outcomes. This retrospective study was conducted at the Bursa Uludağ University ART Center from 2011 to 2024. The study included a total of 2,319 ICSI cycles, categorized into four groups based on fertilization outcomes: Group 1 (n=348) comprised cycles with at least one 1PN zygote; Group 2 (n=581) comprised cycles with at least one 3PN zygote; Group 3 (n=135) included cycles with both 1PN and 3PN zygotes; and Group 4 (n=1,255) served as the control group, characterized by normal fertilization with a rate exceeding 80%. ICSI was uniformly applied to all oocytes. Fertilization status was assessed 16-18 hours after insemination to categorize cycles into the respective groups. We analyzed patients' baseline characteristics, hormonal parameters, cycle attributes, oocyte quality, and semen parameters across the four groups to identify factors affecting fertilization outcomes. Additionally clinical outcomes, including clinical pregnancy rates and embryo development, were analyzed. A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate baseline characteristics and ovarian stimulation profiles across study groups. The analysis revealed significant statistical differences in both female (p<0.001) and male ages (p<0.001) among the groups. No significant differences were observed in BMI (p=0.327) or infertility duration (p=0.541); however, infertility etiology (p<0.001) varied significantly between groups. Sperm concentration (p=0.552) and motility (p=0.511) values were similar across the groups. Although Group 4 exhibited a statistically significantly higher fertilization rate (p<0.001) compared to other groups, there were no notable differences in cleavage rate (p=0.413), blastulation rate (p=0.653), or implantation rate (p=0.148) among the groups. This study elucidates the potential impact of 1PN and 3PN fertilization on ART outcomes. Female age and infertility etiology significantly influenced abnormal fertilization rates. Similar semen parameters across groups indicate that the oocytes, rather than sperm, may be the primary source of abnormal fertilization. Although abnormal pronuclear patterns negatively affect fertilization rates in ICSI cycles, they do not impact embryonic development or clinical outcomes. Further research is essential to elucidate the mechanisms behind abnormal fertilization and to develop strategies for improving clinical success rates in affected cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is a disease characterized by the implantation and growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus in women of reproductive age, and its etiopathogenesis remains unclear. It is most commonly seen in the ovaries (endometrioma). It is estimated that it negatively affects folliculogenesis, ovulation, embryogenesis and causes infertility by causing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the ovary through different mechanisms. ER stress occurs when cell homeostasis is disrupted as a result of the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins. In this case, the cell first activates ER stress response pathways, aiming to restore homeostasis and keep the cell alive. If ER stress cannot be coped with, the cell is directed to apoptosis. The aim in our study is to determine the local and/or systemic negative effects of endometriosis on the ovary, the endoplasmic reticulum stress it creates in the ovaries as a result of these effects, and which pathway or pathways are activated in case of stress. ER stress parameters (GADD34, Caspase12, Caspase3, BIP, CHOP, XBP1, ATF4) were investigated using ELISA method in granulosa cells, which are waste cells collected during oocyte retrieval after in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment from infertile patients diagnosed with unilateral endometrioma and healthy female patients diagnosed with male factor and will not be used in IVF treatment. The study design was planned in 3 groups; Group 1: ovary with endometrioma diagnosed with unilateral endometrioma (n=23), Group 2: ovary without endometrioma diagnosed with unilateral endometrioma (n=23), Group 3: control group male factor (n=20). Although no significant difference was observed in ovarian and embryological parameters between the two groups with and without endometrioma, a significantly lower total antral follicle count, AMH levels, oocyte retrieval numbers, oocyte maturation, and embryo quality were detected when compared to the control group. As the size of the endometrioma increased, particularly when exceeding a threshold of 4 cm, it was found that the PERK pathway, an ER stress pathway, as well as the caspase apoptotic process, were activated. We can say that the PERK pathway is primarily preferred among the ER stress pathways examined in the endometrioma group and by dimensioning. The results can be supported by more comprehensive studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]