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The Ukrainian state budget needs about $3.5 billion a month to keep afloat in 2023. The main donors must be the United States and the European Union. Three key tasks need to be combined: reconstruction, EU accession, and completion of systemic reforms. The collective West needs to set up a joint steering group with the Ukrainian government for the management of the reconstruction, EU accession, and completion of reform with good governance and eminent transparency. The costs of the damages that Russia has incurred on Ukraine are enormous. Russia must be forced to pay war reparations. Fortunately, more than $300 billion of currency reserves of the Central Bank of Russia has been frozen in Western central banks. They should be confiscated and used for Ukrainian reconstruction. Reconstruction should be based on the principles of insurance, covering the costs of each person or entity that has suffered losses from Russian aggression. At the same time, the Ukrainian government and the EU need to reorient strategic infrastructure from Russia to the EU.

Syftet med denna intervjustudie var att undersöka fritidshemslärarens förståelse av och inställning till fenomenet bråklek. Studien avsåg även att ta reda på vilka faktorer som kan vara avgörande för denna inställning till bråkleken. Bråkleken beskrivs i studien som en grupporienterad och pedagogisk lekpraktik sett utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv där analysmetoden av de svar som gavs av de fem respondenterna i studien baserades i fenomenografisk förhållningsätt. Resultatet av studiens indikerar att inställningen bland de tillfrågade fritidshemsläraren att tillåta bråklek i skolverksamheten, är något större än inställningen att motverka den. Vidare förefaller det finnas ett samband mellan fritidshemslärarens inställning och förståelse till bråkleken och tiden som denne spenderat i yrket. Det framstår också som att manliga lärare som deltagit i studien tenderar att vara något mer tillåtande till bråkleken än kvinnliga lärare.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has driven many people from their homes. Most of them are now seeking refuge in Europe. Fortunately, EU member states have learned from previous refugee crises: this time, they are willingly accepting people. For the first time, the EU has granted temporary protected status to all newly arriving Ukrainians. The European countries and the EU Commission are now working together to find efficient solutions and effective strategies to cope with the enormous challenges involved: UNHCR estimates that there will be nearly 8 million war refugees by June 2022. They need to be housed, they need healthcare, they need to be integrated into the education system and into the labor market. Currently, refugees are mainly concentrated in Eastern European countries. This entails additional costs for the respective governments. It is therefore of particular importance to find solutions for a fair distribution of the refugees and to share the financial burden among the EU member states. Ultimately, this orchestrated coordination will enable a better EU migration policy. In this issue of the CESifo Forum, our authors discuss how Europe can better and more efficiently address and solve all these challenges. The authors also provide helpful policy recommendations for national governments and for the EU.