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This study evaluates the accuracy of Microsoft HoloLens (Version 1) for small-scale industrial activities, comparingits measurements to ground truth data from a Kuka Robotics arm. Two experiments were conducted to assess its positiontracking capabilities, revealing that the HoloLens device is effective for measuring the position of dynamic objects with smalldimensions. However, its precision is affected by the velocity of the trajectory and its position within the device's field of view.While the HoloLens device may be suitable for small-scale tasks, its limitations for more complex and demanding applicationsrequiring high precision and accuracy must be considered. The findings can guide the use of HoloLens devices in industrialapplications and contribute to the development of more effective and reliable position-tracking systems.

The fast-spreading wildfire engulfs the dense parched flora and all obstructions in its way, transforming a woodland into a volatile reservoir of combustible materials. Once ignited, fires can expand at a velocity of up to 23 km/h. As flames spread across vegetation and woodlands, they have the potential to become self-sustaining, propagating sparks and embers that can spawn smaller fires miles away. The proximity of the burning materials to the observer has a direct impact on the density of smoke produced by the fire. This relationship is crucial for fire management teams and emergency responders and helps them assess the severity of a fire, predict its behavior, and make informed decisions regarding evacuation measures, resource allocation, and the protection of affected communities and ecosystems. Drones are valuable tools in the fight against forest fires. They can capture high-resolution imagery, thermal imaging, and video footage, supplying insights into the properties, behavior, and direction of the fire. By employing classical image processing techniques, it is possible to analyze these images and promptly determine the extent of land cover affected.According to the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, more than 25000 ha of forest burned down during the period of 2012-2021, which resulted in severe damage costs. The presence of a reliable and easily accessible smoke detection and assessment tool could significantly reduce the impact of wildfires. This study utilizes low and mid-level image processing techniques to analyze the domain of wildfires, leveraging smoke properties to estimate the extent of land affected by the flames.

Presently, digitalization is causing continuous transformation of industrial processes. However,it does pose challenges like spatially contextualizing data from industrial processes. Thereare various methods for calculating and delivering real-time location data. Indoor positioningsystems (IPS) are one such method, used to locate objects and people within buildings. Theyhave the potential to improve digital industrial processes, but they are currently underutilized.In addition, augmented reality (AR) is a critical technology in today’s digital industrialtransformation. This article aims to investigate the use of IPS and AR in manufacturing,the methodologies and technologies employed, the issues and limitations encountered, andidentify future research opportunities. This study concludes that, while there have been manystudies on IPS and navigation AR, there has been a dearth of research efforts in combiningthe two. Furthermore, because controlled environments may not expose users to the practicalissues they may face, more research in a real-world manufacturing environment is required toproduce more reliable and sustainable results.

Forest fires cause major damage to human habitats and forest ecosystems. Early detection may prevent serious consequences of fast fire spread. Although there are many smoke detection algorithms employed by various optical remote sensing systems, there is still a major misdetection of images containing fog. Fog exhibits similar visual characteristics to smoke. Furthermore, when monitoring dense forests many smoke detection algorithms would fail in robust recognition due to fog covering the trees at dawn. There have been more or less successful attempts to separate smoke from a fog in optical imagery however, these algorithms are strongly connected to a specific application area or use a semi-automatic approach. This work aims to propose a novel smoke and fog separation algorithm based on color space model calculation followed by rule-based shape analysis. In addition, the internal properties of the smoke candidate areas are examined for linear attenuation towards higher energy wavelength. Those areas are then investigated for internal shape properties such as convex hull and eccentricity. Several tests conducted on various high-resolution aerial images suggest that the system is effective in differentiating smoke and fog and thus considered to be robust in early fire detection in forest areas.

The goal of this study is to investigate how efficiently and effectively collapsed buildings ? due to the occurrence of a disaster ? can be localized by a general crowd. Two types of visualization parameters are evaluated in an online user study: (1) greyscale images (indicating height information) versus true colours; (2) variation in the vertical viewing angle (0°, 30° and 60°). Additionally, the influence of map use expertise on how the visualizations are interpreted, is investigated. The results indicate that the use of the greyscale image helps to locate collapsed buildings in an efficient and effective manner. The use of the viewing angle of 60° is the least appropriate. A person with a map use expertise will prefer the greyscale image over the colour image. To confirm the benefits of the use of three-dimensional visualizations and the use of the colour image, more research is needed.

A user study is conducted to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of two types of visualizations to identify damages sites in case of disaster. The test consists out 36 trials (18 for each visualisation) and in each trial an area of 1×1km, located in Ghent, is displayed on a screen. This image shows the combined height information from before and after the disaster. The first visualisation, page flipping, is based on greyscale images with height information from the pre- and post-disaster situation between which users can switch manually. The second visualisation, difference image, is a result of subtracting the heights (before versus after) and assigning a blue-white-red colour ramp. In order to simulate the urgency with which the data is captured, systematic and random imperfections are introduced in the post-disaster data. All participants’ mouse and key interactions are logged, which is further complemented by the registration of their eye movements. This give insights the visualizations’ efficiency, effectiveness and the overall search strategies of the participants.

This paper proposes an evaluation of data acquired with various sensors and used in coastal water segmentation applications. Correct monitoring of coastal changes in dynamic coastal environments strongly depends on accurate and frequent detection of shoreline position. Automatic shoreline delineation methods are preferable, especially in terms of time, cost, labor intensiveness and difficulties of in-situ measurements. Two main issues have been encountered within this application field, the quality of data and the segmentation algorithms. In this work, potential benefits of various data sources including optical and active sensors for extraction of shorelines have been investigated. The goal with shoreline detection from digital data sources is to obtain information as efficiently as possible and as reliably as necessary. Starting with that observation the paper discusses the effectiveness of coastal information extraction provided different data sources. This question is especially important to address since we observe a fast development of high spatial resolution data acquisition. There are many of segmentation algorithms described in the field of image processing and yet there is currently no single theory or method, no universal segmentation framework, that can be applied on all images to precisely and robustly extract shorelines. Nether there is a uniform standard for the assessment of segmentation results, and this process still largely relies on visual analysis and personal judgment. Out of myriads of image segmentation algorithms, we chose the most frequently and successfully applied within the application field and considering the data sources. In optical sensor data cases, the most frequently used methods are NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) and thresholding techniques. We do not aim to create yet another method to segment out the particular objects from remotely sensed data and then tailor it to work efficiently on that data set. Instead, we evalu

High spatial resolution imagery is often affected by shadows, both in urban environments with large variations in surface elevation and in vegetated areas. It is a common bias in classification when waters and shadows are registered as the same area. The radiometric response for the shadowed regions should be restored prior to classification. To enable that, separate classes of non-shadowed regions and shadowed areas should be created. Previous work on water extraction using low/medium resolution images, mainly faced two difficulties. Firstly, it is difficult to obtain accurate position of water boundary and secondly, shadows of elevated objects e.g. buildings, bridges, towers and trees are a typical source of noise when facing water extraction in urban regions. In high resolution images the problem of separation water and shadows becomes more prominent since the small local variation of intensity values gives rise to misclassification. This paper proposes a robust method for separation of shadowed areas and water bodies in high spatial resolution imagery using hierarchical method on different scales combined with classification of PCA (Principal Component Analysis) bands, which reduces the effects of radiometric and spatial differences that is commonly associated with the pixel-based methods for multisource data fusion. The method uses ancillary data to aid in classification of shadows and waters. The proposed method includes three steps: segmentation, classification and postprocessing. To achieve robust segmentation, we apply the merging region with three features (PCA bands, NSVDI (Normalized Saturation-value Difference Index) and height data). NSVDI discriminates shadows and some water. In the second step we use hierarchic region based classification to identify water regions. After that step candidates for water pixels are verified by the LiDAR DEM data. As a last step we consider shape parameters such as compactness and symmetry to completely remove shadows.

This research focuses on automatic extraction of river banks and other inland waters from remote sensing images. There are no up to date accessible databases of rivers and most of other waters objects for modelling purposes. The main reason for that is that some regions are hard to access with the traditional ground through techniques and thus the boundary of river banks are uncertain in many geographical positions. The other reason is the limitations of widely applied method for extraction of water bodies called normalized-difference water index (NDWI). There is a novel approach to extract water bodies, which is based on pixel level variability or entropy, however, the methods work somewhat satisfactory on high spatial resolution images, there is no verification of the method performance on moderate or low resolution images. Problems encounter identification of mixed water pixels and e.g. roads, which are built in attachment to river banks and thus can be classified as rivers. In this work we propose an automatic extraction of river banks using image entropy, combined with NDWI identification. In this study only moderate spatial resolution Landsat TM are tested. Areas of interest include both major river banks and inland lakes. Calculating entropy on such poor spatial resolution images will lead to misinterpretation of water bodies, which all exhibits the same small variation of pixel values as e.g. some open or urban areas. Image entropy thus is calculated with the modification that involves the incorporation of local normalization index or variability coefficient. NDWI will produce an image where clear water exhibits large difference comparing to other land features. We are presenting an algorithm that uses an NDWI prior to entropy processing, so that bands used to calculate it, are chosen in clear connection to water body features that are clearly discernible.As a result we visualize a clear segmentation of the water bodies from the remote sensing images and ver

Building facade extraction is the primary step in the recognition process in outdoor scenes. It is also achallenging task since each building can be viewed from different angles or under different lighting conditions. Inoutdoor imagery, regions, such as sky, trees, pavement cause interference for a successful building facade recognition.In this paper we propose a knowledge based approach to automatically segment out the whole facade or majorparts of the facade from outdoor scene. The found building regions are then subjected to recognition process. Thesystem is composed of two modules: segmentation of building facades region module and facade recognition module.In the facade segmentation module, color processing and objects position coordinates are used. In the facaderecognition module, Chamfer metrics are applied. In real time recognition scenario, the image with a building isfirst analyzed in order to extract the facade region, which is then compared to a database with feature descriptors inorder to find a match. The results show that the recognition rate is dependent on a precision of building extractionpart, which in turn, depends on a homogeneity of colors of facades.

The analysis of flooding levels is a highly complex temporal and spatial assessment task that involves estimation of distances between references in geographical space as well as estimations of instances along the time-line that coincide with given spatial locations. This work has an aim to interactively explore changes of Amur River boundaries caused by the severe flooding in September 2013. In our analysis of river bank changes we use satellite imagery (Landsat 7) to extract parts belonging to Amur River. We use imagery from that covers time interval July 2003 until February 2014. Image data is pre-processed using low level image processing techniques prior to visualization. Pre-processing has a purpose to extract information about the boundaries of the river, and to transform it into a vectorized format, suitable as inputs subsequent visualization. We develop visualization tools to explore the spatial and temporal relationship in the change of river banks. In particular the visualization shall allow for exploring specific geographic locations and their proximity to the river/floods at arbitrary times. We propose a time space visualization that emanates from edge detection, morphological operations and boundary statistics on Landsat 2D imagery in order to extract the borders of Amur River. For the visualization we use the time-spacecube metaphor. It is based on a 3D rectilinear context, where the 2D geographical coordinate system is extended with a time-axis pointing along the 3rd Cartesian axis. Such visualization facilitates analysis of the channel shape of Amur River and thus enabling for a conclusion regarding the defined problem. As a result we demonstrate our time-space visualization for river Amur and using some amount of geographical point data as a reference we suggest an adequate method of interpolation or imputation that can be employed to estimate value at a given location and time.

The paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) geovisualisation model of uncertainties in simulated flood maps that can help communicate uncertain information in the data being used. An entropy-based measure was employed for uncertainty quantification. In developing the model, Visualisation Toolkit (VTK) was utilised. Different data derived from earlier simulation study and other maps were represented in the model. Cartographic principles were considered in the map design. A Graphical User Interface (GUI), which was developed in Tkinter, was also created to further support exploratory data analysis. The resulting model allowed visual identification of uncertain areas, as well as displaying spatial relationship between the entropy and the slope values. This geovisualisation has still to be tested to assess its effectiveness as a communication tool. However, this type of uncertainty visualisation in flood mapping is an initial step that can lead to its adoption in decision-making when presented comprehensively to its users. Thus, further improvement and development is still suggested for this kind of information presentation.

Urban populations and the density of settlements constantly become higher. This leads to higher energy consumption and generally to deterioration of life comfort. Study of urban heat and cool islands is of great importance for social community planners and building engineers. Ventilation paths are defined by turbulent mass, momentum and energy transport conditions and can thus be modeled. This area is usually studied by measurements of the conditions and air flows in laboratory environments. This paper presents a method for the prediction of free ventilation paths in a small city using digital imagery. A digitized map created from a eographic data base is used as input. Image analysis is performed in order to create an optimal edge image. A modified Hough transform is applied. Points of interest are defined and surroundings are calculated. These points are inputs to a parameter space. As a result a free wind passage is predicted based on the position of the observer. Prediction is done by calculation of possible straight lines in a parameter space. Finally, the method is verified by comparison with position vectors from the same space in the image and the best fitted path is chosen.

This paper presents a method for descriptive feature matching between two video streams of the same scene. The second video is a corrupted copy of the first video. Examples of reliable recognition of an original scene that is subjected for compression and noise are presented. The algorithm is invariant to image scale and rotation, providing robust matching across a substantial range of video signals. This paper shows an approach to using descriptive features for randomly chosen frames from video stream. By involving color information as a feature we increase the robustness of the identification process. The median of low frequencies is measured, followed by an average of spectral information from the same frame to identify clusters belonging to a scene in a film. Finally, a comparison analysis is done to verify the originality of the film.

An adequate analysis of the originality of the video is of a great importance in video processing field. This paper presents a method for feature matching between two video streams. One of the video streams is subjected for severe compression, noise and rotation. These two copies represent the same movie but only one of the versions is original. Examples of reliable recognition of an original scene that is subjected for compression and noise are presented. The algorithm is invariant to image scale and rotation, providing robust matching across a substantial range of video signals. This paper shows an approach to using descriptive features for randomly chosen unstructured frames from video stream. By involving color information as a feature together with intensity profile for frame blocks we increase the robustness of the identification process. The median of low frequencies is measured, followed by an average of spectral information from the same frame to identify clusters belonging to a scene in a film. Finally, a comparison of mean squares of the difference is done to verify the originality of the film.

Color correction of underwater images has been considered a difficult task for a number of reasons. Those include severe absorption of the water column, the unpredictable behavior of light under the water surface, limited access to reliable data for correction purposes, and the fact that we are only able to process three spectral channels, which is insufficient for most color correction applications. Here, the authors present a method to estimate a hyperspectral image from an RGB image and pointwise hyperspectral data. This is then used to color correct the hyperspectral underwater image and transform it back into RGB color space.

The inherent properties of water column usually affect underwater imagery by suppressing high-energy wavelengths. One of the inherent properties, diffuse attenuation, can be estimated from multi or hyper spectral data and thus give information on how fast light of different wavelengths decreases with increasing depth. Based on exact depth measurements and data from a spectrometer incoming light on an object can be calculated and diffuse attenuation coefficient can be estimated. In this work the authors introduce a mathematical model that suggests the most stable wavelengths, which corresponds to estimated coefficients, based on spectral information from each depth. These values are then used in reconstruction of colours in underwater imagery. Since there are no digital hyper spectral cameras yet we are for the time being confined to point data, but the method is general and we show how it can be applied on multi spectral images.

Coral reefs are monitored with different techniques in or der to examine their health. Digital cameras, which pro vide an economically defendable tool for marine scientists to collect underwater data, tend to produce bluish images due to severe absorption of light at longer wavelengths. In this paper we study the possibilities of correcting for this color distortion through image processing. The decrease of red light by depth can be predicted by Beer’s Law. An other parameter that has been taken into account is the image enhancement functions built into the camera. We use a spectrometer and a reflectance standard to obtain the data needed to approximate the joint effect of these func tions. This model is used to pre-process the underwater images taken by digital cameras so that the red, green and blue channels show correct values before the images are subjected to correction for the effects of the water column through application of Beer’s Law. This process is fully automatic and the amount of processed images is limited only by the speed of computer system. Experimental re sults show that the proposed method works well for cor recting images taken at different depths with two different cameras.

The natural properties of water column usually affect under-water imagery by suppressing high-energy light. In application such as color correction of underwater images estimation of water column parameters is crucial. Diffuse attenuation coefficients are estimated and used for further processing of underwater taken data. The coefficients will give information on how fast light of different wavelengths decreases with increasing depth. Based on the exact depth measurements and data from a spectrometer the calculation of downwelling irradiance will be done. Chlorophyll concentration and a yellow substance factor contribute to a great variety of values of attenuation coefficients at different depth. By taking advantage of variations in depth, a method is presented to estimate the in uence of dissolved organic matters and chlorophyll on color correction. Attenuation coefficients that depends on concentration of dissolved organic matters in water gives an indication on how well any spectral band is suited for color correction algorithm.

The natural properties of water column usually affect underwater imagery by supressing high-energy light. In application such as color correction of underwater images estimation of water column parameters is crucial. Diffuse attenuation coefficients are estimated and used for further processing of underwater taken data. The coeeficients will give information on how fast light of different wavelengths decreases with increasing depth. Based on the exact depth measurements and data from a spectrometrer the calculation of downwelling irradiance will be done. Chlorophyll concentration and a yellow substance factor contribute to a great variety of values of attenuation coefficients at different depth. By taking advantage of variations in depth, a method is presented to estimate the influence of dissolved organic matters and chlorophyll on color correction. Attenuation coefficients that depends on concentration of dissolved organic matters in water gives an indication on how well any spectral band is suited for color correction algorithm.

Processing of nontrivial images is a difficult task performed throughout a set of ordered steps. Besides the basic functionality that a process must satisfy, quality of service goals are to be met. Images should be processed within a certain time and a certain quality should be attained. To manage image-processing tasks in the optimal way, the process goals must be defined explicitly and their fulfillment has be controlled. Modeling image-processing tasks with workflows would enable control of the fulfillment of goals. In addition, by introducing flexible semantics in the workflow, the process could be executed along optimal execution alternatives. In this paper, we propose an approach to model the class of image processing tasks with workflows that would, based on the extended semantics, allow for flexibility in the process execution toward optimal goals fulfillment.