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The work was conducted in Acauã site, in Caucaia - Ceará State, in a "semi-árida" coast region. The objective was to evaluate thermal stress occurrence and his possible impact on ovulation induction treatment efficiency, onset of estrous behavior of dairy Goats from different breeds. Twenty two adult goats were utilized: 10 Saanen, 4 American Alpines and 8 ½ Murciana x undefined breed, raised in installations with high floor, side windows and sunny areas. The estrous induction treatment was conducted using vaginal sponges with MAP, intramuscularly Cloprostenol and eCG. In the environment were registered air temperature and humidity, Radiant Heat Load and Black-Globe Humidity Index. Rectal temperature was similar between breeds and partum order. Respiratory rate was higher in Alpine goats. The induction treatment and estrous behavior interval was similar in ½ Murciana x undefined breed goats and Saanen goats and higher in Alpines and multiparous goats. The fertility rate at 1st AI was lower in ½ Murciana x undefined breed goats and multiparous goats.

Avaliou-se com este estudo a influência de diferentes genótipos sobre a composição centesimal, perda de peso por cocção e qualidade sensorial da carne de cordeiros meio sangue obtidos por cruzas entre animais Sem Padrão Racial Definido com Dorper, Santa Inês e Somalis terminados em confinamento no semiárido nordestino. Foram avaliadas amostras provenientes de 24 animais, oito de cada genótipo. A dieta foi constituída de milho, farelo de trigo, farelo e óleo de soja e continha 2,8Mcal de EM/kg de MS para todos os animais. Os animais foram desmamados entre 70 e 84 dias. A terminação durou 90 dias, quando foram abatidos e as carcaças mantidas em uma câmara frigorífica a 4°C, por 24 horas. Após esse período, foram seccionados os músculos Longissimus dorsi, embalados a vácuo, identificados e armazenados a -20°C para análises da composição centesimal, perda de peso por cocção e avaliação das características sensoriais. Não foi observada diferença nos percentuais de proteínas, lipídios, cinzas e nos parâmetros suculência, aroma e sabor. Em contrapartida, o teor de umidade, a perda de peso por cocção, a dureza e aceitação global apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, o que evidencia a influência do genótipo sobre os atributos da carne de cordeiros, e isto confere ao produto características sensoriais diferenciadas.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different genotypes on the proximate composition, weight loss due to cooking, and sensory quality of lamb meat from half-blooded lambs obtained by crosses between undefined breed animals with Dorper, Santa Inês and Somalis feedlot finished in the northeastern semiarid region of Brazil. Samples from 24 animals were evaluated, eight from each genotype. The diet consisted of corn, wheat bran, soybean bran and oil, containing 2.8Mcal EM/kg of DM for all animals. The animals were weaned between 70 and 84 days of age. The termination lasted 90 days, when they were slaughtered and the carcasses brought to a cold room at 4°C for 24 hours. After this period, the Longissimus dorsi muscles were sectioned, vacuum packaged, identified and stored at -20°C for analysis of the proximal composition, weight loss due to cooking, and evaluation of sensory attributes. No difference was observed in the percentage of protein, fat, ash and parameters succulence, aroma and flavor. In contrast, the moisture content, weight loss due to cooking, hardness and overall acceptability showed statistical differences between groups, suggesting that the genotype would have influenced the lamb meat attributes, indicating a product with differentiated sensory characteristics.

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar e explicar as variações na produção e valor nutritivo do capim canarana erecta lisa (Echinocloa pyramidalis Lam.) em diferentes intervalos de corte. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos intervalos de corte de 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, 55, 62 e 69 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições, totalizando 24 unidades experimentais de 6m² (3m x 2m) cada. Foi avaliado a produção de forragem, altura do dossel e valor nutritivo da forragem colhida. A produção de forragem variou de 11,517 a 12,324 kg MS ha-1 e a altura dossel de 48,8 a 234 cm com menores valores quando o capim foi cortado no menor intervalo de corte. Os teores de fibra detergente neutro (FDN) variaram de 68,80 a 71,13%, fibra detergente ácido (FDA) de 36,20 a 44,15%; proteína bruta (PB) de 11,43 a 5,85%; e digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca (DIVMS) de 65,3 a 47,42%, ou seja, foram reduzidos quando os pastos foram cortados em intervalos de corte mais longos. Recomenda-se o corte do capim aos 35 dias de rebrotação favorendo a produção, valor nutritivo e a digestibilidade da forragem. Palavras chaves: acúmulo de forragem, altura do dossel, digestibilidade, idades de rebrotação,

Increasing milk production in countries such as Brazil, India and Pakistan implies the generation of dairy by-products such as nutrient-rich bovine whey which, if used in feeding small ruminants would reduce environmental waste and add value to this by-product. Twenty entire male kids weighing an average 17 kg and 5 months age were used. The diet control was composed by Aruana hay, milled whole maize, pelleted soybean and limestone. Bovine cheese whey at 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5% (DM basis) was added to experimental diets. Variables measured included intake, nutrient apparent digestibility, energy balance, and nitrogen balance. Regression equations and Pearson correlations (P ? 0.05) were determined. The 3% diet resulted in greater ether extract (EE) (g/kg0.75) and digestible EE (P ? 0.05) concentrations compared to 0% whey. The consumption of cellulose (g/kg0.75) was greater (P ? 0.05) for kids on the 3.0% diet compared to 0 or 1.5%. Nutrient apparent digestibility was not affected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of whey. Kids on the 4.5% diet excreted more (P ? 0.05) fecal N than those fed no whey; these also retained less N (P ? 0.05) compared to animals fed 3.0% or less whey in their diet. All diets resulted in positive energy and nitrogen balances. Bovine whey can be included in male kid diets up to 4.5% of diet without negatively affecting consumption or apparent digestibility of those diets.

The aim of this study was to characterize the production systems and milk quality of eight milk production units (MPU) in the semiarid region of the state of Ceará, Brazil. Individual interviews were conducted through a questionnaire on the characteristics of the properties and production systems. Samples of milk and water were collected for a period of 12 months. Four MPUs were classified as semi-specialized and four as non-specialized. No differences were observed in milk composition between the two production systems, and both showed protein, fat, and solids-not-fat levels. Differences were observed for somatic cell count. The semi-specialized systems showed an average somatic cell and total bacterial count which is above the limit established by the 62nd Normative Instruction. All water samples showed presence of Escherichia coli. Somatic cell count was positively correlated (fat) and negatively (lactose). For total bacterial count, correlations were negative for fat, total solids, and somatic cell count. The microbiological quality of milk is not in accordance with the 62st and 7th Normative Instructions. The specialization of the production systems did not result in improved microbiological aspects of milk.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in physiological responses and serum biochemical panel in crossbred dairy cow populations kept in a hot climate environment. We used a population of 384 dairy cows of genetic groups ½Holstein × ½Guzerá (n = 105) and ¾Holstein × ¼Guzerá (n = 279) derived from the Brazilian semiarid region. The physiological responses analyzed were: respiratory rate (RR, movements/minute), rectal temperature (RT, °C), free thyroxine (T4, µg/mL) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, µUI/mL). The values of RR, RT, T4, TSH and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, total protein, urea and creatinine were determined and correlated with milk production for 305 days, correlation lying only with TSH. Significant differences were observed just in milk production, RR and TSH comparing the genetic groups ½Holstein × ½Guzerá and ¾Holstein × ¼Guzerá. In conclusion, ¾Holstein × ¼Guzerá cows showed higher thyroid activity and milk production than ½Holstein × ½Guzerá cows, and may therefore be a better option for dairy production systems in semiarid regions.

The effect of the natural weather conditions on respiratory rate, rectal temperature and hematologic parameters such as glucose, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, total protein, albumin, globulin, red blood cells, microhematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels was evaluated in red (RMN) and white (WMN) coat colored Morada Nova ewes, of different class of body condition score (CBCS), during the dry (from july to december) and wet (from january to june) seasons, which exhibited different (P

Twelve Holstein cows were given diets containing soybean supplied in different ways in order to identify possible changes in lactation performance and evaluate the economic feasibility of the diets. The diets included: soybean meal only (SM-control); raw soybean (RaS); roasted soybean (RoS) and soybean meal plus 5% urea (SMU). The forage consisted of corn silage. We analyzed the dry matter intake, milk production and collected milk samples. To estimate digestibility, we collected six samples of feces over a period of six consecutive days. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) did not differ among treatments. On the other hand, crude protein (CP) intake was influenced by the diets, and the highest mean values of ether extract (EE) were found with the RaS and RoS diets. The intake of total digestible nutrients (TDN) was lower in the RaS and RoS diets compared to the control diet. DM, OM, CP, EE, and NDF digestibility were not affected by the different diets, while NFCs were reduced in the RoS diet and TDN decreased with both the RaS and RoS diets. There were also no differences observed across diets for total milk production, production corrected to 3.5% fat, diet efficiency, or milk per kilogram of dry matter and/or crude protein. We conclude that raw and roasted soybeans as well as concentrate plus 5% urea in dry matter may be used instead of soybean meal as feed for high-producing cows, without affecting milk production and composition. We also observed that the SMU diet was the least costly.

Aiming to evaluate the lactation performance and adaptability of confined dairy cows fed diets containing soybean and its by-products, this study used 12 Holsteincows with initial production of 30 kg milk-1 day-1 day-1 in feedlot system distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The experimental period lasted 84 days. The dry matter intake (DMI) and meteorological variables were recorded daily. Milk production was measured from the 15th to the 21st day, with milk analysis twice in each period, and physiological variables collected on the 15, 17th and 21st days of each experimental period. The thermal comfort indices and rectal temperature were considered normal, however the respiratory frequency and heart rate were different between the periods. Total milk production and percentage of crude protein were not affected. The thermal environment had influence on the CMS and on the percentage of milk fat in warmer periods, but the mechanism of heat dissipation was efficient for the animals to maintain homeothermy without affecting milk production.

This work aimed to study the annual variation of temperature of the coat surface and other traits of coat in Holstein cows managed in a tropical environment by separately considering black coat and white coat. It was measured the coat thickness (mm) characteristic, hair length (mm), hair number (hair/cm²) and coat surface temperature on 191 crossbred cows with 7/8 and 31/32 Holstein composition distributed in 3 herds in a semi-arid environment. Less dense coats with shorter, flattened hair occurred predominantly in March, a time coinciding to high levels of solar radiation. This type of coat shows low resistance to the flux of latent and sensitive heat through the skin, thus favoring heat loss. The black coat surface temperature was on average 4ºC higher than that of the white one during all the year and its variation followed that of the mean radiant temperature. The models developed to predict the effective thermal conductivity of the coat must take these differences into account because the thermal gradient parallel to the skin surface is not negligible for Holstein cows under the sun in a tropical environment, as well as the other traits.O objetivo neste trabalho foi estudar a variação anual da temperatura superficial e outras características do pelame de vacas holandesas em ambiente tropical, considerando separadamente as malhas negras e brancas. Foram medidas as características espessura da capa (mm), comprimento dos pelos (mm), número de pelos (pelos/cm²) e temperatura da superfície do pelame em 191 vacas mestiças com alta proporção de sangue holandês (7/8 e 31/32, respectivamente), distribuídas em três rebanhos em ambiente semiárido. O pelame menos denso, com pelos mais curtos e assentados, que ocorreu predominantemente no mês de março, coincidiu com altos níveis de radiação solar. Esse tipo de pelame apresenta menor resistência ao fluxo de calor latente e sensível através da capa, favorecendo a termólise. A temperatura da superfície do pelame preto foi em média 4ºC maior que a do pelame branco ao longo do ano e essa variação acompanhou a da temperatura radiante média. Os modelos desenvolvidos para predizer a condutividade térmica efetiva do pelame devem considerar essas diferenças, pois, no caso de animais Holandeses malhados de preto e branco, manejados em ambiente tropical, o gradiente de temperatura no sentido horizontal não é negligível, assim como as características da capa também não o são.

Objetivou-se analisar a variação do pH, da amônia ruminal e do balanço de compostos nitrogenados e a síntese de proteína microbiana de 12 vacas da raça Holandesa distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4 × 4, alimentadas com dietas contendo soja em diferentes formas: farelo de soja (dieta controle), soja crua, soja tostada e farelo de soja + 5% de ureia, utilizando-se silagem de milho como volumoso. A síntese da proteína microbiana foi estimada utilizando-se os derivados de purina na urina e no leite. Amostras de sangue e amostras spot de urina foram coletadas aproximadamente quatro horas após a alimentação da manhã. Houve efeito das dietas sobre o volume urinário e a excreção de ureia na urina. O menor volume urinário (18,84 L) foi observado com farelo de soja+ureia. As excreções de ureia na urina foram semelhantes entre a soja crua (532,98 mg/kgPV) e a soja tostada (524,41 mg/kgPV) e diferiram entre o farelo de soja (561,56 mg/kgPV) e o farelo de soja+ureia (575,71 mg/kgPV). A forma de fornecimento da soja não teve efeito no balanço de nitrogênio e nas concentrações do nitrogênio ureico no plasma (NUP), mas teve efeito significativo no nitrogênio ureico no leite (NUL), cuja maior média foi obtida com a soja crua (15,66 mg/dL). As médias de alantoína na urina (416,45 mmol/dia) e no leite (12,78 mmol/dia), dos derivados de purinas totais (468,30 mmol/dia), da síntese de proteína microbiana (287,33 g/dia) e da eficiência da síntese microbiana (133,06), expressa em g de PB/kg de NDT consumido, não diferiram entre as dietas. As dietas testadas não afetaram o balanço de nitrogênio nem a produção microbiana, porém a inclusão de grãos de soja crus aumentou os teores de nitrogênio ureico no leite.The objective of this study was to assess the variation in the pH, ruminal ammonia, nitrogen compound balance (BN) and microbial synthesis (Nmic) of 12 Holstein cows distributed in three 4 × 4 Latin squares, fed diets containing soybeans in different forms: only soybean meal (SM - control diet), raw soybeans (RS), toasted soybeans (RST) and soybean meal plus 5% urea (SMU), using corn silage as bulk. The microbial protein synthesis was estimated using the purine derivatives in the urine and the milk. Blood samples and spot urine were collected, approximately four hours after the morning meals. There was effect of the diets on the urine volume (UV) and the urea excretion in the urine (UEU). The smallest urine volume (18.84 L) was observed with soybean meal + urea. Urea excretions in the urine were similar among the diets containing raw soybean (532.98 mg/kgPV) and toasted soybean (524.41 mg/kgPV) and differed between the soybean meal (561.56 mg/kgPV) and soybean meal + urea (575.71 mg/kgPV). The way of supplying soybean did not affect the nitrogen balance or the ureic nitrogen concentrations in the Plasma (NUP), but they had a significant effect on the ureic nitrogen in the milk (NUL) whose greatest mean was obtained with raw soybean (15.66 mg/dL). The means of alantoina in the urine (416.45 mmol/dia), milk (12.78 mmol/dia), total purine derivatives (468.30 mmol/dia), microbial protein synthesis (287.33 g/dia) and the efficiency of the microbial synthesis (133.06), expressed in g of CP/kg of consumed TNT did not differ among the diets. The diets tested did not the nitrogen balance or the microbial production, but the addition of raw soybean grains increased nitrogen levels in the milk.

Objetivou-se avaliar estimativas de digestibilidade e de produção microbiana utilizando fibra em detergente neutro e ácido indigestível (FDNi e FDAi, respectivamente) e comparar a produção microbiana estimada pelos métodos das bases purinas e excreção urinária de derivados de purinas. Utilizaram-se quatro novilhas Holandês-Zebu com peso vivo médio inicial de 220 kg, fistuladas no rúmen e no íleo, mantidas em regime de confinamento com dieta à base de feno de capim-Tifton (Cynodon spp.), oferecido ad libitum, e 1 kg de concentrado (27% PB). O experimento durou 60 dias: sete de adaptação à dieta (antes do primeiro período), três períodos experimentais de 15 dias cada e quatro dias de intervalo entre os períodos. Foram realizadas coleta total de fezes, coleta de digesta omasal e ileal, coleta de conteúdo ruminal para isolamento bacteriano e coleta de amostra spot de urina. Para determinação dos fluxos de digesta omasal e ileal, foram utilizados como indicadores a FDNi e a FDAi. As condições do rúmen foram favoráveis à produção microbiana, com valores de pH e N-NH3 de 6,7 a 6,9 e de 10,3 a 14,1 mg/dL, respectivamente. A recuperação da FDAi não diferiu de 100% e produziu estimativas similares à excreção fecal e à digestibilidade total, quando comparada à coleta total de fezes, diferentemente de FDNi. As estimativas da produção microbiana via quantificação de derivados de purinas em amostras spot de urina não foram similares às obtidas por procedimentos invasivos via fluxo de matéria microbiana omasal. Assim, recomenda-se utilização de FDAi para estimativas de digestibilidade total e parcial e, para a produção microbiana, a excreção urinária dos derivados de purinas.The objective was to evaluate the estimate of digestion and microbial production by using indigestible neutral and acid detergent fiber (iNDF and iADF respectively) and to compare microbial production estimated by purine bases in the omasum and urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Four rumen and ileum fistulated Holstein-Zebu heifers with average initial 220 kg LW was maintained in confined regime fed diet based on Tifton (Cynodon spp.) hay, offered ad libitum and 1kg of concentrate (27% CP). The experiment lasted 60 days: seven for adaptation to the diet (before the first period); three 15 day-experimental periods and four days of interval among periods. Total collection of feces, omasum and ileum digesta sampling, rumen contents sampling for bacterial isolation and sampling of urine spot were performed. For the determination of omasal and ileal flow, iNDF and iADF were used as markers. Rumen enviromment was favourable for microbial growth, showing pH values between 6.7 to 6.9 and NH3-N values from 10.3 to 14.1 mg/dL. Recovery of iADF did not differ from 100% and produced similar estimation for fecal excretion and total digestion, when compared to total fecal sampling, differently of iNDF. Estimation of microbial production through quantification of purine derivative in urine spot samples was not similar to the obtained by invasive procedure through omasal microbial matter. Thus, it is recommended to use iADF for partial and total digestion estimation and urinary excretion of purine derivative for microbial production estimation.

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento anual de características termorreguladoras de 200 vacas leiteiras. Durante dois anos consecutivos, foram registradas a freqüência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura retal (TR), bem como coletada uma amostra de sangue para dosagens de triiodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4). Foram também registradas a temperatura e a umidade do ar e calculados o índice de temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU) e a carga térmica radiante (CTR), nos mesmos dias de coleta. Houve efeito significativo do ano para a maioria das variáveis estudadas, no entanto, os efeitos do mês de coleta e do rebanho foram significativos para todas. Todos os valores de TR estiveram dentro da amplitude de normalidade, indicando homeotermia. A FR foi alterada em todas as épocas do ano e rebanhos, confirmando a necessidade constante de termólise. No rebanho de maior TR e a FR, houve redução da secreção de T3 e T4. Nas épocas de maiores ITGU e CTR, houve aumento da TR, seguido de maiores FR e menores concentrações plasmáticas de T3 e T4.This work was carried out with the objective to study the annual behavior of thermo regulators traits in dairy cows. Two hundred cows were used during two consecutive years and the respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), as well as a blood sample was collected for triiodothyronin (T3) and thyroxin (T4) dosages, were recorded. Air temperature and humidity were also recorded and the black globe humidity index (BGHI) and radiant heat load (RHL) were calculated in the same days of data collection. There was no significative effect of the year for the majority of studied variables, however, the effects of month of collection and herd were significative for all variables. All values of RT were inside of the amplitude of normality, indicating homoeothermic condition. The RR was altered in every seasons of the year and herds, showing a constant necessity of thermolisys. In herds with higher RT and RR, there was a reduction T3 and T4 liberation. In seasons of higher BGHI and RHL, there was increase in the RT, followed for higher RR and lower T3 and T4 plasmatic concentrations.

Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade intestinal da FDN estimada por diferentes indicadores e o efeito das amostras coletadas no período diurno ou diário sobre a digestibilidade desse nutriente. Utilizaram-se quatro novilhas Holandês-Zebu, fistuladas no rúmen e no íleo, mantidas em regime de confinamento com dieta à base de feno de capim-tifton (Cynodon spp.), oferecido ad libitum, e 1 kg de concentrado (27% PB). O experimento durou 60 dias divididos em três períodos de 15 dias. A adaptação à dieta experimental foi de sete dias e, entre os períodos, respeitou-se um intervalo de quatro dias. No 1º, 7º e 13º dias de cada período experimental, realizou-se coleta total de fezes; do 2º ao 4º dia, coleta de amostra de digesta omasal e, do 8º ao 10º dia, amostras de digesta ileal. Para a mensuração do fluxo de digesta omasal, foram utilizados os sistemas de indicadores único e duplo. No sistema único, foram comparados a fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi), a fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) e o óxido crômico (Cr2O3). No sistema duplo, foram comparadas as associações entre o complexo de cobalto-ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (Co-EDTA) com a FDNi (Co-FDNi) e a FDAi (Co-FDAi). Para estimativa do fluxo ileal, foram utilizados apenas os indicadores únicos. Não foi verificada diferença significativa entre as amostras de digesta coletadas apenas no período diurno e aquelas coletadas no período diário, portanto, a digestibilidade pode ser estimada com coleta de amostras realizadas apenas no período diurno. Embora a FDNi, a FDAi e o Co-FDAi possam ser utilizados na estimativa de parâmetros de digestibilidade parcial na coleta de digesta omasal, recomenda-se o uso das fibras indigestíveis por serem menos onerosas e de melhor manipulação.The objective of this trial was to investigate the intestinal digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) using different markers and the effect of sampling collection period (daytime vs. diurnal) on nutrient digestion. Four crossbred Holstein x Zebu heifers fitted with ruminal and ileal cannulas were used in this trial. Animals were housed in individual pens and fed ad libitum bermudagrass hay plus 1 kg of concentrate (27% CP). The experiment lasted 60 days with seven days for diet adaptation and four days interval between each of the three 15-days experimental periods. Total fecal collection was done on day 1, 7, and 13, omasal sampling from day 2 to 4, and ileal digesta collection from day 8 to 10 of each period. Single [indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF), and chromium oxide (Cr2O3)] and double system markers [Co-EDTA plus iNDF (Co-iNDF) and Co-EDTA plus iADF (Co-iADF) were used to measure flow of omasal digesta. Only single markers were used to determine ileal digesta flow. No significant difference was observed on partial nutrient digestibility comparing samples collected during the daytime with those collected during a 24-h period (diurnal) suggesting that samples may be collect only during the daytime. Although iNDF, iADF and Co-iADF can all be used to estimate partial digestion of nutrients flowing past the omasum, it is recommended the use of internal markers (iNDF or iADF) because of low costs and simple determination.