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El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer cómo estaba influyendo el confinamiento en los jóvenes con DI y sus familias, atendiendo al uso de Internet, la percepción de los beneficios y riesgos de Internet y su estado de ánimo. Para ello, se realizó una encuesta online distribuida entre jóvenes con DI mayores de edad de distintas asociaciones pertenecientes a Plena Inclusión CV y alumnos/as del Programa Universitario de Formación para el Empleo de Jóvenes con Discapacidad Intelectual (UNINCLUV-2ª Edición) en la Universitat de València. Los resultados muestran cómo se ha incrementado el uso de Internet en ese periodo fundamentalmente en tareas de formación on-line, como se perciben beneficios similares entre familias y los jóvenes, existiendo mayor discrepancia en la percepción de riesgos, y como el menor uso de internet se relaciona con el estado afectivo positivo.

Inma Fajardo, Vicenta Ávila y Antonio Ferrer (miembros de la ERI-Lectura de la Universitat de València) presentan los resultados de su investigación sobre la simplificación de textos para lectores con discapacidad intelectual en las Jornades Lectura Fàcil de la Generalitat Valenciana organizadas por la ERI-Lectura de la Universitat de València el 18-19 mayo de 2018. http://ir.uv.es/4zhj7IR

Despite the importance of diversification rates in the study of prokaryote evolution, they have not been quantitatively assessed for the majority of microorganism taxa. The investigation of evolutionary patterns in prokaryotes constitutes a challenge due to a very scarce fossil record, limited morphological differentiation and frequently complex taxonomic relationships, which make even species recognition difficult. Although the speciation models and speciation rates in eukaryotes have traditionally been established by analyzing the fossil record data, this is frequently incomplete, and not always available. More recently, several methods based on molecular sequence data have been developed to estimate speciation and extinction rates from phylogenies reconstructed from contemporary taxa. In this work, we determined the divergence time and temporal diversification of the genus Aeromonas by applying these methods widely used with eukaryotic taxa. Our analysis involved 150 Aeromonas strains using the concatenated sequences of two housekeeping genes (approximately 2,000 bp). Dating and diversification model analyses were performed using two different approaches: obtaining the consensus sequence from the concatenated sequences corresponding to all the strains belonging to the same species, or generating the species tree from multiple alignments of each gene. We used BEAST to perform a Bayesian analysis to estimate both the phylogeny and the divergence times. A global molecular clock cannot be assumed for any gene. From the chronograms obtained, we carried out a diversification analysis using several approaches. The results suggest that the genus Aeromonas began to diverge approximately 250 millions of years (Ma) ago. All methods used to determine Aeromonas diversification gave similar results, suggesting that the speciation process in this bacterial genus followed a rate-constant (Yule) diversification model, although there is a small probability that a slight deceleration occurred in recent times. We also determined the constant of diversification (l) values, which in all cases were very similar, about 0.01 species/Ma, a value clearly lower than those described for different eukaryotes.

Podeu consultar el llibre complet a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/46988, Although several approaches have been attempted, the estimation of recombination frequencies in natural populations of bacteria remains challenging. Previous studies have demonstrated a wide variety of situations among bacterial species, ranging from the clonal diversification of Salmonella or Escherichia coli, which are mainly due to mutation, to the frequent recombination found in Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Helicobacter pylori. Most of the population studies done with bacterial species suggest that recombination occurs in nature but that it is infrequent compared to mutation. Consequently, bacterial populations consist largely of independent clonal lineages. Our research suggests little or null influence of recombination in the genetic structure of "Aeromonas hydrophila Species Complex", despite the presence of some strains with recombinant gene fragments.

[spa] El género Aeromonas está constituido actualmente por 26 especies reconocidas, algunas de las cuales incluyen varias subespecies. Son habitantes ubicuos del agua dulce, pero también de aguas cloradas, salobres y marinas. Se han obtenido cepas de Aeromonas de una amplia variedad de alimentos, y se han aislado de muestras clínicas. Algunas especies de Aeromonas son causantes de infecciones intestinales y extraintestinales aunque los mecanismos por los que causan diarreas bacterianas no están todavía establecidos de manera clara. Dentro del “complejo A. hydrophila” (A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, A. bestiarum, A. piscicola y A. popoffii), hay que destacar A. salmonicida como patógeno importante de peces y A. hydrophila como patógeno oportunista de humanos. La virulencia de estas especies es multifactorial e implica mecanismos de patogenicidad complejos asociados a toxinas (citotóxicas y citotónicas), proteasas, hemolisinas, lipasas, adhesinas, aglutininas, pili, etc. A partir de una colección de 128 de cepas del “complejo A. hydrophila”, se ha realizado un estudio filogenético, poblacional y de factores de patogenicidad. El estudio filogenético con las secuencias parciales de los genes cpn60, dnaJ, gyrB, y rpoD, ha permitido clarificar la taxonomía de las especies del “complejo A. hydrophila”, demostrándose que posee un origen polifilético que cuestionaría la posible existencia del grupo como tal. El análisis de la población de las cepas estudiadas revela un fuerte desequilibrio de ligamiento, típico de una población clonal, y una elevada diversidad genética. También se ha estudiado la prevalencia y distribución de diversos factores de virulencia en la población estudiada para poder establecer su potencial patogénico. Para ello se han determinado actividades enzimáticas, el perfil de sensibilidad a antibióticos, la detección por PCR de los genes act (aerolisina/hemolisina), alt (toxina citotónica) y ast (toxina citotónica), y la capacidad de adherencia y efecto citopático de las cepas en la línea celular Caco-2. Los resultados obtenidos revelan un elevado potencial patogénico de las cepas de Aeromonas estudiadas, independientemente de su origen., [eng] The genus Aeromonas comprises 26 currently recognized species, some of them divided in to several subspecies. They are ubiquitous in fresh water, but found in chlorinated, brackish and marine water. Aeromonas strains are obtained from a wide variety of foods, as well as clinical samples. Aeromonas species are the cause of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections although the mechanisms that cause bacterial diarrhoea are not yet clearly established. The “A. hydrophila complex” (A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, A. bestiarum, A. piscicola and A. popoffii), includes A. salmonicida, an important pathogen of fish, and A. hydrophila, an opportunistic pathogen in humans. The virulence of these species is multifactorial and involves complex pathogenic mechanisms associated with toxins (cytotoxic and cytotonic), proteases, haemolysins, lipases, adhesins, agglutinins, pili, etc. A phylogenetic study was performed from a collection of 128 strains belonging to the “A. hydrophila complex", determining partial sequences of dnaJ, cpn60, gyrB and rpoD genes, this analysis allowed us to clarify the taxonomy of this group of Aeromonas species, showing a polyphyletic origin that challenges the existence of the group as such. The population analysis of the studied strains revealed as strong linkage disequilibrium, typical of a clonal population, and a high genetic diversity. We also studied the prevalence and distribution of different virulence factors in the population to establish its pathogenic potential. For this purpose, we determined several enzymatic activities and the antibiotic sensitivity profile of these strains. We also detected the presence of act (aerolysin), alt (cytotonic toxin) and ast (cytotonic toxin) genes by PCR as well as the adhesion capacity and cytopathic effect of the strains on the Caco-2 cell line. The results obtained revealed a high pathogenic of potential the studied Aeromonas strains, regardless of their origin.

We report here the draft genome sequence of Aeromonas molluscorum 848T, the type strain of this Aeromonas species, which was isolated from wedge shells (Donax trunculus) obtained from a retail market in Barcelona, Spain, in 1997.

Treballs Finals de Grau de Nutrició Humana i Dietètica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2020-2021. Tutor: Vicenta Albarral Ávila, [eng] Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly apparent that gut microbiota plays an important role in the prevention and development of metabolic diseases. Several bacterial species habit the human intestine and live in symbiosis with the host. During the last decades, abundant evidence arose confirming an active role of the microbiota in human metabolism. Hence, the disruption of the gut ecosystem might promote the development of metabolic disorders. This review aims to elucidate the current evidence regarding the mechanisms through which the gut microbiota may contribute to the protection or development of metabolic diseases. It specifically focuses on obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the potential interventions involving microbiota for preventing metabolic diseases., [spa] Actualmente, cada vez es más evidente el rol de la microbiota intestinal en la prevención y desarrollo de las enfermedades metabólicas. Existen una gran variedad de especies bacterianas que habitan el intestino humano y viven en simbiosis con el huésped. Durante las últimas décadas, ha surgido nueva evidencia confirmando el rol activo de la microbiota en el metabolismo humano. Por lo tanto, la disrupción del ecosistema intestinal parece que puede promover alteraciones metabólicas. El objetivo de esta revisión es elucidar la evidencia actual respecto los mecanismos a través de los cuales la microbiota puede contribuir en la protección o desarrollo de enfermedades metabólicas. Concretamente, se centra en la obesidad, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y las potenciales intervenciones para prevenir estas enfermedades metabólicas a través de la microbiota.