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Skrjabinodon campiaoaesp. nov. (Figure 2a–g) Type host Vanzosaura multiscutata (Amaral) (Gymnophthalmidae). Type locality Aiuaba Ecological Station, Aiuaba municipality (06°35 ʹ 35 ″ S, 40°08 ʹ 31 ″ W), Ceará State, Northeast Brazil. Site of infection Intestine. Numbers of parasite specimens/hosts 10/4 Prevalence 12.5% Mean intensity of infection 2.5 Range 1–5 Etymology The species is named after Dra Karla Magalhães Campião, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil, for her significant contribution to the knowledge of ecology and parasitism of Brazilian amphibians and reptiles. Description General Small cylindrical nematodes, sexually dimorphic, males approximately one-third length of female. Lateral alae present in males, absent in females. Caudal alae absent in males (Figuere 3(a)). Anterior extremity tapered, mouth opening triangular with three simple lips, a pair of amphids located on ventrolateral lips, and absent sessile papillae in both sexes (Figure 3 (b)). Male (one holotype) Length (excluding tail filament) 1036 ± 143 µm (896−1161); width at level of excretory pore 101 ± 25 (75−134); cuticle with distinct transverse pseudo-annulations; lateral alae starting at level of nerve ring and disappearing at level of first ventral pair of precloacal papillae; longitudinal striations absent; oesophagus length 210 ± 30 (165−227): corpus length 155 ± 26 (116−174); isthmus length 9; bulb length 57 ± 7 (46−63); bulb width 63 ± 11 (47−70); nerve ring 60 ± 5 (54−64) and excretory pore 306 from anterior end, respectively; spicule absent; smooth cloacal lips; caudal alae absent; four pairs of mammiliform papillae: one precloacal ventrally directed, two postcloacal ventrally directed, and one at base of filament tail (Figures 2 (g) and 4(b)). Tail filament 216 ± 70 (117−275) in length, with 3–9 spines (Table 1). Female (nine paratypes) Length (excluding tail filament) 3007 ± 966 µm (677−3668); width at level of excretory pore 144 ± 29 (76−167); oesophagus length 479 ± 52 (373−531): corpus length 370 ± 32 (306−414); isthmus length 10; bulb length 103 ± 20 (64−124); bulb width 114 ± 22 (74 −142); nerve ring 107 ± 28 (63−130) and excretory pore 168 from anterior end, respectively. Prebulbar vulva near mouth 158 ± 46 (61−206) from anterior end. Amphidelphic reproductive apparatus, vagina gives rise to two uteri. Thick-walled muscular ovijector extending posteriorly to join a valved, thin-walled, dilated vagina (Figure 2 (b)). In gravid females, the extent of the uteri cannot be seen; in immature females, one uterus extends anteriorly, the other posteriorly. Anus 231 ± 152 (67−366) anterior of tail filament insertion; tail filament 577 ± 136 (291−731) in length, 18–51 small cuticular spines present (Figure 3 (c) and Figure 4 (c)). Fusiform eggs with both ends rounded, length 114 ± 6 (102−124), width 37 ± 8 (19−49); Eggs in initial cleavage. Eggs with smooth surfaces and numerous inside uterus. As the number of eggs increases, the intestine is not visualised (Table 1)., Published as part of De Sousa, Charles, Silva De Oliveira, Samanta, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Da Silva Pinheiro, Raul Henrique & Ávila, Robson Waldemar, 2022, A new species of Skrjabinodon (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) infecting Vanzosaura multiscutata (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from Northeastern Brazil, pp. 35-48 in Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4) on pages 37-40, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046886, http://zenodo.org/record/6456950

De Sousa, Charles, Silva De Oliveira, Samanta, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Da Silva Pinheiro, Raul Henrique, Ávila, Robson Waldemar (2022): A new species of Skrjabinodon (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) infecting Vanzosaura multiscutata (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Natural History 56 (1-4): 35-48, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046886, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046886

Pristimantis relictus sp. nov. Hylodes ramagii Rocha, 1948 Eleutherodactylus sp Lima-Verde & Cascon (1990) Eleutherodactylus cf. ramagii Borges-Nojosa & Lima (2001) Ischnocnema gr. ramagii Carnaval & Bates (2007) Pristimantis sp Loebmann & Haddad (2010) Pristimantis sp 2. Canedo & Haddad (2012) Pristimantis sp Roberto & Loebmann (2016) Pristimantis sp (cf. ramagii)— Castro et al. (2019) Pristimantis sp (Northern Ceará clade)— Trevisan et al. (2020) Holotype. URCA-H 13344 (adult male) collected at Parque Nacional de Ubajara, municipality of Ubajara, state of Ceará, Brazil (03°50’18.5”S, 40°54’37.9” W; 833 m above sea level), on April 10, 2013 by Igor J. Roberto (Figure 2). Paratypes. 17 males, 33 females and 3 juveniles of undetermined sex: URCA-H 13343 (adult male) and 13342 (adult female) collected with the holotype. CFBH 20304 (adult male), CFBH 20306–08, 20310–11, 20313 (adult females), collected at Parque Nacional de Ubajara, municipality of Ubajara, state of Ceará, Brazil (03°50’31.57” S, 40°53’56” W, 850 m a.s.l.), on June 29, 2008 by Daniel Loebmann. CFBH 15899 –00, 15904 (adult males), collected at Mata das Bromélias, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, municipality of Ubajara, state of Ceará, Brazil (03°51’16” S, 40°55’16” W, 820 m a.s.l), on March 24, 2007 by Daniel Loebmann. URCA-H 1546 (adult male), 1543–45, 1547 (adult females) collected at municipality of Guaramiranga, state of Ceará, Brazil (04°15’21”S, 38°58’17” W, 830 m a.s.l), on February 12, 2012 by Robson W. Ávila. CFBH 20316–17, 25415–16, 25419 (adult females), CFBH 25417–18, 25420–21 (adult males), collected at Parque das Trilhas, municipality of Guaramiranga, state of Ceará, Brazil (04°15’48”S, 38°55’59” W, 853 m asl), on January 23, 2009 by Daniel Loebmann. URCA-H 6988 (adult male), 6979–80, 6984, 6987 (adult females) collected on February 3–5, 2013. URCA-H 9214 (adult male) collected on April 7, 2014 at Área de Proteção Ambiental Bica do Ipu, municipality of Ipu, state of Ceará, Brazil (41°7’21.78”S, 40°42’47.69”W), by Robson W. Ávila. URCA-H 2373 (adult female) collected on March 23, 2011 by Igor J. Roberto, 9828–30 (adult females) and 9633, 9837–38 (juveniles) collected by Herivelto F. Oliveira on August 14–20, 2014 at Serra de Maranguape, municipality of Maranguape, state of Ceará, Brazil (35°3’59.23”S, 38°43’0.32”W, 800 m a.s.l). CFBH 24531 (adult female), collected at Serra de Maranguape, municipality of Maranguape, state of Ceará, Brazil (35°3’59.23”S, 38°43’0.32”W, 770 m a.s.l), on December 11, 2008 by Daniel Loebmann. CFBH 25887 (adult female), CFBH 25888 (adult male) collected at Serra da Aratanha, municipality of Pacatuba, state of Ceará, Brazil (03°58’60”S, 38°38’00” W, 700 m a.s.l), on March 29, 2010 by Daniel Loebmann. CFBH 25406–12 (adult females) collected at Fazenda Gameleira, municipality of Tianguá, state of Ceará, Brazil (03°43’16”S, 40°55’46” W 800 m a.s.l), on October 28, 2008 by Daniel Loebmann. CFBH 25413–14 (adult males) collected at Estrada do Retiro, municipality of Uruburetama, state of Ceará, Brazil (03°35’53.4”S, 39°34’50” W), on January 23, 2009 by Daniel Loebmann. URCA-H 16276–77 (adult males) collected at Serra da Meruoca, municipality of Meruoca, state of Ceará, Brazil (03°37’03.3”S, 40°21’46.7” W, 700 m a.s.l), on February 20, 2019 by Kassio C. Araújo. Referred specimens: URCA-H 9835-9836 (juveniles) collected at Serra de Maranguape, municipality of Maranguape, state of Ceará, Brazil; URCA-H 6981-6983, 12287 collected at municipality of Ipu, state of Ceará; MNRJ 55882-55883 collected at Serra da Aratanha, municipality of Pacatuba, state of Ceará, Brazil; MNRJ 55884 collected at Serra da Ubatuba, municipality of Granja, state of Ceará, Brazil; CHFURG 2119-23 collected at Sítio São José, municipality of Guaramiranga, state of Ceará, Brazil. Definition. Pristimantis relictus sp. nov. is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) dorsal skin shagreen with small scattered tubercles; (2) ventral skin areolate; (3) dorsolateral fold absent; (4) discoidal fold present; (5) tarsal fold present; (6) lateral fringes absent on fingers, narrow on toes; (7) vocal slits present in males; (8) advertisement call composed of 1–8 pulsed notes (2–5 pulses per note), note rate of 0.5–2.2 notes per second, call duration 20–660 ms, fundamental frequency located at the first energy band between 1895–2153 Hz and dominant frequency located at the second energy band between 3617–4220 Hz; (9) in life dorsum coloration dark brown to yellowish-brown, with presence of dark brown chevrons and black spots in some individuals, transversal brown bars on legs and arms; (10) immaculate cream-colored pattern of concealed surfaces of thighs; (11) presence of a dark brown stripe from tip of snout to eye, including inter-nostril area, and a dark brown interorbital bar; (12) supratympanic fold bold, black; (13) gular region yellowish; (14) iris color cooper with brown reticulations. Morphological comparisons with other species within the Pristimantis conspicillatus species group. The shagreen texture of the dorsal skin differentiates Pristimantis relictus sp. nov. from P. avicuporum (Duellman & Pramuk, 1999), P. metabates (Duellman & Pramuk, 1999), P. johannesdei (Rivero & Serna, 1988), P. phalaroinguinis (Duellman & Lehr, 2007), and P. pictus (all have smooth dorsal skin). Nineteen species have smooth ventral skin, differing from the areolate ventral skin of P. relictus sp. nov.: P. achatinus (Boulenger, 1898), P. buccinator (Rodriguez, 1994), P. charlottevillensis (Kaiser, Dwyer, Feichtinger & Schmid, 1995), P. chiastonotus (Lynch & Hoogmoed 1977), P. citriogaster (Duellman, 1992), P. condor (Lynch & Duellman, 1980), P. conspicillatus (Günther, 1858), P. fenestratus (Steindachner 1864), P. gaigei, P. gutturalis, P. johannesdei P. latro, P. lymani (Barbour & Noble, 1920), P. malkini (Lynch, 1980), P. metabates, P. peruvianus (Melin, 1941), P. phalaroinguinis, P. samaipatae (Köhler & Jungfer 1995), and P. vilarsi (Melin, 1941). The areolate ventral skin also distinguishes P. relictus sp. nov. from P. dundeei (Heyer & Muñoz, 1999), P. giorgii, P. iiap Padial, Gagliardi-Urrutia, Chaparro & Gutiérrez, 2016, P. incertus, and P. ventrigranulosus Maciel, Vaz-Silva, Oliveira & Padial, 2012 (ventral skin granular or slightly granular). The absence of dorsolateral folds distinguishes P. relictus sp. nov from Pristimantis adiastolus (Duellman & Hedges, 2007), P. ardilae, P. avicuporum, P. bipunctatus (Duellman & Hedges, 2005), P. buccinator, P. chiastonotus, P. conspicillatus, P. iiap, P. latro, P. malkini, P. meridionalis (Lehr & Duellman, 2007), P. peruvianus, P. pluvian, P. skydmainos, and P. zeuctotylus (presence of dorsolateral folds) The subovoid snout in dorsal view of P. relictus sp. nov. distinguishes it from P. carranguerorum (Lynch, 1994) (obtuse) and P. medemi (Lynch, 1994), P. latro, and P. zeuctotylus (subacuminate). The immaculate cream-colored pattern of concealed surfaces of thighs differentiates P. relictus sp. nov. from P. pluvian (red), P. bipunctatus, P. condor, P. conspicillatus, P. malkini, P. peruvianus, and P. pictus (with well-defined spots). In addition to the new species, five other species of Pristimantis are distributed in Northeast Brazil: P. moa, P. paulodutrai, P. ramagii, P. rupicola and P. vinhai (see Table 1). While Pristimantis relictus sp. nov. is distributed in highland marshes of Ceará, P. moa is known from transition areas between the Cerrado and Amazon Forest (Oliveira et al. 2020), P. rupicola occurs in Campos Rupestres of Chapada Diamantina (Taucce et al. 2020), and the remaining three species inhabit the Atlantic Forest domain (Trevisan et al. 2020). Besides geographic distribution, P. relictus sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. moa by areolate ventral skin (smooth in P. moa), snout subovoid in dorsal view (truncate in P. moa), immaculate cream-colored pattern of concealed surfaces of thighs (strongly stained yellow on a dark background in P. moa), finger fringes absent (present in P. moa), and webbing on toes absent (present in P. moa) (Oliveira et al. 2020). The new species differs from P. rupicola by possessing shagreen dorsal skin (granular in P. rupicola), and snout subovoid in dorsal view (rounded or truncate in P. rupicola) (Taucce et al. 2020). The new species can be distinguished from the Atlantic Forest species as follows: from P. paulodutrai by the presence of nuptial pads (absent in P. paulodutrai), ventral skin areolate (granular in P. paulodutrai), and immaculate creamcolored pattern of concealed surfaces of thighs (with red blotches in P. paulodutrai) (Bokermann, 1975); from P. ramagii by snout subovoid in dorsal view (subacuminate in P. ramagii), presence of nuptial pads and toe fringes (absent in P. ramagii) (Boulenger, 1888); and from P. vinhai by ventral skin areolate (slightly granular in P. vinhai), snout subovoid in dorsal view (acuminate in P. vinhai) (Bokermann, 1975). Bioacustical comparisons with other species within the Pristimantis conspicillatus species group. The shorter note duration (20–50 ms) differentiates P. relictus sp. nov. from P. samaipatae (59–141 ms) and P. fenestratus (50–91 ms) (Padial & De La Riva 2009). The lower note rate (0.5–2.2 notes/s) distinguishes P. relictus from P. fenestratus (7.7–12.7), P. koehleri (11.8–17.3), P. samaipatae (2.7–14.9), P. dundeei (13.7–20.7) (Heyer & Muñoz 1999; Giaretta et al. 2018), and P. vilarsi (14) (Heyer & Barrio-Amorós 2009). The lower number of pulses per note of P. relictus sp. nov. (2–5) also differentiates the new species from P. fenestratus (9–17), P. samaipatae (11–23), P. latro (6–9), and P. pluvian (8–16). The higher fundamental frequency of P. relictus sp. nov. (1894.9–2153.3 Hz) distinguishes the new species from P. samaipatae (1535–1834 Hz), P. latro (1342–1448.6 Hz), P. moa (1320.8–1660.2 Hz), and P. giorgii (663.2–1872.3 Hz). The higher peak frequency of P. relictus sp. nov. (3617.6–4220.5 Hz) differentiates the new species from P. fenestratus (1710–3591 Hz), P. latro (2635.9–3272 Hz), P. moa (2657.1–3400 Hz), and P. pictus (2487.4–3272.2 Hz) (Padial & De La Riva 2009; Oliveira et al. 2017, 2020). Also, advertisement call differentiates P. relictus from P. rupicola. The new species has a higher peak of frequency (3617.6–4220.5 Hz), located in the second band of energy, [peak frequency (2410–3490 Hz) in the first band of energy of the call; Taucce et al. (2020)]. The advertisement call of P. relictus is very similar to that of P. ramagii but the species can be distinguished by the number of pulses per note of 2–5 (7–53 in P. ramagii; Octaven et al. 2017). Description of the holotype. Adult male (URCA-H 13344; Figure 2). Head longer than wide; head width 37% of SVL; head length 40% of SVL; snout subovoid in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view; nostrils not protuberant, directed anterolaterally; internarial distance less than eye-nostril distance; canthus rostralis angular, weakly concave, loreal region slightly concave; eye large, with horizontally elliptical pupil; eye diameter slightly larger than interorbital distance; cranial crests absent; upper eyelid smooth, 74% of eye diameter; tympanum large, with distinct rounded tympanic annulus; tympanic membrane present, visible; supratympanic fold present; labial bars absent; vocal sac subgular, small; tongue ovoid covering the entire floor of mouth, free and notched behind; vocal slits present, lateral to tongue; choana small, rounded; odontophores oblique and widely separated posterior to the choanae, each one bearing six teeth; skin on dorsum shagreen with scattered low tubercles; dorsolateral fold absent; skin on venter areolate, weakly spotted, discoidal fold present; hands large, 29% of SVL; relative lengths of fingers II Measurements of the holotype (mm). SVL 24.4, HL 9.7, HW 8.9, ED 3.4, SL 4.4, IND 2.0, END 2.8, IOD 3.3, UEW 2.5, TD 2.0, FAL 5.4, HAL 7.0, FIII 1.4, FIV 1.3, THL 12.4, TL 13.1, TAL 7.1, FL 10.7, and TIV 1.4. Color in preservative. Dorsal and lateral surfaces pale cream, snout light brown, brown interocular band in dorsal view, distinct dark brown stripe from tip of snout to posterior region of supratympanic fold. Irregular brown marks in lower orbital region. Two brown chevrons on dorsum with irregular brown dots in inguinal region, light brown stripes on dorsal surfaces of limbs. Ventral surface background pale cream in color. Advertisement call. The call of Pristimantis relictus sp. nov. is described based on three individuals (MNRJ 55582 and two unvouchered individuals) (see Table 2;). The vocalization is composed of 1–8 multi pulsed notes (2–5 pulses per note), with an ascendant amplitude modulation. The call duration ranges 0.02– 0.66 s (0.06 ± 0.08; n = 181), with intercall interval of 0.8– 9.6 s (2.12 ± 1.5; n = 74), note duration ranges 0.02– 0.05 s (0.03 ± 0.01; n = 150), with a note rate of 0.52–2.20 notes per second (Figure 3. The call has three visible bands. The fundamental frequency is in the first band, ranging 1894.9–2153.3 Hz, followed by a second band located in the dominant frequency, ranging 3617.6–4220.5 Hz, and a third weak band with a higher frequency, ranging 4565–6287.7 Hz. Variation among paratypes. Adult females (SVL 26.8–32.8 mm) are slightly larger than adult males (SVL 23.1–29.7 mm) (Table 3). Variation in coloration of fixed specimens is mostly related to the presence of chevrons on the dorsum (URCA-H 6980, 2373, 1544, 13342, 6988, and 9828). In life, the dorsal coloration is highly polymorphic: dark brown, reddish to yellowish-brown, or grey (Figure 4), with the presence of dark brown chevrons and black spots in some individuals. Other variations in coloration among paratypes are: brown bars on the leg and arm; dark brown stripe from the tip of the nose to the eye, including the internarial area; dark brown bar in the interorbital region; labial region yellowish to white; supratympanic fold bold black; gular region yellowish; and iris cooper-colored with brown reticulations. Geographic distribution. Pristimantis relictus is endemic to the “Brejos de Altitude” of the state of Ceará, Northeast Brazil. This species occurs in the Planalto da Ibiapaba (municipalities of Ipu, Tianguá, Ubajara, Granja, Viçosa do Ceará), Serra de Maranguape (municipality of Maranguape), Serra da Aratanha (municipality of Pacatuba), Serra de Baturité (municipalities of Guaramiranga, Pacoti, Aratuba, Mulungu), Serra da Uruburetama (Roberto & Loebmann 2016), and Serra da Meruoca (municipality of Meruoca) (Figure 5). Natural history. Pristimantis relictus occurs in dry forests and humid forests (Loebmann & Haddad 2010; Roberto & Loebmann 2016; Castro et al. 2019), from 100 to 900 m.a.s.l. The species has a prolonged breeding period throughout the raining season from December to April. Vocalization occurs from 5 pm throughout the night, with a peak of individuals vocalizing during 6–9 pm. Individuals were found vocalizing on leaves, tree trunks and twigs, mostly facing downwards. Amplexus is axillary, and the eggs are deposited on humid surfaces of rock and wooden debris. Mature females range 28–33 mm and 1.45–3.27 g (n = 13), and clutches have 21– 53 eggs (n = 13). We observed territorial behavior involving agonistic combat and the emission of territorial and release calls; unfortunately, these calls were not recorded. At Serra de Baturité mountain range we recorded the following species occurring in sympatry with P. relictus: Boana raniceps, Dendropsophus minusculus, D. minutus, D. tapacuarensis, Pithecopus gonzagai, Scinax tropicalia, Trachycephalus typhonius, Adelophryne baturitensis, Odontophrynus carvalhoi, Rhinella casconi, R. dapsilis, R. diptycha, R. granulosa, Adenomera juikitam, Leptodactylus macrosternum, L. natalensis, L. pustulatus, L. mystaceus and Physalaemus cuvieri. See Loebmann & Haddad (2010), and Castro et al. (2019)

Rhinella parecis sp. nov. (Figs. 4–6) Holotype. UFMT-A 13716 (adult male) collected at Vilhena Municipality, Rondônia State, Brazil (12º42’54”S, 60º15’27” W; 560m a.s.l.), on October 10, 2007 by D.H. Morais (Figure 4). Paratypes. Eleven males, four females and two juveniles of undetermined sex: UFMT-A 13698, and 13711 (adult males) and UFMT-A 13821 (juvenile) collected with the holotype. UFMT-A 7496 (adult male) collected at Santa Rita Farm, Alto Alegre do Parecis Municipality, Rondônia State, Brazil (12º07’41”S, 61º52’02” W; 370m a.s.l.), on December 12, 2007 by J.A.S. Rodrigues-Filho. MNRJ 84743 (adult male) collected at Parecis Municipality, Rondônia State, Brazil, on February 02, 2013 by F.B.S. Teles; G.B.B. Silva. UFMT-A 18706, 18715, and 18723 (adult males), UFMT-A 18718, 18720, 18729, and 18735 (adult females) collected at Guaporé district, Chupinguaia Municipality, Rondônia State, Brazil (12º13’49”S, 60º43’40” W; 330m a.s.l.), on March 08, 2014 by R. W. Ávila; P.H.B. Dávila. MZUSP 148801–02 (adult males) and MZUSP 148803 (juvenile) collected at Comodoro Municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil (13º04’28”S, 59º40’08” W; 560m a.s.l.), on November 27–28, 2009 by biologists of JGP Consultoria Ambiental. MNRJ 85730 and 85740 (adult males) collected at Comodoro Municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil on February 9, 2013 by F.B.S. Teles; G.B.B. Silva. Referred specimens. MTR 25661 (adult male) and MTR 25809 (juvenile) from Parque Nacional dos PacaásNovos, Campo Novo de Rondônia municipality, Rondônia state, Brazil. Etymology. The specific name parecis, a noun in apposition, refers to the Chapada dos Parecis, a plateau occupying large portions of the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Rondônia, Brazil. Diagnosis. Rhinella parecis sp. nov. is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) snout-vent length range 40.7–53.5 mm in males and 44.9–54.8 mm in females; (2) snout rounded in dorsal view, acute with fleshy ridge extending to the tip of the snout in lateral view; (3) canthal and pre-orbital crests absent; (4) supra-orbital, parietal and supra-tympanic crests present and low; (5) dorsolateral row of tubercles present; (6) bony protrusion at the angle of jaws absent; (7) tympanum evident; (8) vertebral apophyses absent; (9) toes half-webbed. Comparison. Among the species of the Rhinella margaritifera species group (characters in parenthesis), the absence of canthal and pre-orbital crests distinguish Rhinella parecis sp. nov. from R. alata, R. gildae, R. hoogmoedi, R. margaritifera, R. martyi, R. ocellata, R. paraguayensis, R. roqueana, R. scitula, R. sebbeni, R. sclerocephala, R. stanlaii and R. yunga (canthal and pre-orbital crests present). Rhinella parecis sp. nov. is distinguished from R. alata by larger snout-vent length (SVL), dorsolateral line of tubercles weak, and triangular paratoid glands (SVL 37.54–39.20 mm in males, 37.78–49.69 mm in females, marked dorsolateral line of tubercles and elongated paratoid glands). Rhinella parecis sp. nov. is differentiated from R. gildae by having smaller SVL, dorsolateral line of tubercles weak, absence of both vertebral apophyses and bony knobs at the angle of jaws (SVL 46.3–64.5 mm in males and 67.3–70.6 mm in females, dorsolateral line of conical tubercles well marked, vertebral apophyses present especially in females and a prominent bony protrusion at the angle of jaws present). From Rhinella hoogmoedi, R. parecis sp. nov. is differentiated by smaller size, dorsolateral line of tubercles weak and absence of bony protrusion at the angle of jaws (SVL 38.3–63.9 mm in males and 40.9–69.7 mm in females, dorsolateral line of pointed tubercles well marked and a rounded tubercle at the posterior corner of mouth present). From Rhinella margaritifera and R. roqueana the new species is distinguished by the absence of both vertebral apophyses and bony knobs at the angle of jaws and dorsolateral line of tubercles weak (vertebral apophyses and a bony protrusion at the angle of jaws present and spinose dorsolateral line of tubercles). Rhinella parecis sp. nov. is distinguished from R. martyi by smaller size, dorsolateral line of tubercles weak, absence of both vertebral apophyses and bony knobs at the angle of jaws (SVL 55.3 ± 5.8mm in males and 64.7 ± 3.4mm in females, dorsolateral line of tubercles well marked, vertebral apophyses present and protruding bony knob at the angle of jaws present). From Rhinella paraguayensis the new species is differentiated by the absence of bony knobs at the angle of jaws, less marked dorsolateral line of tubercles, and snout acute in lateral view (bony protrusion at the angle of jaws present, marked dorsolateral line of tubercles and snout rounded in lateral view). From Rhinella scitula, R. parecis sp. nov. is distinguished by larger size, dorsolateral line of tubercles weak, and absence of bony knobs at the angle of jaws (33.8–46.1 mm in males, 45.9–50.5 mm in females, marked dorsolateral line of tubercles and a bony protrusion at the angle of jaws). The absence of bony protrusions at the angle of jaws, slightly smaller size, and rounded snout in dorsal view differs the new species from R. sebbeni (bony protrusion present, SVL 48.5–59.7 mm in males and 54.7–66.7 mm in females, and mucronate snout in dorsal view). The new species can be separated from R. sclerocephala by toes half-webbed, smaller size, absence of bony protrusions at the angle of jaws, and dorsolateral line of tubercles weak (toes fully webbed, SVL 55.4–67.3mm in males, 68.5–77.4 mm in females, bony knobs in the angle of jaws present and marked dorsolateral line of tubercles). From R. stanlaii, the new species is differentiated by the rounded snout in dorsal view, smaller paratoid gland, and absence of bony protrusions at the angle of jaws (pointed snout in dorsal view, paratoid gland developed, bony knobs in the angle of jaws present). From R. yunga, the new species is distinguished by its smaller size, granulose dorsal skin and presence of vocal slits (SVL 57.5–59.5 mm in males, 53.5–65.5 mm in females, skin on dorsum smooth with scattered tubercles in males, vocal slits absent). From the seven species of R. margaritifera group with low cranial crests, R. parecis sp. nov. is distinguished from R. acutirostris by rounded snout in dorsal view, absence of bony protrusions at the angle of jaws, and by the dorsolateral line of tubercles weak (snout pointed, presence of bony knobs at the angle of jaws, and marked dorsolateral line of tubercles). Rhinella parecis sp. nov. can be differentiated from R. dapsilis by smaller size, snout lacking a developed proboscis, and by the dorsolateral line of tubercles weak (SVL 52.1–56.2 mm in males, 66.4–79.8mm in females, proboscis well developed, and marked dorsolateral line of tubercles). Rhinella parecis sp. nov. is distinguishable from R. lescurei by the triangular paratoid gland, and larger size (elongated paratoid, SVL 34.6 ± 4.3 mm in males, 43.7 ± 0.8 mm in females). The absence of dorsal ocelli colour pattern and acute snout with fleshy ridge extending to the tip of the snout in lateral view differentiates R. parecis sp. nov. from R. ocellata (dorsal ocelli colour pattern present and rounded snout in lateral view). The larger size, distinct tympanum, granulose skin on the dorsum, and upper eyelid width significantly smaller (5.5–8.6% of SVL in males—Tukey Test pRhinella parecis sp. nov. from R. castaneotica (SVL 32.4–40.4 mm in males, 34.8–41.6 mm in females, tympanum indistinct, smoother skin on dorsum and larger upper eyelid width: 6.5–11.7% of SVL in males and 8.1–10.9% of SVL in females). From R. magnussoni the new species differs by the rounded snout in dorsal view, absence of bony knobs, and significantly smaller internarial distance in females (4.2–4.6% of SVL—Tukey Test p=0.025) and significantly larger head length in males (28.7–37.5% of SVL—Tukey Test p=0.041) (snout pointed in dorsal view, presence of bony protrusion at the angle of jaws, larger internarial distance in females: 4.7–5.9% of SVL, and smaller head length in males: 30.6–34.5% of SVL). From R. proboscidea, R. parecis sp. nov. is promptly distinguished by the snout lacking a developed proboscis, granulose dorsal skin in males and significantly smaller tibia length in males 34.1–39.3% of SVL—Tukey Test p Description of the holotype. UFMT 13716, Adult male (Figure 4). SVL 42.9 mm; head wider (16.5 mm) than long (15.2 mm) at the angle of jaws. Snout rounded in dorsal view, acute with fleshy ridge extending to tip of snout in lateral view. Cephalic crests weakly developed, only the supraorbital, parietal and supratympanic crests present; canthus rostralis without crests, concave; interorbital and internarial region flat, nostrils protuberant directed dorsolaterally; eye to nostril distance equal to eye diameter, larger than internarial distance; upper eyelid width about 80% of eye diameter. Tympanum distinct, large, almost rounded; its horizontal diameter representing 93% of the vertical diameter and equal to internarinal distance. Corner of mouth angular, without bony knobs at the lower angle of jaws. Vocal slits present, lateral to the tongue; choanae small, ovoid, lateral, widely separated; tongue free, not notched behind. Paratoid glands small, triangular. A dorsolateral line of small tubercles extends from the posterior border of the paratoid gland to the groin. Vertebral apophyses absent. Skin on dorsal and ventral surfaces granulose, with scattered conical tubercles. Small tubercles covering lips, eyelids, interorbital and loreal region. Forearms and forelimbs robust covered with small tubercles of the same size of those in the dorsum and scattered larger tubercles on the edges. Fingers free, with tips slightly enlarged; length of fingers 2 Measurement of the holotype (mm). SVL 42.9; HL 15.2; HW 16.5; IND 2.6; END 4.3; ED 4.2; UEW 3.4; IOD 6.6; POCH 1.0; POCL 4.9; HTD 2.6; VTD 2.8; PGL 5.2; HAL 11; FAL 12; THL 18.8; TL 15.8; TAL 10.4; FL 14.4. Colour in life. Dorsum light brown, with dark brown bands on arms and legs and dark brown blotches on flanks and tympanic region (Figure 5a). A gray vertebral line from the interorbital region to cloaca, surrounded by dark brown bands and black spots at midbody. Venter light brown with scattered dark brown blotches. Loreal and tympanic region with dark brown blotches. Throat dark brown, arms and legs with dark brown bands. Iris gold, with black reticulations. Colour in preservative. Similar to that in life, although slightly faded mainly in dark brown blotches (Figure 4). Tadpole. Unknown. Variation among paratypes. The type series includes 17 specimens (11 adult males, 4 adult females and 2 juveniles). Females are slightly larger than males and a summary of variation in measurements between sexes can be found in Table 3. Low cranial crests in both sexes, without differences between males and females. Dorsal skin texture not variable between sexes, being covered with scattered conical tubercles in males and females. Dorsal coloration is variable, from dark brown to cream (Figure 6), sometimes with dark brown spots in midbody. Vertebral line is present in about 60% of the individuals. Ventral coloration is also variable from almost immaculate light brown to heavily pigmented with dark brown blotches. Males may present gular and chest brown coloration with a cream midventral stripe. Geographic distribution. Rhinella parecis sp. nov. is known from seven localities from Mato Grosso and Rondônia states, western Brazil (Figure 7). The species is also known from the Pacaás-Novos National Park. Most of these localities are in the Chapada dos Parecis (~ 650m a.s.l.), which separate the Paraguay and Amazon basins and present transition zones between Cerrado and Amazonia domains. Individuals of Rhinella parecis sp. nov. were found inside rainforest fragments, since several areas in this region have been deforested and transformed for cattle ranching and agricultural farming.

En este artículo se describe e ilustra a Cosmocerca gymnophthalmicola n. sp., un parásito intestinal de los lagartos gimnoftálmidos Alopoglossus angulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) y Cercosaura eigenmanni (Griffin, 1917) del oeste de Brasil. Cosmocerca gymnophthalmicola n. sp. representa la 31ª especie asignada al género, y la 11a en la región Neotropical. Por otra parte, C. gymnophthalmicola n. sp. es la cuarta especie que tiene hospederos lagartos, y se distingue de otras especies del género Cosmocerca por poseer 6 pares de plectanas y por una combinación de espículas y gubernáculo y por la ausencia de alas laterales en ambos sexos. La nueva especie es más similar a C. banyulensis, C. chilensis, C. longicauda, C. parva y C. rara en tener 6 pares de plectanas, pero se diferencian de estas especies por espículas más grandes y ausencia de ala lateral en ambos sexos.