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Az autóiparban az elmúlt években az innováció magas szintje az elektromos (valamint az alternatív) meghajtású járművek kifejlesztését és széles körű gyártását eredményezte, amely egyelőre nem tekinthető befejezett folyamatnak az akkumulátor gyártásával fellépő károsanyag kibocsátása miatt. A tanulmány a jelenlegi elektromos hajtásláncokra és a lehetséges jövőbeli alternatívákra helyezi a hangsúlyt azok fenntarthatóságának vizsgálatát megcélozva. A témával kapcsolatos eddigi releváns (a mainstream által elismert) kutatási eredmények megértéséhez szisztematikus irodalmi áttekintést kell végezni, amelyet a PRISMA-módszer könnyít meg, és amelynek középpontjában a jármű akkumulátorok fenntarthatósága áll. A tanulmány tartalmazza a jelenleg gyártásban lévő és a jövőben kilátásban lévő akkumulátorok elemzését rendszertechnikai szempontból. Emellett a technológia gazdasági és műszaki szempontú elemzése elősegíti a fenntarthatóságot a gyártási kapacitás és a költségek figyelembe vétele mellett.

In a little-known paper Hurwitz gave an infinite series representation of the class number for positive definite binary quadratic forms. In this paper we give a similar formula in the indefinite case. We also give a simple proof of Hurwitz's formula and indicate some extensions., Journal of the European Mathematical Society, 23 (12), ISSN:1435-9855, ISSN:1435-9863

The financial reports of the automotive companies' are measured in a standardized manner; therefore, they are transparent and comparable to each other, but this is not valid for the sustainability reports and it is not possible to compare their sustainability performances. Standard-setting organizations are currently searching for better reporting procedures. This study aims to investigate the connection between sustainability and financial reports for the most dominant European car manufacturers. It reviews the traceability of the sustainability elements back to the financial statements, which helps transparency, comparability, and impact measurement of the disclosed items and issues. This investigation allowed us to additionally review whether these companies are targeting to disclose the most harmful pollution impacts, or only focus to disclose the required obligatory items. Given the financial and sustainability reports magnitude manual testing would not provide complete and proper coverage, therefore we utilized an automated and AI-assisted content analysis with natural language processing. In this new review method, the sustainable elements of the textual reports were automatically retrieved following the 5-stage model of Landrum & Ohsowski (2018). The study highlights the lack of true sustainability information content of reports and the potential discrepancies and connections between the financial and the sustainability reports. Findings concluded that sustainability disclosures at the reviewed companies from several aspects could be improved and quantified, traced back to the financial disclosures, and to be comparable to each other if they apply a similar review method. Graphic abstract

We prove a Katok-Sarnak type formula for Maass forms of even weight k and odd level N >= 1 that includes and extends the results of Waldspurger, Kohnen-Zagier, Katok-Sarnak, Baruch-Mao, and Biró. ISSN:0022-314X ISSN:1096-1658

A versenyszférában az innovációs tevékenységek olyan versenyelőnyök kiépítését, megszerzését célozzák, amelyek a tőke reprodukcióját segítik elő az egyre összetettebb működési környezetben. A fejlesztési döntések során a rendelkezésre álló erőforrások felhasználásának hatékonyságát kívánják előmozdítani. A hangsúly a hatékonyságnövelésen van, legyen szó bármilyen különleges erőforrásról is. Gyakori eset, hogy a kezdetben innovatív cégek fejlődésük során a belső innovációs források helyett, külső innovatív tudás megszerzését célozzák meg. A döntések mögött a hatékonysági vetületek húzódnak meg. Vizsgálatunkban az Amazon vállalatóriás gyakorlatát nézzük meg, különös tekintettel a vállalati felvásárlásokra.

In the last two decades, electronic financial reporting went through a significant evolution, where to date, eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) has become the leading platform that is already obligatory for listed entities in the United States and was also legislated in the European Union from January 1, 2020. The primary objective of this research was to review the US-listed companies’ 2018 quarterly reports. The study generated an automated industry analysis for the automotive industry from the aspect of four main financial item categories as an alternative to statistics-based, manually prepared industry analyses. Statistical tests were carried out between two industrial classification methodologies, the securities’ industry identification marks and the reported Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes. The results showed a significant difference between the industry classification methodologies. Automated reporting was more precise with regard to the identification of the listed and reporting entities, however, the data fields of SIC codes within the XBRL data set provided an inaccurate classification, which is a potential area of improvement along with additional recommendations outlined in the Conclusion.

Car-sharing companies’ key argument is the heavily advertised sustainability element in their operation, which can partially be confirmed; however, this study sheds light on the importance of the connection between sustainability reports and financial statements. In order to gain more confidence and provide objective support to voluntary sustainable reports, the key question is if it possible to reconcile these statements to their financial performance and their assets and liabilities. In light of recent market changes in Hungary and the expansion of German car-sharing companies, this is an increasingly important question. Additionally, the study also addresses the significant 2019 market change in Hungary after the penetration of the car-sharing service based in Germany. The reviewed sustainability reports contain insufficient information to be reconciled to financial statements. Additionally, the aspects related to sustainability are recognised through the parent entities’ books under environmental liabilities. Each of the reviewed companies considers itself as “the most sustainable entity” in the given segment, which raises serious doubts regarding the reliability of the information. From the perspectives of the basic analysis and profitability, the German companies reported better results than the Hungarian ones; besides, in Hungary, the service providers applied different fleet-financing models and used leases or purchase transactions. The reviewed car-sharing companies seem to operate on profit rather than a sustainability basis. Although these services do contribute to a more sustainable future, without proper alignment, the real impacts cannot be validated or traced back to the relevant financial statements. The lack of transparency, as an example of climate-related consequences, could have a significant effect on the companies’ performance, and this may be vital and relevant information for investors.

We give a Jensen–Rohrlich type formula for a certain class of automorphic functions on the hyperbolic 3-space for the group P S L 2 ( O K ) \mathrm {PSL}_2(\mathcal {O}_K) .

Dokazivanje ispravama (ZKP, kann. 1539–1546; DC, čll. 183–192) ima osobitu važnost u sudskim postupcima. Među pet dokaznih sredstava, ono je na drugom mjestu. Autori ponajprije pojašnjavaju pojam isprave, u širem smislu kao instrumentum (sredstvo) i u užem kao documentum (isprava). Dalje slijedi podjela na javne isprave, koje mogu biti crkvene i građanske, i sve ostale, koje se smatraju privatnim ispravama. U Uputi Dignitas Connubii dana su određena pojašnjenja već postojećih odredbi, ali i neke novosti, a tiču se isprava privatnog karaktera: pisma koja su zaručnici, odnosno supružnici, upućivali jedno drugomu ili nekomu trećemu te anonimna pisma.

We improve the results from El Basraoui (Proc Amer Math Soc 138(7):2289–2299, 2010) about the Eisenstein series $$E_2(z)=1-24\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac{nq^n}{1-q^n}$$ . In particular we show that there exists exactly one (simple) zero in each Ford circle and give an approximation to its location.

A tanulmány az életpályamodellhez és a minősítéshez kapcsolva feltárja azokat a szemléleti és gyakorlati korlátokat, azokat a félelmeket és bizonytalanságokat, amelyek természetes módon gátolják a pedagógusokat az új értékelési rendszer elfogadásában. Támaszt ad az új paradigma értelmezéséhez, kiemeli azokat a tényezőket, amelyek már ma is a pedagógusok mindennapi gyakorlatának sajátjai, s azokat, ahol a változtatásra valóban szükség van.

We give some new applications of Kronecker’s first limit formula to real quadratic fields. In particular, we give a surprising geometrical relationship between the CM points associated with two imaginary quadratic fields with discriminants d and $$d^{\prime }$$ and certain winding number functions coming from the closed geodesics associated with the real quadratic field of discriminant $$d^{\prime }d$$ .

It is known that the $3$ -manifold $\operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})\backslash\operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ is diffeomorphic to the complement of the trefoil knot in $S^{3}$ . E. Ghys showed that the linking number of this trefoil knot with a modular knot is given by the Rademacher symbol, which is a homogenization of the classical Dedekind symbol. The Dedekind symbol arose historically in the transformation formula of the logarithm of Dedekind’s eta function under $\operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$ . In this paper we give a generalization of the Dedekind symbol associated to a fixed modular knot. This symbol also arises in the transformation formula of a certain modular function. It can be computed in terms of a special value of a certain Dirichlet series and satisfies a reciprocity law. The homogenization of this symbol, which generalizes the Rademacher symbol, gives the linking number between two distinct symmetric links formed from modular knots.

In this note, we give an explicit basis for the harmonic weak forms of weight two. We also show that their holomorphic coefficients can be given in terms of regularized inner products of weight zero weakly holomorphic forms.

We give optimal bounds for Kloosterman sums that arise in the estimation of Fourier coefficients of Siegel modular forms of genus 2.

A wide variety of nano-biotechnological applications are being developed for nanoparticles based on in vitro diagnostic and imaging systems. Some of these systems allow highly sensitive detection of molecular biomarkers. Frequently, the very low concentration of the biomarkers makes very difficult the mathematical simulation of the motion of nanoparticles based on classical, partial differential equations. We address the issue of incubation times for low concentration systems using Monte Carlo simulations. We describe a mathematical model and computer simulation of Brownian motion of nanoparticle–bioprobe–polymer contrast agent complexes and their hybridisation to immobilised targets. We present results for the dependence of incubation times on the number of particles available for detection, and the geometric layout of the DNA-detection assay on the chip.

In this paper we construct certain mock modular forms of weight 1/2 whose Fourier coefficients are given in terms of cycle integrals of the modular j-function. Their shadows are weakly holomorphic forms of weight 3/2. These new mock modular forms occur as holomorphic parts of weakly harmonic Maass forms. We also construct a generalized mock modular form of weight 1/2 having a real quadratic class number times a regulator as a Fourier coefficient. As an application of these forms we study holomorphic modular integrals of weight 2 whose rational period functions have poles at certain real quadratic integers. The Fourier coefficients of these modular integrals are given in terms of cycle integrals of modular functions. Such a modular integral can be interpreted in terms of a Shimura-type lift of a mock modular form of weight 1/2 and yields a real quadratic analogue of a Borcherds product.

Presently, selenium (Se) is one of the most investigated microelements. It has an important proven role in many vital processes. Directly or indirectly, selenium deficiency can play a role in the development of many diseases. On the other hand, the concentration range in which selenium is essential is narrow; there is a narrow gap between necessary and toxic content in dietary intake. In this context, selenium contamination poses a further health risk for people if they live near the industrial areas and mining activity.In this paper, we comprehensively introduce the very important trace element selenium. We studied the base parameters, deposit, analytic and deficiencies, problem of contamination and also the solution of contamination problems of selenium.

On the basis of the operative French regulations, we qualified the alveographic qualification and the valorigraphic qualification respectively for each of the 10-14 winter wheat varieties grown each year between 2002-2005, and used in a field experiment at the Karcag Research Institute of the University of Debrecen. The field experiment at the Látókép Research Institute of the University of Debrecen allowed us to examine the alveographic and valorigraphic values of the samples of GK Öthalom and Fatima 2 winter wheat varieties taken from an 8 year period (1997-1999 and 2001-2005).Throughout the experiments on samples from the Karcag Research Institute and Látókép Research Institute of the University of Debrecen, we tried to find whether the alveographic W value or the P/L value provides the safer method for the qualification of wheat samples, instead of the qualification commonly used in Hungary. We found that in terms of the samples from the Karcag Research Institute, the baking quality and the W value in each of the examined years, while in terms of the Látókép Research Institute, most of the years showed a close positive correlation, contrary to the close negative relationship between the baking quality and the P/L value. The correlation index varied depending on the year, the variety, and fertilizer doses, which require further examinations.

Our results show that the effect of different agronomy treatments (in this case the fertilization and irrigation) is significant on plant element content in all the examined growth stages. The knowledge of the mean values and intervals helps to adjudicate the sufficiency of nutrient supply and gives the possibility of necessary intervention to sustain the balanced plant development.

Summary Our investigation aimed to fi nd out the type and volume of certain qualitative and microbiological changes in various fodder winter wheat varieties and also their similarity to the changes of quality parameters in the storage of improving winter wheat varieties. Laboratory experiments on wheat samples included moisture and protein content, Hagberg’s falling number, wet gluten content, alveographic values, and microbiological tests. Th e examined winter wheat varieties (‘Magor’, ‘Hunor’, ‘Rona’ and ‘Kondor’) retained their moisture, protein content, and their Hagberg’s falling number aft er storage. A slight increase was observed in wet gluten content for all four winter wheat varieties aft er 129 days of storage. Th is result proved the theory of aft er-ripening, as gluten percentage improved both qualitatively and quantitatively. An approximate 10% increase in quantitative growth was observed for all four winter wheat varieties. We placed a special emphasis on measuring the alveographic W (10 -4 J) values during storage. All four winter wheat varieties showed decreasing values of about 20-40%. Microbiological examinations on the four winter wheat varieties showed that mould, mould fl ora and total germ count remained balanced, with some slight variations, and that they did not change in terms of time under optimal storage conditions. Th e changes in the tendency, type, and volume of the fi ve qualitative parameters in the studied four forage wheat varieties and poor baking quality winter wheat varieties during storage showed similarities as compared to that of earlier described and studied improving winter wheat varieties.

We found considerable differences between the cropping years taken the average of studied winter wheat varieties. Alveographic quality of the wheat varieties is variable year by year also. The farmers have to prefer winter wheat varieties that are qualified to give better and stable quality yield under same cultivated conditions without a large amount of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. The breeders have to improve and suggest winter wheat varieties that contain as little amount of 47–49 kDa glutenin-subunit as possible because the presence of this protein reduces the alveographic W value.

An underappreciatel field of plant analysis is the change in the nutrient concentration of flours from winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation. The knowledge of these processes is important because breeding solely for higher yield has caused a decrease in the nutrient concentrations important for human nutrition. The difference in nutrient concentration of flours from grains of different spike positions is also an interesting field of plant analysis. The objective of this study was to study these processes to better understand the effect of these factors on flour quality. The concentration and amount of macro (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium) and micronutrients (copper, manganese, iron, zinc) were determined in the flours of grains of two genotypes from basal, central, and apical grain positions, from the 14th day to the 42th day after anthesis. Genotype and sampling time both affected the concentration of nutrients. The grain position on the head also influenced the N, Ca, K, Mn, P, and S concentrations. The amount of assimilated nutrients in flours increased until the middle of maturity, and then remained around specific values in the case of some elements. We describe the changes in concentrations of these nutrients based on changes in the assimilated mass.

In countries with suitable conditions for growing winter wheat, there are millions of tons of poor‐baking‐quality wheat harvested every year. In this investigation, representative samples of low‐quality‐wheat lots were analyzed. The baking quality properties, protein, ash, and macro‐ and microelement concentrations were determined for different particle‐size fractions of flour. Flour fractions of different particle sizes sieved from the same flour samples yielded significantly different analyses for protein, ash, and macro‐ and microelements. It was determined that the particle fraction of 125–63 µm had better baking parameters than the original flour sample, and it constituted 32.5% of the total mass of the original amount of flour. In addition, the mineral‐element concentration was also found to be much higher than that of the original flour, which means that besides its better baking quality, it also had a higher nutritional value. The single, unmixed utilization of the 125‐ to 63‐µm flour fra...

We searched for connections between weather conditions (with its sub-parameters as precipitation and average temperature) and the yearly formation of two quality parameters (protein content and baking value) on three levels of mineral fertilization, based on the results of a variety comparison experiment on chernozem soil, to select those weather parameters and critical periods which have significant effects on the quality of winter wheat flour.We established that the protein content of winter wheat flour can be increased with increasing levels of mineral fertilizers. Protein content is lower and has higher deviation during non-fertilized conditions in different cropping years than on higher fertilization levels. Thus, it seems proved again that quality (as protein content) is mainly formed by the crop year, but can be improved with adequate agricultural engineering (with mineral fertilization in the present case). The higher sum of precipitation in May, and the lower average temperature after flowering, have the highest increasing effect on the protein content of flour of the examined parameters. Based on the results of the examined period, the rainier and warmer term than average before flowering and lower – average amount of precipitation and colder circumstances are favourable for higher baking values. The analysis with data of decades, proves the importance of the first half of May and the middle of June as especially important periods for quality formation. An increasing nutrient supply has different effects on the varieties; mineral fertilization increased the baking value of GK Öthalom winter wheat variety in almost every case, but the second level of fertilization decreased it in half of the examined years. Additionally, mineral fertilization played a role in the stabilization of the quality of highlighted varieties.

The principle, development and importance of the SDS-PAGE method are presented in this article. The SDS-PAGE method has become one of the basic methods of molecular biological research, because it is widely applicable and its sensitivity is excellent in the separation of wheat storage proteins.We have shown the application of this method with a concrete example. It was also tested whether, it was possible to obtain a better baking quality product from a large amount of poor quality less valuable wheat by fractioning the flour according to particle sizes after grinding. We studied the rheological properties of flours with different particle size fractions from the original flour. The baking quality of the original flour was B2. The 125-90 and 90-63 μm fractions have significantly better baking quality (B1) than the original flour. The protein contents of these flour fractions were also significantly higher than the protein content of the original flour. We had a question: what has influenced the baking quality: the protein content or other factors? We searched for an explanation on these results in the protein composition of the flour samples. We studied the distribution of glutenin-fractions by SDS-PAGE method and evaluated them. We found with correlation analysis that the amount of LMW-Glutenin D-group (52-60 kDa) is in a strong, negative correlation to the baking quality (r = – 0.855*). Therefore, the baking quality of flour samples was influenced by this glutenin fraction.

Wheat is the major cereal component of bread in the world and is grown worldwide. Of the cereals only the bread wheats – and less the triticale – includes storage proteins that play an important role in the performance of gluten. Proteins of gluten complex may be present in two classes:− low molecular weight (gliadin-) components, and− high molecular weight (glutenin-) components.Gliadins shown appreciable heterogenity and can be separated into 40-50 components with gel electrophoresis. The composition of gliadins is employable for the identification the wheat varieties and to investigate the varieties. In the decreasing electrophoretic mobility sequence may be distinguish α-, β-, γ- and ω-gliadins. A glutenin subunits may be include in two classes:− high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS),− low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS).Wheat varieties can be identified by glutenin and their quality selection is also possible. The gliadin’s polypeptides encoding genes are located on the short arm of chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D, 6A, 6B and 6D. Genetic coding for HMW subunits is located on the long arms of chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D, the LMW-GS are also located on chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D (Glu-3 loci) near the gliadin-coding loci.Storage proteins affect the rheological properties of gluten by two factors:1. The quality and quantity of the protein components of the gluten complex,2. The interactions between the protein fractions.

Value of good quality wheat realizes in bakery therefore the quality control of the wheat is inseparable from quality control of the flour.The S-S cross-link of the winter wheat's gluten components (cystine) essentially important in the production of good bread-crumb as in case of sulphur deficiency quality problems occur. The latest Western-European and Canadian researches emphasize the role of sulphur supply in the quality of wheat and increasingly apply sulphur base and/or top dressing of wheat. A close correlation has been stated between the sulphur content of the wheat grain and the volume of bread. (MOSS et al. 1981, MOSS et al. 1983, SCHNUG et al. 1993). Their results show that adequate sulphur supply has highly important role regarding the quality of wheat as in case of low sulphur supply the cystine content reduces consequently disulphide links of the gluten are not sufficient to ensure the required elasticity (FRATER et al. 1960, KOHLER et al. 1993, KECK and W1ESER 1995). According to Mosonyi (1987) quantity of thiol and disulphide groups in the flour refers to the rheological specifics of the dough and to some of the baker quality specifics. The differences in water uptake can be ascribed to the hydratation of protein and starch fractions. Water uptake of the flours from wheats containing more gluten is larger (Pollhamern6 1973, 1988), in case of flour of better quality water uptake is larger. Higher gluten expansiveness mostly refers to higher softening. During processing our results we analyzed the gluten and protein content of the whole grain and the flour and we estimated of great importance to examine baker parameters and with this knowledge the analyzed wheat samples can be ranked into separate processing categories. Beside the mentioned quality characters we examined the effect of the sulphur on the yield as well.

The quality of winter wheat can be examined by different methods to measure the rheological characteristics of dough from wheat flour (Dessalegn et al., 2005). In Hungary there is a raising interest about Aiveograph beside Farinograph due to the changing market and also EU requirements (Dubois, 1996; Bartolucci et al., 1998; Rasper et al., 1986). There are several publications on the connection between aiveograph parameters and agrotechnical factors (Wha-Markovics, 1998; Feh^r-Bdnydsz, 1993; Matuz et al., 1981; Vida et al., 1996; Othira, 2004). Benedek-Gy6ri (1995) found connection between the Alveographic values and the cropping sites. Matuz et al. (1999) found that the year had significant effect on the L, P/L and G values. Szil&gyi (2000) was examined the effect of fertilization on the Alveographic values in different years and his results did not contain unambiguously construeable trends. In this study we have analysed the effect of crop year and weather factors on the alveographic W value of two winter wheat varieties to find the ones which has proved effect on this quality parameter.

Qualification of winter wheat became more complex for Hungary, after the expansion of the EU. Use of Chopin alveograph is a general method in Western- and Southern Europe. This method is not traditional in Hungary, so determination of alveographic properties of Hungarian winter wheat varieties is very important. Artificial fertilization is one very important component of applied agricultural engineering, which effects winter wheat quality. The another factor is the weather or rather the cropping year, which effects winter wheat quality too. We examined both of them and the alveographic quality of GK Öthalom winter wheat variety between 1996 and 2003.We found that cropping year has significant effect on the alveographic quality of GK Öthalom winter wheat variety on each treatment of artificial fertilization. We found no connection between quantities of precipitations of vegetation periods and the W values of GK Öthalom.We found a strong connection in 1999 and 2003 as well as a very strong connection in 1996, 1997 and 2002, between the increase of fertilizer dose and W values of GK Öthalom. Treatments of artificial fertilization had a significant effect to W values of GK Öthalom in 2001 and 2002. The differences between the two methods are because of large standard deviation of the results.

Changes in the chemical contents of the kernels of maize hybrids were analysed in three consecutive years (one dry, one arid and one wet) in samples originating from irrigation and fertilisation experiments. The results indicated that while irrigation and wet years had a protein-decreasing effect, the water supply did not influence the starch and oil contents. Under the influence of fertilization, the calcium and zinc contents of maize kernels decreased to varying degrees depending on the hybrid, while the sulphur contents changed parallel to the protein contents. Based on these data and on the use of more modern measuring equipment, tables giving recommendations for chemical contents should be revised.