38 results on '"Álvarez-Velarde Francisco"'
Search Results
2. On the estimation of nuclide inventory and decay heat: a review from the EURAD European project
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Rochman Dimitri Alexandre, Álvarez-Velarde Francisco, Dagan Ron, Fiorito Luca, Häkkinen Silja, Kromar Marjan, Muñoz Ana, Panizo-Prieto Sonia, Romojaro Pablo, Schillebeeckx Peter, Seidl Marcus, Shama Ahmed, and Žerovnik Gasper
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Nuclear engineering. Atomic power ,TK9001-9401 - Abstract
In this work, a study dedicated to the characterization of the neutronics aspect of the Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF), as part of the European project EURAD (Work Package 8), is presented. Both measured nuclide concentrations from Post Irradiation Examination samples and decay heat from calorimetric measurements are compared to simulations performed by different partners of the project. Based on these detailed studies and data from the published literature, recommendations are proposed with respect to best practices for SNF modelling, as well as biases and uncertainties for a number of important nuclides and the SNF decay heat for a cooling period from 1 to 1000 years. Finally, specific needs are presented for the improvement of current code prediction capabilities.
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- 2023
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3. Evolution of the importance of neutron-induced reactions along the cycle of an LFR
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Romojaro Pablo and Álvarez-Velarde Francisco
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Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
The Lead-cooled Fast Reactor is one of the three technologies selected by the Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform that can meet future European energy needs. Several LFR concepts are now in design phase, such as MYRRHA and ALFRED, and accurate nuclear data are required for the neutronic and safety assessment of the fast reactor designs. In this work, an assessment of the evolution of the importance of neutron-induced reactions along the cycle of a reference LFR design (i.e., ALFRED) with the state-of-the-art JEFF-3.3 nuclear data library is performed. Sensitivity analyses have been carried out with MCNP6 code in order to identify the most relevant isotopes and reactions from the neutronic point of view at BoL, BoC and EoC. Furthermore, an uncertainty quantification has been performed with the SUMMON system to study the evolution of uncertainties in the keff along the reactor cycle. The results from this work provide an exhaustive picture on the influence of nuclear data on core criticality performance, identifying key quantities and nuclear data needs relevant to achieve an improved safety level for LFR.
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- 2020
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4. Impact of nuclear data evaluations on data assimilation for an LFR
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Romojaro Pablo and Álvarez-Velarde Francisco
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Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
The Lead-cooled Fast Reactor is one of the three technologies selected by the Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform that can meet future European energy needs. The main drawbacks for the industrial deployment of LFR are the lack of operational experience and the impact of uncertainties. In nuclear reactor design the uncertainties mainly come from material properties, fabrication tolerances, operation conditions, simulation tools and nuclear data. The uncertainty in nuclear data is one of the most important sources of uncertainty in reactor physics simulations. Furthermore, it is known that the uncertainties in reactor criti-cality safety parameters are severely dependent on the nuclear data library used to estimate them. However, the impact of using different evaluations while performing data assimilation to constraint the uncertainties in the criticality parameters has not been properly assessed yet. In this work, a data assimilation for the main isotopes contributing to the uncertainty in keff of the ALFRED lead-cooled fast reactor has been performed with the SUMMON system using JEFF-3.3, ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JENDL-4.0u2 state-of-the-art nuclear data libraries, together with critical mass experiments from the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project that are representative of ALFRED, in order to assess the impact of using different evaluations for data assimilation.
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- 2020
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5. Nuclear data analyses for improving the safety of advanced lead-cooled reactors
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Romojaro Pablo, Álvarez-Velarde Francisco, and García-Herranz Nuria
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Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
A target accuracy assessment of the effective neutron multiplication factor, keff, for MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications) lead-bismuth cooled fast reactor has been performed with JEFF-3.3 and ENDF/B-VIII.0 state-of-the-art nuclear data libraries and the SUMMON system. Uncertainties in keff due to uncertainties in nuclear data have been assessed against the target accuracies provided by SG-26 of the WPEC of OECD/NEA in 2008 for LFR. Results show that keff target accuracy is still exceeded by more than a factor of two using the latest nuclear data evaluations released in 2018. Consequently, nuclear data assimilation has been carried out using criticality experiments from the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project that are representative of MYRRHA. The results from this work show that the level of accuracy needed in nuclear data cannot be obtained using only differential experiments, but the combination of experimental covariance data and integral experiments together with Generalised Least Squares technique can provide adjusted nuclear data capable of predicting reactor properties with lower uncertainty and consistent with differential data.
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- 2019
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6. Neutron-induced nuclear data for the MYRRHA fast spectrum facility
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Romojaro Pablo, Žerovnik Gašper, Álvarez-Velarde Francisco, Stankovskiy Alexey, Kodeli Ivan, Fiorito Luca, Díez Carlos Javier, Cabellos Óscar, García-Herranz Nuria, Heyse Jan, Paradela Carlos, Schillebeeckx Peter, and Eynde Gert Van den
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Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
The MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications) concept is a flexible experimental lead-bismuth cooled and mixed-oxide (MOX) fueled fast spectrum facility designed to operate both in sub-critical (accelerator driven) and critical modes. One of the key issues for the safe operation of the reactor is the uncertainty assessment during the design works. The main objective of the European project CHANDA (solving CHAllenges in Nuclear DAta) Work Package 10 is to improve MYRRHA relevant nuclear data in order to reduce the reactor parameter uncertainties derived from them. In order to achieve this goal, several tasks have been undertaken. First, a sensitivity study of MYRRHA integral parameters, such as energy dependent cross sections, fission spectra and neutron multiplicities, to nuclear data has been conducted resulting in a list of MYRRHA relevant quantities (nuclides and reactions). On the second task, an analysis of the existing experimental data and evaluations for the quantities included in the list has been carried out. In this framework, the impact on the multiplication factor of quantities from different nuclear data libraries for different nuclides, reactions and energy regions has been investigated on the MYRRHA MOX critical core model. As the next step, new experiments and evaluations will be performed in order to improve existing nuclear data libraries.
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- 2017
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7. Cross check of the new economic and mass balance features of the fuel cycle scenario code TR_EVOL
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Merino-Rodríguez Iván, García-Martínez Manuel, Álvarez-Velarde Francisco, and López Daniel
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Nuclear engineering. Atomic power ,TK9001-9401 - Abstract
Versatile computational tools with up to date capabilities are needed to assess current nuclear fuel cycles or the transition from the current status of the fuel cycle to the more advanced and sustainable ones. This work is intended to cross check the new capabilities of the fuel cycle scenario code TR_EVOL. This process has been divided in two stages. The first stage is dedicated to check the improvements in the nuclear fuel mass balance estimation using the available data for the Spanish nuclear fuel cycle. The second stage has been focused in verifying the validity of the TR_EVOL economic module, comparing results to data published by the ARCAS EU project. A specific analysis was required to evaluate the back-end cost. Data published by the waste management responsible institutions was used for the validation of the methodology. Results were highly satisfactory for both stages. In particular, the economic assessment provides a difference smaller than 3% regarding results published by the ARCAS project (NRG estimations). Furthermore, concerning the back-end cost, results are highly acceptable (7% difference for a final disposal in a once-through scenario and around 11% for a final disposal in a reprocessing strategy) given the significant uncertainties involved in design concepts and related unit costs.
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- 2016
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8. Development and application in multiscale and multiphysics methodologies in Spain: Present and future trends
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Gallardo, Sergio, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Barrachina, Teresa, Cabellos, Óscar, Castro, Emilio, Casamor, Max, Cuervo, Diana, Escrivá, Alberto, Freixa, Jordi, García-Herranz, Nuria, Martinez-Quiroga, Victor, Miró, Rafael, Queral, César, Rivera, Yago, Sánchez-Torrijos, Jorge, and Soler, Amparo
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- 2024
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9. Recent research in advanced fast reactors and fuel cycle strategies in Spain
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Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Cabellos, Óscar, Galán, Hitos, García-Herranz, Nuria, Jiménez-Carrascosa, Antonio, Martínez Moreno, Pedro, Nuñez, Ana, del Río, Emma, and Sánchez-García, Iván
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- 2024
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10. Impact of Thermal-hydraulic Feedback and Differential Thermal Expansion On European Sfr Core Power Distribution
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Lindley, Ben, primary, Álvarez Velarde, Francisco, additional, Baker, Una, additional, Bodi, Janos, additional, Cosgrove, Paul, additional, Charles, Alan, additional, Fiorina, Carlo, additional, Fridman, Emil, additional, Krepel, Jiri, additional, Lavarenne, Jean H J, additional, Mikityuk, Konstantin, additional, Nikitin, Evgeny, additional, Ponomarev, Alexander, additional, Radman, Stefan, additional, Shwageraus, Eugene, additional, and Tollit, Brendan, additional
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- 2023
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11. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Advanced Nuclear Systems (ALFRED, ASTRID, ESFR And MYRRHA)
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Panizo, Sonia, primary, Alfonso, Ciro, additional, Jiménez-Carrascosa, Antonio, additional, García-Herranz, Nuria, additional, Bécares, Vicente, additional, Romojaro, Pablo, additional, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, additional, Cabellos, Oscar, additional, Cuesta-Matesanz, Alejandro, additional, Fiorito, Luca, additional, Stankovskiy, Alexey, additional, and Van den Eynde, Gert, additional
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- 2023
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12. Analysis of advanced European nuclear fuel cycle scenarios including transmutation and economic estimates
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Rodríguez, Iván Merino, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, and Martín-Fuertes, Francisco
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- 2014
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13. Blind Benchmark Exercise for Spent Nuclear Fuel Decay Heat
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Jansson, Peter, Bengtsson, Martin, Bäckström, Ulrika, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Čalič, Dušan, Stefano, Caruso, Ron, Dagan, Fiorito, Luca, Lydie, Giot, Govers, Kevin, Hernandez Solis, Augusto, Hannstein, Volker, Ilas, Germina, Kromar, Marjan, Leppänen, Jaakko, Mosconi, Marita, Ortego, Pedro, Plukienė, Rita, Plukis, Arturas, Ranta-aho, Anssu, Rochman, Dimitri, Ros, Linus, Sato, Shunsuke, Schillebeeckx, Peter, Shama, Ahmed, Simeonov, Teodosi, Stankovskiy, Alexey, Trellue, Holly, Vaccaro, Stefano, Vallet, Vanessa, Marc, Verwerft, Žerovnik, Gašper, Sjöland, Anders, Jansson, Peter, Bengtsson, Martin, Bäckström, Ulrika, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Čalič, Dušan, Stefano, Caruso, Ron, Dagan, Fiorito, Luca, Lydie, Giot, Govers, Kevin, Hernandez Solis, Augusto, Hannstein, Volker, Ilas, Germina, Kromar, Marjan, Leppänen, Jaakko, Mosconi, Marita, Ortego, Pedro, Plukienė, Rita, Plukis, Arturas, Ranta-aho, Anssu, Rochman, Dimitri, Ros, Linus, Sato, Shunsuke, Schillebeeckx, Peter, Shama, Ahmed, Simeonov, Teodosi, Stankovskiy, Alexey, Trellue, Holly, Vaccaro, Stefano, Vallet, Vanessa, Marc, Verwerft, Žerovnik, Gašper, and Sjöland, Anders
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The decay heat rate of five spent nuclear fuel assemblies of the pressurized water reactor type were measured by calorimetry at the interim storage for spent nuclear fuel in Sweden. Calculations of the decay heat rate of the five assemblies were performed by 20 organizations using different codes and nuclear data libraries resulting in 31 results for each assembly, spanning most of the current state-of-the-art practice. The calculations were based on a selected subset of information, such as reactor operating history and fuel assembly properties. The relative difference between the measured and average calculated decay heat rate ranged from 0.6% to 3.3% for the five assemblies. The standard deviation of these relative differences ranged from 1.9% to 2.4%.
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- 2022
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14. Blind Benchmark Exercise for Spent Nuclear Fuel Decay Heat
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Jansson, Peter, primary, Bengtsson, Martin, additional, Bäckström, Ulrika, additional, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, additional, Čalič, Dušan, additional, Caruso, Stefano, additional, Dagan, Ron, additional, Fiorito, Luca, additional, Giot, Lydie, additional, Govers, Kevin, additional, Hernandez Solis, Augusto, additional, Hannstein, Volker, additional, Ilas, Germina, additional, Kromar, Marjan, additional, Leppänen, Jaakko, additional, Mosconi, Marita, additional, Ortego, Pedro, additional, Plukienė, Rita, additional, Plukis, Arturas, additional, Ranta-Aho, Anssu, additional, Rochman, Dimitri, additional, Ros, Linus, additional, Sato, Shunsuke, additional, Schillebeeckx, Peter, additional, Shama, Ahmed, additional, Simeonov, Teodosi, additional, Stankovskiy, Alexey, additional, Trellue, Holly, additional, Vaccaro, Stefano, additional, Vallet, Vanessa, additional, Verwerft, Marc, additional, Žerovnik, Gašper, additional, and Sjöland, Anders, additional
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- 2022
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15. ESFR-SMART Core Safety Measures and Their Preliminary Assessment
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Rineiski, Andrei, primary, Mériot, Clément, additional, Marchetti, Marco, additional, Krepel, Jiri, additional, Coquelet-Pascal, Christine, additional, Tsige-Tamirat, Haileyesus, additional, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, additional, Girardi, Enrico, additional, and Mikityuk, Konstantin, additional
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- 2021
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16. Superphénix Benchmark Part I: Results of Static Neutronics
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Ponomarev, Alexander, primary, Mikityuk, Konstantin, additional, Zhang, Liang, additional, Nikitin, Evgeny, additional, Fridman, Emil, additional, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, additional, Romojaro Otero, Pablo, additional, Jiménez-Carrascosa, Antonio, additional, García-Herranz, Nuria, additional, Lindley, Ben, additional, Baker, Una, additional, Seubert, Armin, additional, and Henry, Romain, additional
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- 2021
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17. New Reactor Safety Measures for the European Sodium Fast Reactor—Part II: Preliminary Assessment
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Guidez, Joel, primary, Bodi, Janos, additional, Mikityuk, Konstantin, additional, Girardi, Enrico, additional, Bittan, Jeremy, additional, Grah, Aleksander, additional, Tsige-Tamirat, Haileyesus, additional, Romojaro, Pablo, additional, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, additional, and Carluec, Bernard, additional
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- 2021
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18. Neutronic Analysis of the European Sodium Fast Reactor: Part I—Fresh Core Results
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Fridman, Emil, primary, Álvarez Velarde, Francisco, additional, Romojaro Otero, Pablo, additional, Tsige-Tamirat, Haileyesus, additional, Jiménez Carrascosa, Antonio, additional, García Herranz, Nuria, additional, Bernard, Franck, additional, Gregg, Robert, additional, Davies, Una, additional, Krepel, Jiri, additional, Massara, Simone, additional, Poumerouly, Sandra, additional, Girardi, Enrico, additional, and Mikityuk, Konstantin, additional
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- 2021
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19. Neutronic Analysis of the European Sodium Fast Reactor: Part II—Burnup Results
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Fridman, Emil, primary, Álvarez Velarde, Francisco, additional, Romojaro Otero, Pablo, additional, Tsige-Tamirat, Haile, additional, Jiménez Carrascosa, Antonio, additional, García Herranz, Nuria, additional, Bernard, Franck, additional, Gregg, Robert, additional, Davies, Una, additional, Krepel, Jiri, additional, Lindley, Ben, additional, Massara, Simone, additional, Poumerouly, Sandra, additional, Girardi, Enrico, additional, and Mikityuk, Konstantin, additional
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- 2021
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20. Comparison of nuclear data uncertainties with other nuclear fuel cycle uncertainty sources
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Skarbeli, Aris V., primary, Eusebio‐Yebra, Rubén, additional, Romojaro, Pablo, additional, Álvarez‐Velarde, Francisco, additional, and Cano‐Ott, Daniel, additional
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- 2021
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21. Nuclear data sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of effective neutron multiplication factor in various MYRRHA core configurations
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Romojaro Otero, Pablo, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Kodeli, I., Stankovskiy, Alexey, Díez, C. J., Cabellos, O., García Herranz, Nuria, Heyse, Jan, Schillebeeckx, Peter, Van den Eynde, Gert, Zerovnik, Gasper, Romojaro Otero, Pablo, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Kodeli, I., Stankovskiy, Alexey, Díez, C. J., Cabellos, O., García Herranz, Nuria, Heyse, Jan, Schillebeeckx, Peter, Van den Eynde, Gert, and Zerovnik, Gasper
- Abstract
A sensitivity and uncertainty analysis was carried out to estimate the uncertainty in the neutron multiplication factor keff and to identify the most important nuclear data for neutron induced reactions for criticality calculations of the latest MYRRHA designs. Sensitivity profiles, i.e. sensitivity to the nuclear data as a function of incoming neutron energy, were derived for both a critical and sub-critical core. They were calculated using codes that are based on different methodologies including stochastic and deterministic calculations (i.e. SCALE, MCNP and XSUN). The neutron induced nuclear data sensitivity analysis outlined the following quantities to be of special importance for the MYRRHA reactor concept: 239Pu(n,c) both in resonance and fast energy region, (n,f) fast, v and m fast; 238U(n,n0 ) fast, (n,c) resonance and fast, (n,n) resonance and fast; 240Pu m fast; 238Pu(n,f) both resonance and fast; 56Fe(n,c) both resonance and fast. Differences of less than 4% between codes were obtained for these quantities, with few exceptions ( 238Pu(n,f), 238U(n,n) and 56Fe(n,c) reactions). Nuclear data covariance matrices of different libraries (SCALE-6, COMMARA-2 and JENDL-4.0m) were used to derive the uncertainty in keff based on the calculated sensitivities. This study reveals that the largest contributions to keff uncertainty result from the uncertainty in the average prompt neutron fission multiplicity of 239Pu, in the 238U inelastic scattering cross section and 239Pu fission cross section, using the covariances from SCALE-6, COMMARA-2 and JENDL-4.0m, respectively.
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- 2017
22. Neutron-induced nuclear data for the MYRRHA fast spectrum facility
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Romojaro Otero, Pablo, Zerovnik, Gasper, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Stankovskiy, Alexey, Kodeli, I., Fiorito, Luca, Díez, Carlos Javier, Cabellos de Francisco, Oscar Luis, García Herranz, Nuria, Heyse, Jan, Paradela, Carlos, Schillebeeckx, Peter, Van den Eynde, Gert, Romojaro Otero, Pablo, Zerovnik, Gasper, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Stankovskiy, Alexey, Kodeli, I., Fiorito, Luca, Díez, Carlos Javier, Cabellos de Francisco, Oscar Luis, García Herranz, Nuria, Heyse, Jan, Paradela, Carlos, Schillebeeckx, Peter, and Van den Eynde, Gert
- Abstract
The MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications) concept is a flexible experimental lead-bismuth cooled and mixed-oxide (MOX) fueled fast spectrum facility designed to operate both in sub-critical (accelerator driven) and critical modes. One of the key issues for the safe operation of the reactor is the uncertainty assessment during the design works. The main objective of the European project CHANDA (solving CHAllenges in Nuclear DAta) Work Package 10 is to improve MYRRHA relevant nuclear data in order to reduce the reactor parameter uncertainties derived from them. In order to achieve this goal, several tasks have been undertaken. First, a sensitivity study of MYRRHA integral parameters, such as energy dependent cross sections, fission spectra and neutron multiplicities, to nuclear data has been conducted resulting in a list of MYRRHA relevant quantities (nuclides and reactions). On the second task, an analysis of the existing experimental data and evaluations for the quantities included in the list has been carried out. In this framework, the impact on the multiplication factor of quantities from different nuclear data libraries for different nuclides, reactions and energy regions has been investigated on the MYRRHA MOX critical core model. As the next step, new experiments and evaluations will be performed in order to improve existing nuclear data libraries.
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- 2017
23. An introduction to Spent Nuclear Fuel decay heat for Light Water Reactors: a review from the NEA WPNCS
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Rochman Dimitri, Algora Alejandro, Àlvarez-Velarde Francisco, Bardelay Aurélie, Bremnes Øystein, Cabellos Oscar, Cano-Ott Daniel, Capponi Luigi, Carmouze Coralie, Caruso Stefano, Cummings Andrew, Dagan Ron, Fallot Muriel, Fiorito Luca, Giot Lydie, Govers Kevin, Häkkinen Silja, Hannstein Volker, Hoefer Axel, Huynh Tan Dat, Ichou Raphaëlle, Ilas Germina, Juutilainen Pauli, Koszuk Lukasz, Kromar Marjan, Lahaye Sébastien, Lam James, Laugier Frédéric, Launay Agnés, Léger Vincent, Lecarpentier David, Leppanen Jaakko, Malouch Fadhel, Martin Julie-Fiona, McGinnes David, Mills Robert William, Minato Futoshi, Nauchi Yasushi, Ortego Pedro, Petkov Plamen, Romojaro Pablo, Sato Shunsuke, Seidl Marcus, Shama Ahmed, Simeonov Teodosi, Sjöland Anders, Solans Virginie, Sommer Fabian, Tittelbach Sven, Tsilanizara Aimé, Vlassopoulos Efstathios, Vallet Vanessa, Vasiliev Alexander, Watanabe Tomoaki, and Žerovnik Gašper
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Nuclear engineering. Atomic power ,TK9001-9401 - Abstract
This paper summarized the efforts performed to understand decay heat estimation from existing spent nuclear fuel (SNF), under the auspices of the Working Party on Nuclear Criticality Safety (WPNCS) of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. Needs for precise estimations are related to safety, cost, and optimization of SNF handling, storage, and repository. The physical origins of decay heat (a more correct denomination would be decay power) are then introduced, to identify its main contributors (fission products and actinides) and time-dependent evolution. Due to limited absolute prediction capabilities, experimental information is crucial; measurement facilities and methods are then presented, highlighting both their relevance and our need for maintaining the unique current full-scale facility and developing new ones. The third part of this report is dedicated to the computational aspect of the decay heat estimation: calculation methods, codes, and validation. Different approaches and implementations currently exist for these three aspects, directly impacting our capabilities to predict decay heat and to inform decision-makers. Finally, recommendations from the expert community are proposed, potentially guiding future experimental and computational developments. One of the most important outcomes of this work is the consensus among participants on the need to reduce biases and uncertainties for the estimated SNF decay heat. If it is agreed that uncertainties (being one standard deviation) are on average small (less than a few percent), they still substantially impact various applications when one needs to consider up to three standard deviations, thus covering more than 95% of cases. The second main finding is the need of new decay heat measurements and validation for cases corresponding to more modern fuel characteristics: higher initial enrichment, higher average burnup, as well as shorter and longer cooling time. Similar needs exist for fuel types without public experimental data, such as MOX, VVER, or CANDU fuels. A third outcome is related to SNF assemblies for which no direct validation can be performed, representing the vast majority of cases (due to the large number of SNF assemblies currently stored, or too short or too long cooling periods of interest). A few solutions are possible, depending on the application. For the final repository, systematic measurements of quantities related to decay heat can be performed, such as neutron or gamma emission. This would provide indications of the SNF decay heat at the time of encapsulation. For other applications (short- or long-term cooling), the community would benefit from applying consistent and accepted recommendations on calculation methods, for both decay heat and uncertainties. This would improve the understanding of the results and make comparisons easier.
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- 2024
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24. Spanish contribution in the design of the ASTRID reactor inside the ESNII+ Project
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Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, López, D., García Herranz, Nuria, García Cruzado, I., and Romojaro, P.
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Energía Eléctrica ,Energía Nuclear - Abstract
Significant efforts are being devoted in order to boost R&D on advanced nuclear reactors due to their sustainability and improved safety characteristics. Numerous benchmarks, whose aim is to assess and improve the methodologies and computer codes used to calculate neutronic parameters and reactivity coefficients in SFRs, have been set up. Amongst them, as a contribution to the ESNII+ Project, a benchmark exercise evaluating the safety coefficients of an ASTRID-like reactor was performed. The objective of this work is to assess the safety coefficients of an ASTRID-like reactor in order to identify the capabilities and possible limitations of the methodologies, codes and nuclear data employed in the calculations. Furthermore, these results will be compared and validated against the results of other partners. The ASTRID-like core was modelled at operating conditions with the SCALE system and MCNP code, using ENDF/B-VII.0 and JEFF-3.1.1 libraries respectively. Core multiplication factor, power peaking factors, kinetic parameters, reactivity feedback coefficients and control system worth were calculated. Nine voiding scenarios were studied, confirming the negative reactivity effect from the total voiding of the core. A comparison between the participants in the benchmark was carried out, providing an evaluation of the performance of the current state-of-the art neutronic codes for Gen-IV SFR reactor safety analyses.
- Published
- 2015
25. Desarrollo de un entorno de simulación de sistemas nucleares dedicados a transmutación
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Álvarez Velarde, Francisco and González Romero, Enrique Miguel
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Herramientas de simulación ,EVOLCODE2 ,Sistemas nucleares ,Física nuclear - Abstract
Neutronic and isotopic evolution codes have been extending their capabilities to solve new problems (for instance, the coupling of an accelerator and a subcritical core) related to innovative nuclear systems. These codes are required to be versatile enough to simulate different reactors with very different characteristics. Due to the demand of simulation tools for the description of the real potential of transmutation systems, I have developed, validated and upgraded one tool with these characteristics, called EVOLCODE2, as part of the Nuclear Innovation Program at CIEMAT where I started this job in year 2002. In brief, EVOLCODE2 is a combined neutronics and burn-up evolution simulation tool. It links results obtained by standard codes (such as MCNPX for the neutron transport simulation and ORIGEN2 for depletion calculations), following a methodology based on the physics of the problem. The code is able to estimate a great variety of nuclear reactor parameters; among them, the isotopic composition evolution of the fuel in a nuclear reactor, or criticality constants as function of time. EVOLCODE2 is applicable to nuclear reactors with different neutron spectra, different fuels and mechanical structures, for both critical and subcritical systems. The two main objectives of this Ph. D. are, first, to present this tool, describing its functioning and implementation methodologies, and validating it, and second, analyzing the results it provides for different studies on possible improvements to nuclear energy sustainability using advanced fuel cycles and reactors. The thesis begins with a description of the current state of the global nuclear energy production, highlighting the problems related to the management of nuclear waste, especially the spent fuel. As a complementary possibility for the future, many institutions are nowadays focusing their research efforts in the Partitioning and Transmutation concepts included in advanced fuel cycles. This problematic is described The two main objectives of this Ph. D. are, first, to present this tool, describing its functioning and implementation methodologies, and validating it, and second, analyzing the results it provides for different studies on possible improvements to nuclear energy sustainability using advanced fuel cycles and reactors. The thesis begins with a description of the current state of the global nuclear energy production, highlighting the problems related to the management of nuclear waste, especially the spent fuel. As a complementary possibility for the future, many institutions are nowadays focusing their research efforts in the Partitioning and Transmutation concepts included in advanced fuel cycles. This problematic is described in Chapter 1, showing the global and local relevance of the research in this field and highlighting the necessity of a simulation tool able to deal with the complex studies associated to this research. The second chapter of this Ph. D. contains an analysis of the equations describing the transport and burn-up problems in a nuclear reactor. These equations are the Boltzmann equation for the neutron transport and the Bateman equation for the isotopic evolution. In this Chapter, we will briefly show the methodology to solve this non linear equation system, applying the rationales needed to make the unavoidable approximations. These approximations are geometrical, temporal and due to the limitations in the available computational power. Chapter 3 is devoted to the detailed description of the EVOLCODE2 characteristics, including the implementation of these approximations and an analysis of the achievable accuracy in the estimation of the final results. Once the mathematical and physical background of this code have been described, the programming characteristics of EVOLCODE2 are shown in Chapter 4. The programming style was selected to improve supportability and traceability, using a program structure resulting from the application of object-oriented advanced programming paradigms, such as extensive use of modularisation, abstraction and encapsulation. Code validation against real experiments is essential to trust a simulation tool. Unfortunately, experimental data for burn-up research is usually a restricted proprietary information and it is very difficult to get the rights to use and publish any validated result. However, we finally got access to the results of two different experiments that were used to validate EVOLCODE2. A description of these experiments as well as the results of the validation are discussed in the fifth chapter. The second part of this Ph. D. is the application of EVOLCODE2 to the study of present nuclear problems related to advanced fuel cycles, that demonstrate the real capabilities of the simulation code and provide important results for nuclear energy sustainability that are worth discussing by themselves. In Chapter 6, there is a description of the main international projects where EVOLCODE2 has been used, with special emphasis in the analysis of the capabilities and results provided by the simulation system. The Ph. D. is completed with Chapter 7 for the conclusions, Chapter 8 with prospects for future improvements of EVOLCODE2 and two annexes with details on the basic components of EVOLCODE2 and the physics and models of the neutron spallation process.
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- 2011
26. Economics and Resources Analysis of the Potential Use of Reprocessing Options by a Medium Sized Nuclear Reactor Fleet.
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Rodríguez, Iván Merino, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Skarbeli, Aris V., and González-Romero, Enrique M.
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REACTOR fuel reprocessing , *NUCLEAR reactors , *IRRADIATION , *FUEL cycle , *NUCLEAR power plants , *PLUTONIUM oxides - Abstract
Reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuel is or has been implemented in several countries with significant numbers of nuclear power plants and installed capacity. In this work, a set of scenarios has been analyzed to find the key variables for the implementation of reprocessing in medium sized fleets. The inventories of the Spanish nuclear fuel cycle scenario were chosen as representative, considering two different reactor lifetimes and reprocessing strategies, with the aim of burning the maximum amount of the Pu mass generated in the cycle. The simulations of the scenarios were performed with the TR_EVOL code developed at CIEMAT. Results show that the lifetime of the reactors has an impact in the possible reduction in the Pu amount. Some scenarios show a shortage of Pu available for mixed uranium-plutonium oxide (MOX) fuel fabrication coming from the reprocessing of UO2 spent fuel. This work has verified that, for medium sized fuel cycle scenarios, the parameters with the most importance are the reprocessing cost and natural uranium cost. A smaller impact in the comparison is also found for the cost of the final disposal and the possibility of valuing the surplus Pu and reprocessed uranium existent at the end of the cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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27. Analysis of advanced European nuclear fuel cycle scenarios including transmutation and economic estimates
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Merino Rodríguez, Iván, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Martín Fuertes, Francisco, Merino Rodríguez, Iván, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, and Martín Fuertes, Francisco
- Abstract
Four European fuel cycle scenarios involving transmutation options (in coherence with PATEROS and CPESFR EU projects) have been addressed from a point of view of resources utilization and economic estimates. Scenarios include: (i) the current fleet using Light Water Reactor (LWR) technology and open fuel cycle, (ii) full replacement of the initial fleet with Fast Reactors (FR) burning U?Pu MOX fuel, (iii) closed fuel cycle with Minor Actinide (MA) transmutation in a fraction of the FR fleet, and (iv) closed fuel cycle with MA transmutation in dedicated Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS). All scenarios consider an intermediate period of GEN-III+ LWR deployment and they extend for 200 years, looking for long term equilibrium mass flow achievement. The simulations were made using the TR_EVOL code, capable to assess the management of the nuclear mass streams in the scenario as well as economics for the estimation of the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and other costs. Results reveal that all scenarios are feasible according to nuclear resources demand (natural and depleted U, and Pu). Additionally, we have found as expected that the FR scenario reduces considerably the Pu inventory in repositories compared to the reference scenario. The elimination of the LWR MA legacy requires a maximum of 55% fraction (i.e., a peak value of 44 FR units) of the FR fleet dedicated to transmutation (MA in MOX fuel, homogeneous transmutation) or an average of 28 units of ADS plants (i.e., a peak value of 51 ADS units). Regarding the economic analysis, the main usefulness of the provided economic results is for relative comparison of scenarios and breakdown of LCOE contributors rather than provision of absolute values, as technological readiness levels are low for most of the advanced fuel cycle stages. The obtained estimations show an increase of LCOE ? averaged over the whole period ? with respect to the reference open cycle scenario of 20% for Pu management scenario and around 35% fo
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- 2014
28. Impact of Thermal-Hydraulic Feedback and Differential Thermal Expansion on European Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Core Power Distribution
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Lindley, Ben, Álvarez Velarde, Francisco, Baker, Una, Bodi, Janos, Cosgrove, Paul, Charles, Alan, Fiorina, Carlo, Fridman, Emil, Krepel, Jiri, Lavarenne, Jean, Mikityuk, Konstantin, Nikitin, Evgeny, Ponomarev, Alexander, Radman, Stefan, Shwageraus, Eugene, and Tollit, Brendan
- Abstract
The objective of this paper is to quantify the coupling effect on the power distribution of sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs), specifically the European SFR. Calculations are performed with several state-of-the-art reactor physics and Multiphysics codes (TRACE/PARCS, DYN3D, WIMS, COUNTHER, and GeN-Foam) to build confidence in the methodologies and validity of results. Standalone neutronic calculations were generally in excellent agreement with a reference Monte Carlo-calculated power distribution (from Serpent). Next, the impact of coolant density and fuel temperature Doppler feedback was calculated. Reactivity coefficients for perturbations in the inlet temperature, coolant heat up and core power was shown to be negative with values of around −0.5 pcm/°C, −0.3 pcm/°C, and −3.5 pcm/%, respectively. Fuel temperature and coolant density feedback was found to introduce a roughly −1%/+1% in/out power tilt across the core. Calculations were then extended to axial expansion for cases where fuel is linked and unlinked to the clad. Core calculations are in good agreement with each other. The impact of differential fuel expansion is found to be larger for fuel both linked and unlinked to the clad, with the in/out power tilt increasing to around −4%/+2%. Thus, while broadly confirming the known result that standalone physics calculations give good results, the expansion coupling effect is perhaps more than anticipated a priori. These results provide a useful benchmark for the further development of Multiphysics codes and methodologies in support of advanced reactor calculations.
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- 2023
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29. ESFR SMART PROJECT CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF IN-VESSEL CORE CATCHER
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Guidez Joel, Gerschenfeld Antoine, Bodi Janos, Mikityuk Konstantin, Alvarez-Velarde Francisco, Romojaro Pablo, and Diaz-Chiron U.
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generation-iv nuclear system ,safety ,severe accident mitigation ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
Even before Fukushima accident occurred, the safety authorities have required that new power plant designs must take into account beyond design-basis accidents including possible core meltdown. Among the mitigation strategies, the corium retention must be ensured, so a core catcher is implemented in the design of the Generation IV Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor. An internal core catcher within the vessel (in-vessel retention) is the option chosen for the European Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor investigated in the H2020 ESFR-SMART project. The new core investigated in ESFR SMART with lower void effect has a better behavior in case of severe accident. The use of passive control rods is also an improvement for prevention of severe accident. Moreover, we have in the ESFR SMART core dedicated tubes for corium discharge that should allow discharging quickly the melted materials and should help to prevent large criticality. Calculations show that after several seconds, these discharge tubes begin to open, and the corium arrives by this preferential way on the core catcher, quicker and in limited quantities at the beginning of the accident. However, the core catcher is designed to be able to retain the whole core meltdown. Its design allows good possibilities of cooling by natural convection of sodium. Some thermal calculations were provided with a multi-layer concept but the global mechanical conception seems difficult. So a one layer core catcher in molybdenum, material compatible with sodium and used on the core catcher of the last SFR, started in 2016: BN 800, is investigated. Explanations are given on the choice of this material proposed for the catcher and used for thermal calculations. With the proposed design, the corium is spread on the core catcher and the residual power of the corium can be dispelled by natural convection by the sodium circulating around and above the core catcher without boiling of sodium if the melted core is less than about 25% of whole core. In case of bigger quantities of melted core, boiling of sodium could appear under the core catcher. Further less conservative calculations would be necessary to better know the limit.
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- 2021
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30. ESFR-SMART Core Safety Measures and Their Preliminary Assessment
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Rineiski, Andrei, Mériot, Clément, Marchetti, Marco, Krepel, Jiri, Coquelet-Pascal, Christine, Tsige-Tamirat, Haileyesus, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Girardi, Enrico, and Mikityuk, Konstantin
- Abstract
A large 3600 MW-thermal European sodium fast reactor (ESFR) concept has been studied in a European Horizon-2020 project since September 2017, following an earlier European project. In the paper, we describe new ESFR core safety measures focused on prevention and mitigation of severe accidents. In particular, we propose a new core configuration for reducing the sodium void effect, introduce passive shutdown systems, and implement special paths in the core for facilitation of molten fuel discharge in order to avoid recriticalities after a hypothetical severe accident. We describe and assess the control and shutdown system, and consider options for burning minor actinides.
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- 2022
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31. Superphénix Benchmark Part I: Results of Static Neutronics
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Ponomarev, Alexander, Mikityuk, Konstantin, Zhang, Liang, Nikitin, Evgeny, Fridman, Emil, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, Romojaro Otero, Pablo, Jiménez-Carrascosa, Antonio, García-Herranz, Nuria, Lindley, Ben, Baker, Una, Seubert, Armin, and Henry, Romain
- Abstract
In the paper, the specification of a new neutronics benchmark for large sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) core and results of modeling by different participants are presented. The neutronics benchmark describes the core of the French sodium cooled reactor Superphénix at its startup configuration, which in particular was used for experimental measurement of reactivity characteristics. The benchmark consists of the detailed heterogeneous core specification for neutronic analysis and the results of the reference solution. Different core geometries and thermal conditions from the cold “as fabricated” up to full power were considered. The reference Monte Carlo (MC) solution of serpent 2 includes data on multiplication factor, power distribution, axial and radial reaction rates distribution, reactivity coefficients and safety characteristics, control rods worth, kinetic data. The results of modeling with seven other solutions using deterministic and MC methods are also presented and compared to the reference solution. The comparisons results demonstrate appropriate agreement of evaluated characteristics. The neutronics results will be used in the second phase of the benchmark for the evaluation of transient behavior of the core.
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- 2022
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32. Neutronic Analysis of the European Sodium Fast Reactor: Part I—Fresh Core Results
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Fridman, Emil, Álvarez Velarde, Francisco, Romojaro Otero, Pablo, Tsige-Tamirat, Haileyesus, Jiménez Carrascosa, Antonio, García Herranz, Nuria, Bernard, Franck, Gregg, Robert, Davies, Una, Krepel, Jiri, Massara, Simone, Poumerouly, Sandra, Girardi, Enrico, and Mikityuk, Konstantin
- Abstract
In the framework of the Horizon 2020 project ESFR-SMART (2017-2021), the European Sodium Fast Reactor (ESFR) core was updated through a safety-related modification and optimization of the core design from the earlier FP7 CP-ESFR project (2009-2013). This study is dedicated to neutronic analyses of the improved ESFR core design. The conducted work is reported in two parts. Part I deals with the evaluation of the safety-related neutronic parameters of the fresh Beginning-of-Life (BOL) core carried out by 8 organizations using both continuous energy Monte Carlo and deterministic computer codes. In addition to the neutronics characterization of the core, a special emphasis was put on the calibration and verification of the computational tools involved in the analyses. Part II is devoted to once-through and realistic batch-wise burnup calculations aiming at the establishing of the equilibrium core state, which will later serve as a basis for detailed safety analyses.
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- 2022
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33. Neutronic Analysis of the European Sodium Fast Reactor: Part II—Burnup Results
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Fridman, Emil, Álvarez Velarde, Francisco, Romojaro Otero, Pablo, Tsige-Tamirat, Haile, Jiménez Carrascosa, Antonio, García Herranz, Nuria, Bernard, Franck, Gregg, Robert, Davies, Una, Krepel, Jiri, Lindley, Ben, Massara, Simone, Poumerouly, Sandra, Girardi, Enrico, and Mikityuk, Konstantin
- Abstract
In the framework of the Horizon 2020 project ESFR-SMART (2017–2021), the European sodium fast reactor (ESFR) core was updated through a safety-related modification and optimization of the core design from the earlier FP7 CP-ESFR project (2009–2013). This study is dedicated to neutronic analyses of the improved ESFR core design. The conducted work is reported in two parts. Part I deals with the evaluation of the safety-related neutronic parameters of the fresh beginning-of-life (BOL) core carried out by eight organizations using both continuous energy Monte Carlo and deterministic computer codes. In addition to the neutronics characterization of the core, a special emphasis was put on the calibration and verification of the computational tools involved in the analyses. Part II is devoted to once-through and realistic batchwise burnup calculations aiming at the establishing of the equilibrium core state, which will later serve as a basis for detailed safety analyses.
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- 2022
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34. New Reactor Safety Measures for the European Sodium Fast Reactor—Part II: Preliminary Assessment
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Guidez, Joel, Bodi, Janos, Mikityuk, Konstantin, Girardi, Enrico, Bittan, Jeremy, Grah, Aleksander, Tsige-Tamirat, Haileyesus, Romojaro, Pablo, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, and Carluec, Bernard
- Abstract
The European Sodium Fast Reactor Safety Measures Assessment and Research Tools (ESFR-SMART) project offers innovative options for a sodium fast reactor (SFR) to improve its safety. This paper explains the preliminary calculations made on the main options to roughly verify their feasibility. Design propositions and calculations are here provided of the following innovative options: elimination of the safety vessel, innovative decay heat removal systems (DHRS), core catcher, thermal pumps, and secondary loops. In conclusion, all these options seem able to fulfill the key points of new safety rules for Generation-IV reactors. A status of the research and development (R&D) effort necessary to validate these new options is also proposed.
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- 2022
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35. Propagation of Errors in Nuclear Data to Reactor Parameters
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Llanes Gamonoso, José, Becarés Palacios, Vicente, Álvarez Velarde, Francisco, Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos, and Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear
- Abstract
The knowledge of reactor parameters such as effective multiplication factor kef f , effective delayed neutron fraction βef f and their uncertainties is important for the study of nuclear reactor dynamics and for nuclear reactor safety analysis. In this work we will do a S/U analysis with the SUMMON code, based on first order per turbation theory, of several simulations performed with Monte Carlo code MCNP for 25 benchmark reactors, mainly from ICSBEP and IRPhE reactor databases. In the case of kef f , it has been found that the uncertainty due to nuclear data is much larger than the statistical uncertainties from the Monte Carlo method. On the other hand, the evaluation of βef f with the conventional method (Bretscher’s method) has non negligible statistical uncertainties. A perturbative method will be used (Chiba’s method) to improve statistical uncertainties. Three covariance matrices from three different nuclear data libraries will be used for the uncertainty analysis: JEFF-3.3, JENDL-4.0u and ENDF/B-VIII.0. For the kef f , we have observed a good statistical convergence and a wide range of reaction contributors in the uncertainty due to nuclear data, which is usually larger with JEFF-3.3 library. For βef f , Chiba’s method appears as the best method due to the improvement in statistical uncertainty and the removal of false contributors in the uncertainty due to nuclear data, being ν¯d the nuclear data with the most important contribution. In general, JENDL-4.0u has been found to be the best library for the uncertainty evaluation for βef f . El conocimiento de los parámetros de los reactores como el factor de multiplicación efectivo kef f , la fracción de neutrones retardados efectiva βef f y sus incertidumbres es importante para el estudio de la dinámica y el análisis de seguridad de los reactores nucleares. En este trabajo haremos un análisis S/U con el código SUMMON, basado en la teoría de perturbación de primer orden, de varias simulaciones realizadas con el código de Monte Carlo MCNP para 25 reactores de referencia, principalmente provenientes de las bases de datos de reactores ICS BEP y IRPhE. En el caso de kef f , se ha encontrado que las incertidumbres debidas a datos nucleares son mucho mayores que las incertidumbres estadísticas del método de Monte Carlo. Por otro lado, el cálculo de βef f con el método convencional (método de Bretscher) tiene unas incertidumbres estadísticas no despreciables. Usaremos un método perturbativo (método de Chiba) para mejorar las incertidumbres estadísticas. Tres matrices de covarianzas de tres librerías de datos nucleares distintas serán usadas para el análisis de la incertidumbre: JEFF- 3.3, JENDL-4.0u y ENDF/B-VIII.0. Para la kef f , hemos observado una buena convergencia estadística y un amplio rango de contribuyentes a la incertidumbre debida a datos nucleares, la cual es normalmente mayor con la librería JEFF-3.3. Para la βef f , el método de Chiba aparece como el mejor método debido a la mejora en la incertidumbre estadística y la eliminación de los falsos contribuyentes a la incertidumbre debida a datos nucleares, siendo ν¯d el dato nuclear con la contribución más importante. En general, JENDL-4.0u ha sido encontrada como la mejor librería para la evaluación de las incertidumbres para la βef f . Universidad de Sevilla. Máster Interuniversitario en Física Nuclear
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- 2022
36. Análisis de incertidumbres y optimización de ciclos de combustible avanzados con reactores de Generación IV = Uncertainty and optimization analysis of advanced nuclear fuel cycles with Generation IV reactors
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Villacorta Skarbeli, Aris and Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco
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Ingeniería Industrial - Abstract
La introducción de nuevas tecnologías y procesos industriales, y en particular de los reactores de Generación IV, supondrá lograr una energía nuclear más sostenible en términos de eficiencia, gestión de residuos, seguridad y competitividad económica gracias a la adopción de estrategias basadas en la Separación y la Transmutación. No obstante, debido a la gran cantidad de diseños existentes, así como a sus diferentes peculiaridades, esta introducción pasa necesariamente por la evaluación de su impacto en el ciclo de combustible nuclear. De esta forma, será posible determinar, según los objetivos que cada país o región se marque, cual es la mejor manera de pasar de los sistemas actuales a estas tecnologías más avanzadas, así como encontrar e identificar posibles limitaciones que puedan derivarse de su implementación y uso. Por otro lado, debido a la gran complejidad que entrañan estos análisis, el desarrollo de códigos y herramientas para la simulación de ciclos de combustible está estrechamente ligado a estos análisis. No es de extrañar, por tanto, que estas herramientas estén siendo actualmente utilizadas a lo largo de todo el mundo por expertos y legisladores para el estudio y comprensión de estos nuevos ciclos avanzados. Sin embargo, las conclusiones que se deriven de estos análisis serán tan buenas como la calidad de los resultados que puedan arrojar estas herramientas, lo cual cobra especial importancia en un mundo rodeado por incertidumbres. Bajo estas premisas, esta tesis se ha centrado en mejorar la confianza de los resultados proporcionados por los códigos simuladores de ciclos; a fecha de hoy, los estudios existentes en este campo son bastante escasos y están limitados por las fuertes hipótesis y suposiciones que emplean. Para ello, se han desarrollado e implementado diversas metodologías que permiten tener en cuenta el efecto de las distintas incertidumbres que aparecen en este tipo de estudios de forma genérica. Todo esto se ha llevado a cabo a través del estudio de diversos escenarios avanzados. De forma más precisa, estos escenarios se han basado en casos propuestos a nivel internacional por diferentes proyectos y colaboraciones debido a su interés desde el punto de vista de la transmutación y la gestión de residuos, entre otros. El primer paso para lograr alcanzar estos objetivos ha consistido en actualizar TR_EVOL (el código de simulación de ciclos desarrollado por el CIEMAT) con distintas metodologías tanto para propagar incertidumbres, como para optimizar escenarios nucleares. En paralelo, se ha hecho un gran esfuerzo para mejorar esta herramienta, de forma que sea mas versátil y rápida. Una vez se ha dispuesto de la herramienta necesaria, el trabajo de esta tesis se ha dividido en dos partes. La primera de ellas ha estado enfocada en la cuantificación de los efectos causados por distintas incertidumbres, mientras que la segunda parte se ha dedicado a analizar cómo las incertidumbres pueden afectar a la optimización de escenarios, y, por consiguiente, a la toma de decisiones. La cuantificación de las incertidumbres se ha realizado a través del estudio de tres escenarios diferentes, cubriendo en cada uno de ellos una familia distinta de fuentes de incertidumbres. En primer lugar, se han estudiado las incertidumbres en los parámetros del ciclo de combustible. Para ello, se ha utilizado una metodología híbrida que combina métodos locales y globales. De este modo, es posible seleccionar de forma rápida aquellas variables más relevantes en términos de propagación de incertidumbre, sobre las cuales se puede posteriormente estudiar de forma detallada su impacto, buscando tanto interacciones como efectos de orden superior. Esta forma de abordar el problema, en combinación con la construcción de un modelo subrogado través de la expansión en Polinomios del Caos, ha permitido reducir de forma muy notable la demanda computacional de las técnicas globales. En el segundo escenario se ha abordado el efecto de las incertidumbres provenientes de los datos nucleares. En este caso, se ha desarrollado una metodología basada en métodos Monte Carlo a través de la generación de varias librerías perturbadas la cual se ha verificado previamente con el experimento integral GODIVA. Tras ello, se ha aplicado a un ciclo abierto donde sus efectos se han comparado con los efectos debidos a los parámetros más relevantes del ciclo para poder determinar cómo de relevante es su impacto. En tercer lugar, se han analizado las diferencias debidas al uso de los propios simuladores. Para ello, a través de una colaboración con el SCK·CEN, se ha simulado el mismo escenario avanzado con dos códigos distintos. Las diferencias obtenidas, las cuales han mostrado ser insalvables y por tanto aparecerán en cualquier estudio independientemente de la calidad de los códigos que se utilicen, se han cuantificado comparando de nuevo con los efectos introducidos por las incertidumbes en los parámetros del ciclo de combustible. Estos análisis han mostrado que tanto las incertidumbres en datos nucleares como las distintas aproximaciones tomadas por los diferentes códigos producen un efecto en la simulación que es comparable al de las incertidumbres en los parámetros del ciclo. Además, este efecto cobra especial relevancia en escenarios avanzados con Separación y Transmutación, donde se persigue el multireciclado de los materiales para su óptimo uso. Por su parte, los efectos de las incertidumbres en parámetros del ciclo han resultado ser muy dependientes tanto del observable en particular, como del escenario en consideración. Finalmente, la tesis concluye mostrando la importancia que tienen las incertidumbres en los estudios de optimización. Para ello, se ha planteado un problema multiobjetivo el cual se ha resuelto dos veces: la primera de forma ordinaria sin tener en cuenta ninguna incertidumbre, y la segunda suponiendo que alguno de los parámetros de entrada es incierto. El problema escogido se ha basado en un escenario avanzado focalizado en reducir tanto la masa de transuránicos como los costes mediante el uso de tecnologías avanzadas. Para la optimización, se ha empleado un algoritmo evolutivo que alcanza la solución de forma iterativa sin requerir ninguna hipótesis de entrada. A pesar de que ambos resultados han producido aparentemente las mismas soluciones estando el caso con incertidumbres contenido dentro del caso sin incertidumbres, las configuraciones de parámetros de entrada que dan lugar a dichos resultados han sido diferentes. Además, el estudio detallado de las soluciones sin incertidumbres ha mostrado que, en su presencia, se vuelven inestables. De esta forma, las incertidumbres no solo pueden conducir a soluciones subóptimas, sino que además pueden comprometer la viabilidad del escenario en caso de no considerarse durante el proceso de optimización. ----------ABSTRACT---------- The introduction of new technologies and industrial processes, and of Generation IV reactors in particular, will translate into a more sustainable nuclear energy in terms of efficiency, nuclear waste management, safety and economic competitiveness due to the adoption of strategies based on Partitioning and Transmutation. However, as a consequence of the numerous existing designs as well as their different peculiarities, this introduction necessarily requires the evaluation of the impact of these new systems in the nuclear fuel cycle. In this manner, it will be possible to determine, based on the particular objectives of each country or region, the best way for transitioning from the current systems to these advanced technologies, finding and identifying in this process the possible limitations that may appear as a consequence of their implementation and use. Besides, given the complexity of these analyses, the study of nuclear fuel cycle scenarios is closely linked to the development of computer codes and tools for the simulation of these scenarios. It is therefore not surprising that these tools are currently being used for experts and policy makers around the world for studying and comprehending these new advanced fuel cycles. However, the conclusions that can be derived from these analyses will be as good as the quality of the results provided by the used tools, being this aspect of special importance in a world surrounded by uncertainties. In this context, this thesis has been focused on improving the reliability of the results provided by the nuclear fuel cycle simulators; to date the existing studies on this topic are scarce and present some limitations as a consequence of the strong hypotheses and assumptions they made. To that end, different methodologies that allow for taking into account the effect of the uncertainties appearing in this kind of studies in a generic way have been developed and implemented. All of this has been carried out through the study of several advanced electronuclear scenarios. More precisely, these scenarios have been inspired in realistic cases proposed at international level through different projects and collaborations given their interest from the point of view of transmutation and waste management, among others. The first step for meeting these objectives has been to upgrade TR_EVOL code (the nuclear fuel cycle simulator developed by CIEMAT) with different methodologies that allow for both uncertainty propagation and electronuclear scenario optimization. Meanwhile, a lot of effort has been made for improving this tool in such a way it becomes more versatile and faster. Once the necessary tool has been upgraded, the work of this thesis has been divided in two major parts. The first one is focused on the quantification of the effect produced by the different uncertainties, while the second part has been dedicated to the study of how the uncertainties may affect the optimization of electronuclear scenarios, and consequently, how they can affect decision making. The uncertainty quantification has been performed through the study of three scenarios, covering in each one of them one different family of uncertainties. Firstly, the uncertainties in the input parameters of the fuel cycle have been studied. To that end, a hybrid methodology making use of local and global methods has been used. In this way, the most relevant variables from the uncertainty propagation point of view can be identified in a quick and efficient manner, and in a second step, over this group of selected variables it is possible to study their detailed impact identifying non-linear effects or interactions. In conjunction with a surrogated model building based on the Polynomial Chaos expansion, this technique has allowed reducing very notably the computational demand of the global uncertainty propagation techniques. In the second scenario, the effect of the nuclear data uncertainties has been addressed. For this case, a methodology based on Monte Carlo methods and the generation of multiple perturbed nuclear data libraries has been developed and verified with the GODIVA integral experiment. After that, this methodology has been applied to an open fuel cycle in which the effect of the nuclear data has been compared with the effects produced by the most relevant parameters of the cycle in order to determine its relevance. In third place, the differences due to the fuel cycle simulation tools have been analyzed. Through a collaboration with the SCK·CEN research center, the same electronuclear scenario has been simulated with two different codes. The obtained differences which have been shown to be intrinsic to these tools, and therefore they will appear in any fuel cycle simulation whatever the quality or precision of the codes used, have been quantified through the comparison again with the effects due to the uncertainties in the input fuel cycle parameters. These analyses have shown that both the uncertainty in the nuclear data and the modeling and approximations made by the different fuel cycle codes, produce an effect in the simulation that is comparable to the uncertainty in the fuel cycle parameters. Additionally, these effects gain special relevance in advanced scenarios using Partitioning and Transmutation in which the multrecycling of the materials is pursued for its optimum use. On another note, the effect of the uncertainties in the fuel cycle parameters have shown to have a strong dependency with both the particular selected observable, and the electronuclear scenario under study. Finally, the thesis concludes by showing the relevance of the uncertainties in optimization studies. This has been evaluated through a multiobjective optimization problem which has been solved twice: the first one does not take into account the uncertainties while in the second one it has been assumed that some of the input parameters are unknown. The chosen problem has been based on an advanced scenario focused on reducing both the transuranic inventories and the fuel cycle cost with the use of advanced technologies. For the optimization, an evolutionary algorithm which iteratively evolves towards the best solution without making any assumption has been used. Although both solutions seem to produce similar results in the objective space being the case with uncertainties case contained in the case without uncertainties, the configurations leading to these solutions have shown to be different. In addition, the detailed study of the solutions without uncertainties has shown that, in their presence, they are unstable. In this manner, the uncertainties may not only lead to sub-optimal solutions but also can compromise the viability of the scenario if they are not considered during the optimization process.
- Published
- 2020
37. Nuclear data analyses for improving the safety of advanced lead-cooled reactors
- Author
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Pablo Romojaro Otero, García Herranz, Nuria, and Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco
- Subjects
Ingeniería Industrial - Abstract
El Reactor Rápido refrigerado por Plomo (LFR) es una de las tres tecnologías seleccionadas por la Plataforma Tecnológica de Energía Nuclear Sostenible que pueden satisfacer las futuras necesidades energéticas europeas. Investigadores e industria están realizando importantes esfuerzos para superar los principales inconvenientes del despliegue industrial de los LFR, que son la falta de experiencia operacional y el impacto de las incertidumbres en el diseño del reactor, la operación y la evaluación de la seguridad. En el diseño de reactores nucleares, las incertidumbres provienen principalmente de las propiedades de los materiales, las tolerancias de fabricación, las condiciones operativas, las herramientas de simulación y los datos nucleares. De hecho, la incertidumbre en los datos nucleares es una de las fuentes más importantes de incertidumbre en el diseño del reactor y en las simulaciones de la física del reactor y, en el pasado, se han obtenido sistemáticamente importantes diferencias entre las incertidumbres y las precisiones objetivo. Es necesario cumplir con la precisión objetivo no sólo para lograr el nivel de seguridad requerido para esta tecnología, sino también para minimizar el aumento de los costes debido a medidas de seguridad adicionales. Con esos antecedentes, el objetivo principal de este trabajo ha sido analizar y mejorar los datos nucleares necesarios para el desarrollo, la evaluación de seguridad y el licenciamiento de los reactores LFR, reduciendo las incertidumbres en los parámetros de reactividad (para seguridad) debido a las incertidumbres en los datos nucleares, con el fin de alcanzar las precisiones objetivo definidas por investigadores, industria y reguladores. Herramientas de sensibilidad e incertidumbre precisas y con alta fiabilidad son necesarias para estimar las incertidumbres en parámetros de seguridad clave del reactor (factor de multiplicación neutrónico, keff, fracción efectiva de neutrones diferidos, eff, tiempo efectivo de generación de neutrones, , coeficientes de reactividad, ...) e identificar posibles debilidades en los datos nucleares. Existen herramientas para calcular la incertidumbre de un parámetro del reactor debida a las incertidumbres en los datos nucleares. Sin embargo, estas herramientas poseen varias limitaciones, como carecer de capacidades de procesamiento en paralelo; necesidad de que el usuario seleccione los isótopos y canales de reacción a incluir en el análisis; uso de datos nucleares en estructura de multigrupos; uso de una librería de datos nucleares específica y/o una matriz de covarianza específica; y la limitación en la complejidad del sistema a analizar debido al número requerido de simulaciones. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo, se ha desarrollado una Metodología de Sensibilidad e Incertidumbre para códigos de MONtecarlo (SUMMON). SUMMON es una herramienta concebida para realizar análisis automatizados completos de sensibilidad e incertidumbre de los parámetros de reactividad (para seguridad) más relevantes de diseños de reactores desde el punto de vista neutrónico, es decir, keff, eff, eff y los coeficientes de reactividad, utilizando librerías de datos nucleares y covarianzas de última generación. SUMMON se ha validado utilizando experimentos integrales del ICSBEP (International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments) y se ha verificado exhaustivamente con códigos consolidados como SCALE, SUSD3D y SERPENT. Se ha encontrado un buen acuerdo entre los códigos. Una vez SUMMON fue desarrollado, se llevaron a cabo análisis preliminares para el diseño de MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications), un reactor rápido refrigerado con plomo-bismuto. Primero, se utilizó la librería de datos nucleares ENDF/B-VII.0 para identificar los datos nucleares más importantes para las reacciones inducidas por neutrones en los cálculos de criticidad de los LFR. Posteriormente, la librería JEFF-3.3T1, versión beta en ese momento de la nueva versión de la librería de datos nucleares evaluada en Europa, se analizó utilizando los mejores conjuntos de datos experimentales dependientes de la energía disponibles. El bismuto y el plomo, identificados en los análisis anteriores como isótopos clave, fueron seleccionados como los principales objetos de estudio para la mejora de los datos nucleares, ya que son de vital importancia y no fueron cubiertos en el proyecto piloto CIELO. Se encontraron problemas en la región de resonancias resueltas en las evaluaciones del plomo y el bismuto en JEFF-3.3T1 y se dieron recomendaciones al proyecto JEFF, que se adoptaron en la versión final de dicha librería de datos nucleares. A continuación, se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad e incertidumbre con las librerías de datos nucleares JEFF-3.3 y ENDF/B-VIII.0 mediante SUMMON para estimar las incertidumbres en los parámetros de criticidad de MYRRHA. Si bien se observó un buen acuerdo en las incertidumbres totales producidas por ambas librerías, las diferencias en las evaluaciones y la inexistencia de correlaciones y evaluaciones de covarianzas hicieron que los contribuyentes a la incertidumbre total difirieran. Además, las precisiones objetivo de diseño para algunos parámetros de seguridad, como el factor de multiplicación neutrónica, se excedieron en más del doble para las evaluaciones de datos nucleares consideradas. Con el fin de proporcionar datos nucleares ajustados, no sólo capaces de predecir las propiedades del reactor dentro de la precisión objetivo de diseño, sino también estadísticamente coherentes con los diversos experimentos diferenciales, se desarrolló el módulo de Asimilación de Datos Con summoN (DAWN). DAWN se basa en la combinación de datos de covarianza experimentales y experimentos integrales junto con técnicas avanzadas de ajuste estadístico (mínimos cuadrados generalizados). DAWN ha sido verificado utilizando el método TMC (Total Monte Carlo) para diferentes experimentos integrales. Finalmente, DAWN se usó para realizar una asimilación de los principales contribuyentes a la incertidumbre mediante el uso de datos nucleares de JEFF-3.3 a priori y experimentos de masa crítica disponibles públicamente en el ICSBEP. La consistencia del ajuste se verificó con datos experimentales diferenciales y se encontró un buen acuerdo. Se obtuvo una reducción significativa en la incertidumbre utilizando los experimentos más representativos de MYRRHA, debido a la reducción en la incertidumbre de los contribuyentes principales y la presencia a posteriori de fuertes correlaciones cruzadas entre isótopos y reacciones que no existían a priori. Los resultados muestran que se puede lograr una reducción de casi 300 pcm realizando una asimilación con el experimento más sensible al mayor contribuyente a la incertidumbre. Esto demuestra que la combinación de datos de covarianza experimental y experimentos integrales junto con la técnica de mínimos cuadrados generalizados puede proporcionar datos nucleares ajustados capaces de predecir las propiedades del reactor con menor incertidumbre, coherentes con los datos diferenciales. ----------ABSTRACT---------- The Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) is one of the three technologies selected by the Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform that can meet future European energy needs. Significant efforts are being made by researchers and industry to overcome the main drawbacks for the industrial deployment of LFR, which are the lack of operational experience and the impact of uncertainties in the reactor design, operation and safety assessment. In nuclear reactor design the uncertainties mainly come from material properties, fabrication tolerances, operative conditions, simulation tools and nuclear data. Indeed, the uncertainty in nuclear data is one of the most important sources of uncertainty in reactor design and reactor physics simulations, and significant gaps between the uncertainties and the target accuracies have been systematically shown in the past. Meeting the target accuracy is required not only to achieve the requested level of safety for this technology, but also to minimize the increase in the costs due to additional security measures. With that background, the main objective of this work has been to analyse and improve the nuclear data required for the development, safety assessment and licensing of LFR reactors, reducing the uncertainties in the criticality safety parameters due to the uncertainties in nuclear data, in order to reach the target accuracies defined by researchers, industry and regulators. To estimate the uncertainties in reactor key parameters (effective neutron multiplication factor, keff, effective delayed neutron fraction, βeff, effective neutron generation time, eff, safety coefficients, …) and to identify possible nuclear data weaknesses, accurate and reliable tools for sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification are needed. Tools able to calculate the uncertainty of a response due to uncertainties in nuclear data are available. However they possess several limitations such as no parallel processing capabilities; user selection of isotope and reaction channels to be included in the analysis; use of multi-group nuclear data; use of specific nuclear data library and/or specific covariance matrix; and limited complexity of the system under analysis due to the required number of simulations. Hence, in the framework of this work, a Sensitivity and Uncertainty Methodology for MONte carlo codes (SUMMON) has been developed. SUMMON is a tool conceived to perform complete automated sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of the most relevant criticality safety parameters of detailed complex reactor designs from the neutronic point of view, i.e., keff, eff, eff and reactivity coefficients, using state-of-the-art nuclear data libraries and covariances. SUMMON has been validated using integral experiments from the International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments (ICSBEP) and extensively verified against consolidated codes such as SCALE, SUSD3D and SERPENT. Good agreement between codes has been found. Once SUMMON was developed, preliminary analyses were carried out for MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications) lead-bismuth cooled fast reactor design. First, the ENDF/B-VII.0 nuclear data library was used, in order to identify the most important nuclear data for neutron induced reactions for criticality safety calculations of LFRs. Then, the recently released JEFF-3.3T1 library, the beta proposal at the time for the next version of the European evaluated nuclear data library, was analysed using the best documented energy dependent experimental data sets available. Bismuth and lead, identified in the previous analyses as key isotopes, were chosen as the main objects of study for improvement of nuclear data since they are of vital importance and were not covered in the CIELO pilot project. Problems were found in the resolved resonance region of JEFF-3.3T1 bismuth and lead evaluations and recommendations were given to the JEFF project, which were adopted in the release version of the library. Next, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses using the state-of-the-art JEFF-3.3 and ENDF/B-VIII.0 nuclear data libraries were performed with SUMMON to estimate the uncertainties in the criticality safety parameters of MYRRHA. While good agreement was observed in the total uncertainties yielded by both libraries, differences in evaluations, missing correlations and missing covariance evaluations, caused the contributors to the total uncertainty to differ. Furthermore, the design target accuracies for some criticality safety parameters, such as the effective neutron multiplication factor, still exceeded by more than a factor of two for the considered modern nuclear data evaluations. In order to provide adjusted nuclear data, not only capable of predicting reactor properties within the target design accuracy, but also statistically consistent with the various differential measurements, the Data Assimilation With summoN (DAWN) module was developed. DAWN is based on the combination of experimental covariance data and integral experiments together with advanced statistical adjustment techniques (Generalised Least Squares). DAWN has been verified against the Total Monte Carlo (TMC) method for several integral experiments. Finally, DAWN was used to perform an assimilation on the main contributors to the uncertainty using JEFF-3.3 nuclear data as a prior and publicly available critical mass experiments from the ICSBEP. The consistency of the nuclear data adjustment was checked against differential experimental data and good agreement was found. A significant reduction in uncertainty was obtained using the experiments most representative of MYRRHA, due to the reduction in the uncertainty of the major contributors and to the presence a posteriori of strong cross-correlations between isotopes and reactions that did not exist a priori. Results show that a reduction of nearly 300 pcm can be achieved performing an assimilation with the most sensitive experiment to the major contributor to the uncertainty. It proves that the combination of experimental covariance data and integral experiments together with Generalised Least Squares technique, can provide adjusted nuclear data capable of predicting reactor properties with lower uncertainty and consistent with differential data.
- Published
- 2019
38. Sistema de simulación de escenarios de ciclos avanzados de combustible nuclear en transición = Simulation system for advanced fuel cycle transition scenarios
- Author
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Iván Merino Rodríguez, Álvarez Velarde, F., González Romero, E.M., Cabellos de Francisco, Oscar Luis, Álvarez-Velarde, Francisco, and González Romero, Enrique Miguel
- Subjects
Ingeniería Industrial - Abstract
El estudio de los ciclos del combustible nuclear requieren de herramientas computacionales o "códigos" versátiles para dar respuestas al problema multicriterio de evaluar los actuales ciclos o las capacidades de las diferentes estrategias y escenarios con potencial de desarrollo en a nivel nacional, regional o mundial. Por otra parte, la introducción de nuevas tecnologías para reactores y procesos industriales hace que los códigos existentes requieran nuevas capacidades para evaluar la transición del estado actual del ciclo del combustible hacia otros más avanzados y sostenibles. Brevemente, esta tesis se centra en dar respuesta a las principales preguntas, en términos económicos y de recursos, al análisis de escenarios de ciclos de combustible, en particular, para el análisis de los diferentes escenarios del ciclo del combustible de relativa importancia para España y Europa. Para alcanzar este objetivo ha sido necesaria la actualización y el desarrollo de nuevas capacidades del código TR_EVOL (Transition Evolution code). Este trabajo ha sido desarrollado en el Programa de Innovación Nuclear del CIEMAT desde el año 2010. Esta tesis se divide en 6 capítulos. El primer capítulo ofrece una visión general del ciclo de combustible nuclear, sus principales etapas y los diferentes tipos utilizados en la actualidad o en desarrollo para el futuro. Además, se describen las fuentes de material nuclear que podrían ser utilizadas como combustible (uranio y otros). También se puntualizan brevemente una serie de herramientas desarrolladas para el estudio de estos ciclos de combustible nuclear. El capítulo 2 está dirigido a dar una idea básica acerca de los costes involucrados en la generación de electricidad mediante energía nuclear. Aquí se presentan una clasificación de estos costos y sus estimaciones, obtenidas en la bibliografía, y que han sido evaluadas y utilizadas en esta tesis. Se ha incluido también una breve descripción del principal indicador económico utilizado en esta tesis, el “coste nivelado de la electricidad”. El capítulo 3 se centra en la descripción del código de simulación desarrollado para el estudio del ciclo del combustible nuclear, TR_EVOL, que ha sido diseñado para evaluar diferentes opciones de ciclos de combustibles. En particular, pueden ser evaluados las diversos reactores con, posiblemente, diferentes tipos de combustibles y sus instalaciones del ciclo asociadas. El módulo de evaluaciones económica de TR_EVOL ofrece el coste nivelado de la electricidad haciendo uso de las cuatro fuentes principales de información económica y de la salida del balance de masas obtenido de la simulación del ciclo en TR_EVOL. Por otra parte, la estimación de las incertidumbres en los costes también puede ser efectuada por el código. Se ha efectuado un proceso de comprobación cruzada de las funcionalidades del código y se descrine en el Capítulo 4. El proceso se ha aplicado en cuatro etapas de acuerdo con las características más importantes de TR_EVOL, balance de masas, composición isotópica y análisis económico. Así, la primera etapa ha consistido en el balance masas del ciclo de combustible nuclear actual de España. La segunda etapa se ha centrado en la comprobación de la composición isotópica del flujo de masas mediante el la simulación del ciclo del combustible definido en el proyecto CP-ESFR UE. Las dos últimas etapas han tenido como objetivo validar el módulo económico. De este modo, en la tercera etapa han sido evaluados los tres principales costes (financieros, operación y mantenimiento y de combustible) y comparados con los obtenidos por el proyecto ARCAS, omitiendo los costes del fin del ciclo o Back-end, los que han sido evaluado solo en la cuarta etapa, haciendo uso de costes unitarios y parámetros obtenidos a partir de la bibliografía. En el capítulo 5 se analizan dos grupos de opciones del ciclo del combustible nuclear de relevante importancia, en términos económicos y de recursos, para España y Europa. Para el caso español, se han simulado dos grupos de escenarios del ciclo del combustible, incluyendo estrategias de reproceso y extensión de vida de los reactores. Este análisis se ha centrado en explorar las ventajas y desventajas de reprocesado de combustible irradiado en un país con una “relativa” pequeña cantidad de reactores nucleares. Para el grupo de Europa se han tratado cuatro escenarios, incluyendo opciones de transmutación. Los escenarios incluyen los reactores actuales utilizando la tecnología reactor de agua ligera y ciclo abierto, un reemplazo total de los reactores actuales con reactores rápidos que queman combustible U-Pu MOX y dos escenarios del ciclo del combustible con transmutación de actínidos minoritarios en una parte de los reactores rápidos o en sistemas impulsados por aceleradores dedicados a transmutación. Finalmente, el capítulo 6 da las principales conclusiones obtenidas de esta tesis y los trabajos futuros previstos en el campo del análisis de ciclos de combustible nuclear. ABSTRACT The study of the nuclear fuel cycle requires versatile computational tools or “codes” to provide answers to the multicriteria problem of assessing current nuclear fuel cycles or the capabilities of different strategies and scenarios with potential development in a country, region or at world level. Moreover, the introduction of new technologies for reactors and industrial processes makes the existing codes to require new capabilities to assess the transition from current status of the fuel cycle to the more advanced and sustainable ones. Briefly, this thesis is focused in providing answers to the main questions about resources and economics in fuel cycle scenario analyses, in particular for the analysis of different fuel cycle scenarios with relative importance for Spain and Europe. The upgrade and development of new capabilities of the TR_EVOL code (Transition Evolution code) has been necessary to achieve this goal. This work has been developed in the Nuclear Innovation Program at CIEMAT since year 2010. This thesis is divided in 6 chapters. The first one gives an overview of the nuclear fuel cycle, its main stages and types currently used or in development for the future. Besides the sources of nuclear material that could be used as fuel (uranium and others) are also viewed here. A number of tools developed for the study of these nuclear fuel cycles are also briefly described in this chapter. Chapter 2 is aimed to give a basic idea about the cost involved in the electricity generation by means of the nuclear energy. The main classification of these costs and their estimations given by bibliography, which have been evaluated in this thesis, are presented. A brief description of the Levelized Cost of Electricity, the principal economic indicator used in this thesis, has been also included. Chapter 3 is focused on the description of the simulation tool TR_EVOL developed for the study of the nuclear fuel cycle. TR_EVOL has been designed to evaluate different options for the fuel cycle scenario. In particular, diverse nuclear power plants, having possibly different types of fuels and the associated fuel cycle facilities can be assessed. The TR_EVOL module for economic assessments provides the Levelized Cost of Electricity making use of the TR_EVOL mass balance output and four main sources of economic information. Furthermore, uncertainties assessment can be also carried out by the code. A cross checking process of the performance of the code has been accomplished and it is shown in Chapter 4. The process has been applied in four stages according to the most important features of TR_EVOL. Thus, the first stage has involved the mass balance of the current Spanish nuclear fuel cycle. The second stage has been focused in the isotopic composition of the mass flow using the fuel cycle defined in the EU project CP-ESFR. The last two stages have been aimed to validate the economic module. In the third stage, the main three generation costs (financial cost, O&M and fuel cost) have been assessed and compared to those obtained by ARCAS project, omitting the back-end costs. This last cost has been evaluated alone in the fourth stage, making use of some unit cost and parameters obtained from the bibliography. In Chapter 5 two groups of nuclear fuel cycle options with relevant importance for Spain and Europe are analyzed in economic and resources terms. For the Spanish case, two groups of fuel cycle scenarios have been simulated including reprocessing strategies and life extension of the current reactor fleet. This analysis has been focused on exploring the advantages and disadvantages of spent fuel reprocessing in a country with relatively small amount of nuclear power plants. For the European group, four fuel cycle scenarios involving transmutation options have been addressed. Scenarios include the current fleet using Light Water Reactor technology and open fuel cycle, a full replacement of the initial fleet with Fast Reactors burning U-Pu MOX fuel and two fuel cycle scenarios with Minor Actinide transmutation in a fraction of the FR fleet or in dedicated Accelerator Driven Systems. Finally, Chapter 6 gives the main conclusions obtained from this thesis and the future work foreseen in the field of nuclear fuel cycle analysis.
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