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La «nueva genética», es decir, el impulso que esta disciplina toma a partir del denominado Proyecto Genoma, aspira a un cambio de paradigma en ciencias de la salud. Este cambio se postula desde una aproximación fenotípica de los problemas de salud hacia una aproximación genotípica, y por tanto excluyendo básicamente la influencia del medioambiente, lo que podría comprometer gravemente los fundamentos para el desarrollo y el ejercicio de la salud pública. Desde que empezó a desarrollarse el Proyecto Genoma, los nuevos descubrimientos genéticos se convirtieron en temas frecuentes de noticias en los medios de comunicación de masas. En este sentido, tanto genetistas como periodistas suelen utilizar metáforas para dar a conocer los conceptos complejos de la investigación genética para los que no existen bases en el lenguaje profano. Cabe señalar que los medios de comunicación no sólo modelan el establecimiento de la agenda social, sino que son también el espacio donde se conforma la cultura de salud de la población. Se presentan los resultados de un estudio preliminar en el que se exploran las metáforas utilizadas en los tres diarios de mayor difusión nacional (ABC, El País y El Mundo) en relación con las noticias sobre la «nueva genética» y se plantean las posibles consecuencias para la cultura de salud que puede tener la historia natural o el proceso catacrético de estas metáforas, mediante el cual se traslada el sentido figurativo de un término al sentido literal. En el proceso de revisión se ha desarrollado una taxonomía preliminar de las metáforas encontradas. Un 14,8% de los titulares identificados (51 de 342) contenía metáforas. Las metáforas estratégicas, como «programa», «control», «código», «mapa» o «puzle» son las más utilizadas, seguidas de las teleológicas, con términos como «misterio» o «lenguaje de Dios», y por último las bélicas, como «ataque», «derrota» o «captura». Los tres tipos de metáforas se caracterizan por su intento de dotar de intencionalidad a los genes. Según estas observaciones, el punto de vista tecnocrático es el que parece estar prevaleciendo frente al religioso o el bélico, y es el que puede ejercer una mayor influencia en la construcción futura de la cultura de salud.

Objetivo: Estimar la mortalidad y la incidencia de las denuncias por la violencia del compañero íntimo (VCI) por grupos de edad y provincias españolas. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo, basado en los asesinatos registrados en la base de datos de la Federación de Mujeres Separadas y Divorciadas (1998-2001) y las denuncias por VCI del Ministerio del Interior (1997-2000). Se calculó el porcentaje de incremento producido entre las denuncias y las muertes, el riesgo de una mujer de morir y denunciar por VCI por el método acumulativo simple, las tasas de mortalidad específicas por edad y ajustadas por edad y provincias y las tasas de incidencia bruta por provincias de las denuncias por VCI. También se realizó un análisis de regresión simple para explorar la relación entre mortalidad e incidencia de las denuncias. Resultados: Se observó un incremento del 27% en las denuncias y del 49% en los asesinatos desde el primer año del período al último. Durante el período de estudio una de cada 100.000 mujeres fue asesinada por VCI y u na de cada 200 denunció ser víctima de VCI. Las mujeres de 22-41 años y las de 82-86 presentaron las tasas de mortalidad por VCI más altas. La mortalidad y la incidencia de las denuncias por VCI en las provincias españolas no siguió un patrón geográfico definido. No existe correlación entre la mortalidad y la incidencia de las denuncias por VCI por provincias (r² corregida = -0,016). Conclusiones: La violencia del compañero íntimo es un problema de salud pública creciente en España. Parece existir un patrón bimodal por edad en mortalidad por VCI, pero no un patrón geográfico en mortalidad e incidencia de denuncias, ni tampoco una relación entre las provincias de mayor tasa de incidencia de denuncias y las de mayor tasa de mortalidad.

This article is intended: (1) to provide evidence about the practices in the nineteenth century of inter-organisational relationships when parties accepted sharing performance risks; and (2) to contribute to reducing the gap about the trust–control system dynamic interaction and its effect on risk through empirically analysing a non-contemporary setting. Our study analyses the ongoing relationship of a small commercial company with its main partner during the period 1847–1864, and examines the formal systems used by the company to monitor and coordinate its partner's activity and the evolution of inter-firm trust throughout the whole life cycle of this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective Eradication of poverty is Target 1 of the first of eight Millennium Development Goals, which were adopted by world leaders at the United Nations General Assembly in the year 2000. This study aims to explore the influence of political and social context in the achievement of poverty eradication. Methods A retrospective ecological study was carried out to explore associations between progress towards the achievement of Target 1 in 2002 and political and social context variables. The study contained cross-sectional estimates in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2002. The analysis and observation unit was the countries (n = 88). A descriptive analysis was made, as well as simple and multiple analyses with logistic regression. Findings Of the 88 countries studied, 71 (80.7%) are not on track to achieving the target of eradicating poverty. The factor most associated with non-attainment of this goal was reduced government consumption per capita (odds ratio, OR: 13.8; 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.92DS65.26). In the multiple regression analysis, the most significant factors are: reduced government consumption per capita (OR: 9.8; 95% CI: 1.82DS52.75), losses in the balance between imports and exports (OR: 5.3; 95% CI: 1.32DS21.54) and more inequality in family income (OR: 4.7; 95% CI: 1.12DS20.01). Conclusion Progress towards achievement of Target 1 seems to be hindered, fundamentally, by the significant reduction in government consumption in certain countries and the absence of redistribution policies. To understand the political determinants of poverty, more attention must be paid to the national and international political milieu, which seem to have a relevant impact on this problem and hence on population health. Copyright © 2008 World Health Organization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes in body mass index (BMI) in a population-based cohort and their relationship with sociodemographic variables in a Mediterranean-country. METHOD: A prospective population-based cohort with 8-year follow-up. The data used derive from the Cornellà-Health-Interview Survey Follow-up (CHIS.FU). 1008 people aged > or = 20 years (females=508; males=500) were interviewed in 1994 and in 2002, providing self-reported weight and height data. The BMI was compared using the Wilcoxon test for paired data. Changes in the BMI were calculated and their relationship with sociodemographic-variables and lifestyles using multivariate Breslow-Cox regression. RESULTS: 28.1% of participants had changed from normal-BMI in 1994 to overweight in 2002 (women=25.6%; men=31.6%). 16.8% increased from overweight to obesity (women=25.8%; men=11.2%). The cumulative incidence of overweight: women=26.4%; men=34.0%. The cumulative incidence of obesity: women=29.9%; men=13.1%. The cumulative age and sex-adjusted incidence of overweight showed a significant relationship with marital-status (married: RR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.2-3.4, divorced/widowed: RR=4.0; 95% CI: 1.7-9.3) and moderate alcohol-consumption (RR=1.86; 95% CI: 1.1-3.1). We observed a decreased age-adjusted risk in the incidence of obesity for men (RR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.3-0.8). CONCLUSION: The observed changes in the increase in the incidence of obesity and overweight indicated a similar evolution in the obesity epidemic regardless of Mediterranean dietary patterns in our population. Copyright © 2010 by Elsevier Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to identify the perceptions, attitudes and experiences of Spanish researchers regarding different aspects relating to scientific misconduct, both overall and by gender, years of research experience, and type of research institution. This is a cross-sectional study based on an anonymous online survey, targeting researchers in the field of biomedicine. The survey comprised a first block (13 questions) covering sociodemographic data, and a second block (14 questions) covering researchers' perceptions, attitudes and experiences. A descriptive analysis was performed. 403 researchers answered the survey: 51.1% ( n  = 205) women, median age 45 years. The observed frequency of scientific misconduct was 78.8%. Additionally, 43.3% of researchers acknowledged having intentionally engaged in some type of scientific misconduct (self-reported frequency). The most frequent type of scientific misconduct was false authorship. The most frequent types of both observed and self-reported scientific misconduct did not appear to differ by years of experience but did differ by gender and type of research institution. In conclusion, there is a high frequency of scientific misconduct among Spanish biomedical science researchers as 4 of 10 researchers recognized that took part in any type of scientific misconduct. There are differences between the most frequent types of misconduct according to different characteristics, mainly type of institution.

In recent years, many cases of scientific misconduct have come to light, some with considerable consequences, highlighting the existing breaches in the scientific integrity globally. In Spain, there have also been high-profile cases of scientific misconduct. However, so far, no organism or agency has been created to monitor the execution, analysis and publication phases of biomedical research from an ethical point of view. Therefore, in this context, we consider that there is a need for the creation of an office which supervises research integrity in Spain which would act in cases of suspected scientific misconduct, carrying out an independent investigation and proposing public sanctions. The existence of such an organism would be of particular importance in the case of publicly funded research, since in that case research fraud would involve the misappropriation of public funds. The creation of an office that would act on detected cases could have a deterrent effect on potential misconduct by some researchers, thus preventing cases of scientific misconduct., (Copyright © 2022 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: This work is aimed to describe the recent scientific literature developed in the food/beverage sector and social networks aimed at children and adolescents, as well as current regulations., Methods: A rapid review of the studies on advertising and social media aimed at children, published from 2010 tp 2020 is carried out, following the established inclusion criteria. In addition, the regulations in the countries in which the studies were carried out were also reviewed., Results: Of the 573 articles, 7 met these criteria. The great attraction of unhealthy foods for children is observed, who remembered and recognized a greater number of unhealthy food brands and, by extension, the ability to influence of communication in social networks. Each country has its own self-regulation, two (Ireland and USA) have legislation on children's food advertising, and Australia has legislation that applies only to open television. However, none of the analyzed countries have specific regulations on food, children and media advertising., Conclusions: Given the fact that there is evidence about the great attraction that social networks suppose for the child, that they are a stimulus for the consumption of food and that many of these foods are harmful to their health; we should work in two directions: 1) Promote public policies based on promoting healthy habits among minors; and 2) Monitor and implement regulations in commercial communication social media., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

When looking at life expectancy (LE) by sex, women live longer than men in all countries. Biological factors alone do not explain gender differences in LE, and examining structural differences may help illuminate other explanatory factors. The aim of this research is to analyse the influence of gender inequality on the gender gap in LE globally. We have carried out a regression analysis between the gender gap in relativised LE and the UN Gender Inequality Index (GII), with a sensitivity analysis conducted for its three dimensions, stratified by the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. We adjusted the model by taking into consideration gross national income (GNI), democratic status and rural population. The results indicated a positive association for the European region (ß=0.184) and the Americas (ß=0.136) in our adjusted model. Conversely, for the African region, the relations between gender equality and the LE gender gap were found to be negative (ß=-0.125). The findings suggest that in the WHO European region and the Americas, greater gender equality leads to a narrowing of the gender LE gap, while it has a contrary relationship in Africa. We suggest that this could be because only higher scores in the GII between men and women show health benefits., (© 2022 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.)

Objective: To explore the typology of implemented salutogenic interventions and the health effects described by the authors., Method: A scoping review of the literature published (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus) over the last ten years (2007-2016) was conducted. Articles that included interventions with assessments of health outcomes were selected for this review. The kappa index (86.4%) was calculated for the classification and extraction of information., Results: 61 papers were selected out of the 676 works identified. These were categorized into individual, grouped, mixed and intersectoral interventions. A total of 85% of the interventions described positive effects. Adverse effects were not reported. Methodological limitations were identified in 75% of the papers. The interventions addressed a large variety of topics, especially in the field of mental health and chronic diseases. Collective actions described more positive effects. Intersectoral actions were the only type of interventions to have approached the impact of mortality reduction., Conclusions: Findings support the existence of positive health effects of salutogenic approaches. Important methodological limitations were identified, such as biases in the selection of participants and sample sizes. Studies need to be conducted with improved monitoring and evaluation designs. A more robust theoretical framework and tools to evaluate the salutogenic contents are needed., (Copyright © 2020 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

This article proposes to advance the connections between salutogenic theory and assets models for health improvement. There is a need to integrate their use in public health and health promotion so that their respective potentials can be fully developed. This requires their synergies to be made more explicit so that a more coherent approach can be taken to their utilization. A mechanism is therefore needed that helps to raise awareness of them and their value as a resource together. Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory provides one framework that can support better integration of salutogenesis with the applied nature of assets-based models. This paper proposes a new 'synergy model for health' that integrates key concepts associated with salutogenic theory-generalized and specific resistance resources (GRRs/SRRs) and generalized and specific resistance deficits and the sense of coherence (SOC). In doing so, it highlights those GRRs and SRRs which are assets that, either individually or collectively, help to develop a stronger SOC. Higher levels of SOC can then support the transformations of potential resources into available assets (that people can understand, manage and make sense of), capable of producing positive health development. The proposed 'Synergy model of health' aims to contribute to a deeper theoretical understanding of health and development through the integration of the key elements of both salutogenesis and assets models. This can facilitate a better contextualization of the ideas into public health policy and practice by making the salutogenic theory more action-oriented and the assets model more theoretical., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)