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2024 Descuento MDPI, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Depto. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Depto. de Producción Animal, Fac. de Veterinaria, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub, Descuento UCM

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, all the authors; methodology, all the authors; formal analysis, M.D.Á., A.S. and B.H.; validation, all the authors; investigation, all the authors; writing: original draft preparation, M.D.Á., S.C. and B.H.; writing: revision and editing, M.D.Á., S.C. and B.H.; project administration, M.D.Á. and S.C.; funding acquisition, M.D.Á. and S.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript., Developing puff pastry (PP) laminating fats (LFs) with sustainable structured olive pomace oil (OPO) could contribute to its increased valorization. This study evaluated the physicochemical stability of four OPO-based LFs or margarines and the performance of their baked PP counterparts during two months of chilling storage at 4 °C. LF samples, developed at the laboratory scale, contained 41% (LF1 and LF2) OPO and 31% (LF3 and LF4) OPO together with 10% cocoa butter when using two static initial crystallization conditions (room temperature for LF1 and LF3, freezer for LF2 and LF4) before storage. During the storage period, the proximate composition, thermal and dynamic rheological properties, firmness and spreadability, oil-binding capacity, color, and lipid oxidation of the four LF samples were examined, along with the baking performance and textural properties of the PP counterparts. The initial cooling rate had minimal significance. Cocoa butter negatively influenced post-crystallization processes occurring in OPO-based LF3 and LF4, resulting in increased hardness and reduced performance after 18 days of storage, attributed, at least partially, to a high amount of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (POP), mainly from cocoa butter. Conversely, OPO-based LF1 and LF2 maintained their quality and were stable for two months without apparent granular crystal formation., Interprofesional del Aceite de Orujo de Oliva (ORIVA), Sección Deptal. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria (Veterinaria), Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

El acúfeno consiste en la percepción de un sonido en ausencia de una fuente externa que lo origine. Se estima que alcanza una prevalencia del 15% en la población general, y en un porcentaje no desdeñable de esta se asocia con problemas anímicos, cognitivos y altera en mayor o menor medida la calidad de vida. La evidencia apunta a que el proceso se inicia con un agravio a nivel de la cóclea o en algún otro punto de la vía auditiva, al cual se sucede una fase de promoción que asienta y perpetúa el acúfeno, localizada a nivel central. Esta segunda fase se caracteriza por la alteración de las oscilaciones neurales abordada en la teoría de la disritmia talamocortical, así como una disfunción en la actividad inhibitoria talámica y una activación inadecuada de las redes atencionales, que impiden la cancelación y habituación a ese percepto. En este TFG describiremos todos estos pasos de la secuencia generadora del acúfeno en base a la evidencia actual mediante una revisión sistematizada de la bibliografía., Grado en Medicina

La regulación de la expresión génica en eucariotas es un procedimiento altamente complejo compuesto por numerosos mecanismos. Tras el proceso de transcripción, el pre-mRNA es sometido a modificaciones postranscripcionales que tienen como resultado un mRNA maduro divisible en 3 partes, la secuencia codificante y los dos extremos no codificantes, 5' y 3’ “untranslated regions” (UTR). El segmento 5'UTR puede procesarse por “splicing” alternativo dando lugar a transcritos con diferente eficiencia de traducción y resistencia a la degradación, jugando un papel en la regulación de la expresión proteica final. El patrón de expresión de la pluralidad de transcritos podría variar en función de variables como el entorno celular. Por otro lado, la Apolipoproteína D (ApoD) es una lipoproteína transportadora de pequeños lípidos con una enorme variedad de funciones fisiológicas en diferentes tejidos, que ha demostrado tener un papel protector en el sistema nervioso, aumentando la supervivencia glial y neuronal ante situaciones de estrés oxidativo. Este trabajo pone de manifiesto la existencia de 3 variantes diferentes del extremo 5’UTR de la ApoD humana y las modificaciones en su expresión en presencia de estrés oxidativo, sustentando las bases para futuros estudios funcionales sobre la aportación de estas variantes a la estabilidad y capacidad de traducción del mRNA., Grado en Medicina

(1) Background: Grapes and their associated by-products (such as grape pomace, GP) stand out for their polyphenol content, which makes them a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity. The aim of this research was to determine if the inclusion of 50 g/kg of GP in the diet of hens could enrich eggs with antioxidants and to study its effect on internal and external egg quality parameters. (2) Methods: A trial was conducted with two genetic lines of hens, which were fed either a control diet or a diet containing 50 g/kg of GP. Performance, internal and external egg quality, and egg yolk content of vitamins E and A and gallic acid were determined. (3) Results: In eggs laid by hens fed a GP diet, Haugh units and yolk color scores were enhanced, and eggshells became thinner, but without affecting the breaking strength. No dietary effect was observed on the vitamin contents of the yolk. A higher gallic acid content was observed in the yolks of eggs laid by hens fed the GP diet, suggesting that some dietary phenolic compounds could be transferred to the eggs. Hen genetics influenced egg weight, albumen Haugh units, shell thickness, and α- and γ-tocopherol concentration in yolks. (4) Conclusions: Dietary inclusion of GP improved the internal quality of eggs, enriching yolks with a phenolic compound but reducing shell thickness.

This study explores the influence of carboxymethylcelullose (CMC) and methylcelullose (MC), added by simultaneous (sim) and sequential (seq) emulsification methods, on the structure, rheological parameters and in vitro lipid digestibility of pork lard O/W emulsions stabilized by soy protein concentrate (SPC). Five emulsions (SPC, SPC/CMC-sim, SPC/CMC-seq SPC/MC-sim, SPC/MC-seq) were prepared in vitro. The presence of CMC and MC, and the stage of incorporation affected the emulsion microstructure. In the SPC emulsion, lipid droplets were entrapped by a protein layer that was thicker when MC was added, providing greater resistance against environmental stresses during gastrointestinal digestion. At 37 °C, CMC incorporation produced a structural reinforcement of the SPC emulsion, whereas MC addition did not affect the network rigidity, although a delaying effect on the crossover temperature was observed, which was more evident in SPC/MC–seq. The presence and stage of CMC and MC incorporation affected the rate and extent of lipolysis, with SPC/MC-seq presenting an inferior concentration of free fatty acids. The lower extent of lipolysis observed in SPC/MC-seq may be positive in the manufacture of animal fat products in which reduced fatty acid absorption is intended., Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica,Desarrollo e InnovaciónTecnológica (I+D+i), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Intramural, Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

2024 Descuento MDPI, Designing healthier lipids is a current approach to developing potential functional foods. Olive pomace oil (OPO) has beneficial effects on human health, attributed to its high oleic acid content and unique bioactive compounds. Four puff pastry margarines (PP-M), based on OPO (M1, M2 at 40.8%, and M3, M4 at 30.8%, and cocoa butter at 10%) combined with low molecular weight organogelators, were prepared using two initial cooling rates (M1, M3 at 0.144 °C/min and M2, M4 at 0.380 °C/min) and compared to both commercial puff pastry (PP) butter (CB) and fatty preparation (CFP). Subsequently, six baked PP counterparts were elaborated. Physical-chemical, mechanical properties, and lipid profiles were analyzed in M1–M4 and PP, while thermal properties were determined in M1–M4. Sensory analysis was carried out in PP-M1 and PP-M3 counterparts. Elasticity (G′) of M1–M4 samples was between that of controls CB and CFP, although a higher OPO content reduced viscous modulus (G″). The initial cooling rate did not affect the melting behavior of M1–M4. The firmness of PP-M1 was similar to that of PP-CB and PP-CFP, and the better spreadability and plasticity of M1 positively favored PP puffing. In addition, PP-M1 had 36.8% less SFA content than baked PP-CB, and its overall acceptability was similar. For the first time, a new margarine with high OPO content, showing adequate firmness, spreadability, and plasticity, was formulated, which gave rise to PP with appropriate performance and sensory quality and a healthy lipid profile., Interprofesional del Aceite de Orujo de Oliva - ORIVA, Depto. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub, Descuento UCM

Changes in cellular homeostasis, such as oxidative stress, can trigger neurodegeneration, producing cellular pathological changes such as lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of proteins, and DNA damage. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), key deregulators of cellular stability, can be produced by different oxidoreductase enzymes and by the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC). Many of these enzymes are located in liquid-ordered membrane domains, so-called lipid rafts, dynamic platforms that participate in various signaling pathways. Moreover, changes in the lipidic environment of membrane proteins can lead to important functional disruptions. Lipidomic and enzymatic activity assays have been successfully performed in printed cell membrane homogenates (cell membrane microarrays, CMMAs). Based on that technology and the importance of liquid-ordered subdomains, we have developed a printed lipid raft and non-raft platform (raft membranes microarrays, RMMAs), with preserved native protein structure and lipidic environment. To evaluate the differences over lipidic environment in raft and non-raft subdomains in control, metabolic and oxidative stress conditions MALDI-MS assay was performed on RMMAs. Raft and non-raft subdomains presented a distinguishable fingerprint in every condition in both cell types (astrocytes and neurons). Distinguishable lipid fingerprints were also observed comparing raft subdomains obtained from cells in control, metabolic and oxidative stress situations. In the same way, raft and non-raft domains from control astrocytes and neurons are also distinguishable. Therefore, the lipidomic data obtained with this methodology can be used as a classification tool for samples of raft and non-raft subdomains with different treatments. As the lipidic environment is a key aspect for proper physiological enzymatic activity, changes over lipidome can lead to differences between enzymatic activities. To evaluate the differences in enzymatic activities, Los cambios en la homeostasis celular, como el estrés oxidativo, pueden desencadenar procesos neurodegenerativos, produciendo cambios patológicos celulares como la peroxidación lipídica, la modificación oxidativa de las proteínas y daños en el ADN. Las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), los cuales son desreguladores clave de la estabilidad celular, pueden ser producidas por diferentes enzimas oxidorreductasas y por la cadena de transporte de electrones mitocondrial (mETC). Muchas de estas enzimas se localizan en subdominios de membrana "ordenados", las llamadas balsas lipídicas (Raft), las cuales son plataformas dinámicas que participan en diversas vías de señalización. Además, los cambios en el entorno lipídico de las proteínas de membrana pueden provocar importantes alteraciones funcionales. Se han realizado con éxito ensayos lipidómicos y de actividad enzimática en homogeneizados impresos de membranas celulares (microarrays de membranas celulares, CMMA). Basándonos en esa tecnología y en la importancia de los subdominios ordenados en líquido, hemos desarrollado una plataforma impresa de muestras de membrana procedentes de membrana plasmática al uso y balsas lipídicas (Microarrays de membranas Raft, RMMAs), con estructura proteica nativa y entorno lipídico preservado. Para evaluar las diferencias sobre el entorno lipídico en los subdominios Raft y en las membranas no-Raft en condiciones de control, y de estrés metabólico y oxidativo, se realizó un ensayo MALDI-MS en las RMMAs. Estos subdominios presentaron una huella lipidica distinguible en cada condición en ambos tipos celulares (astrocitos y neuronas). También se observaron huellas lipídicas distinguibles comparando subdominios Raft obtenidos de células en situaciones de control, metabólicas y de estrés oxidativo. Del mismo modo, también son distinguibles los dominios Raft y no Raft procedentes de astrocitos y neuronas control. Por tanto, los datos lipidómicos obtenidos con esta metodología pueden utilizarse, Escuela de Doctorado, Doctorado en Investigación Biomédica

La Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa progresiva que afecta a la motoneurona superior e inferior. Un 5-10% de los casos son familiares. Entre las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad se encuentran la pérdida de fuerza, la atrofia muscular, los calambres, las fasciculaciones, la hiperreflexia, la espasticidad, la rigidez muscular, el síndrome pseudobulbar y la disartria. Para ayudar en su diagnóstico se han diseñado los criterios diagnósticos El Escorial y los criterios Awaji. Se han encontrado tres genes que afectan a la supervivencia de los pacientes (ATXN2, C9ORF72 y FUS), y otras variantes genéticas sin influencia sobre la supervivencia (SOD1, TARDBP, TBK1, NEK1, UBQLN2 y CCNF). En este trabajo se investiga acerca de SOD1, NEK1, ATXN2 y C9ORF72. Mediante una búsqueda en PubMed, Gene y OMIM se indaga en la función de dichos genes y las proteínas que codifican, con el objetivo de conocer porqué afectan o no a la supervivencia del paciente y establecer terapias o líneas de investigación que aumenten la calidad y longitud de la vida de los enfermos. Una búsqueda en clinicaltrials.gov muestra 26 estudios en relación con SOD1 y ELA. Se encuentran en fase más avanzada los estudios de ISIS 333611, pirimetamina, BIIB067 (tofersen) y arimoclomol. Esto contrasta con la ausencia de ensayos relacionados con NEK1. Se está probando BIIB105/ION541 en el contexto de la ELA con mutación de ATXN2 y hay 23 ensayos relacionados con C9ORF72 y ELA, 2 destacando BIIB078, GM604 y un estudio para entender el fenotipo clínico y recoger muestras en búsqueda de biomarcadores. En conclusión, los dos genes relacionados con la disminución de la supervivencia (ATXN2 y C9ORF72) están, a su vez, relacionados con la disminución de la autofagia por diferentes rutas metabólicas., Grado en Medicina

Oleogels (OG) and gelled emulsions (GE) were elaborated with a mixture of olive and chia oils (80:20 ratio) without and with the incorporation of the health-related compound curcumin. These were studied to evaluate the influence of the oil structuring system on the lipid hydrolysis and bioaccessibility of three healthy fatty acids (FA) (palmitic, oleic, and α-linolenic acids) and of curcumin, compared to the oil mixture (bulk oil, BO). The oil structuring system influenced the firmness and texture, and the presence of curcumin significantly altered the color parameters. GE showed higher lipid digestibility, with a greater proportion of absorbable fraction (higher content of free FA and monoacylglycerides) than OG, which behaved similarly to BO. The presence of curcumin affected the degree of lipolysis, reducing lipid digestibility in OG and increasing it in GE. As for FA bioaccessibility, although GE presented higher percentages overall, curcumin significantly increased and decreased FA bioaccessibility in OG and GE, respectively. The oil structuring system also influenced the bioaccessibility of curcumin, which was higher in GE. Therefore, when selecting an oil structuring system, their physicochemical properties, the degree of lipid hydrolysis, and the bioaccessibility of both curcumin and the FA studied should all be considered.

2022 Acuerdos transformativos CRUE, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Comunidad de Madrid, Depto. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub, APC financiada por la UCM

This study explores the influence of carboxymethylcelullose (CMC) and methylcelullose (MC), added by simultaneous (sim) and sequential (seq) emulsification methods, on the structure, rheological parameters and in vitro lipid digestibility of pork lard O/W emulsions stabilized by soy protein concentrate (SPC). Five emulsions (SPC, SPC/CMC-sim, SPC/CMC-seq SPC/MC-sim, SPC/MC-seq) were prepared in vitro. The presence of CMC and MC, and the stage of incorporation affected the emulsion microstructure. In the SPC emulsion, lipid droplets were entrapped by a protein layer that was thicker when MC was added, providing greater resistance against environmental stresses during gastrointestinal digestion. At 37 °C, CMC incorporation produced a structural reinforcement of the SPC emulsion, whereas MC addition did not affect the network rigidity, although a delaying effect on the crossover temperature was observed, which was more evident in SPC/MC–seq. The presence and stage of CMC and MC incorporation affected the rate and extent of lipolysis, with SPC/MC-seq presenting an inferior concentration of free fatty acids. The lower extent of lipolysis observed in SPC/MC-seq may be positive in the manufacture of animal fat products in which reduced fatty acid absorption is intended., Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica,Desarrollo e InnovaciónTecnológica (I+D+i), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Intramural, Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

2022 Descuento MDPI, Interprofesional del Aceite de Orujo de Oliva -ORIVA, Depto. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub, Descuento UCM