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Resumo Niedenzuella (Tetrapterys) multiglandulosa, uma videira encontrada no Brasil, tem sido correlacionada a surtos de intoxicações em bovinos e búfalos, gerando perdas econômicas relacionadas à morte por insuficiência cardíaca, aborto, natimorto e mortalidade neonatal. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar o potencial embriotóxico do extrato vegetal aquoso em embriões bovinos in vitro. O estudo in vitro foi realizado em cinco repetições de cultura de embriões bovinos distribuídos em dois grupos: controle, meio de cultura de embriões in vitro sem o extrato aquoso da planta; grupo tratado, com adição de 2,7mg / mL de extrato vegetal aquoso (10%) à cultura do embrião no sexto dia de cultivo. A taxa de clivagem foi avaliada no dia 2 da cultura de células. Viabilidade, eclodibilidade e subdesenvolvimento de blastocistos no sétimo, oitavo e nono dia (D7, D8 e D9, respectivamente) de cultura foram avaliados em microscópio estereoscópico. No dia 7, os blastocistos foram submetidos ao ensaio TUNEL para determinar o índice apoptótico. Observamos redução significativa da produção de blastocisto / número de embriões clivados (60,6% vs 41,5%); redução da produção de blastocistos / número total de oócitos bovinos maturados (35,1% vs 21,3%); e taxas de eclosão embrionária (38,0% vs 10,0%). No entanto, nenhum efeito foi observado na taxa de apoptose. Em conclusão, o extrato aquoso das folhas de N. multiglandulosa reduz a viabilidade do embrião bovino in vitro, sugerindo possíveis efeitos prejudiciais no desenvolvimento embrionário.

The present trial evaluated the effect of crossbred composition and Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) on vaginal temperature (VT) of Girolando dairy cows maintained under tropical pasture during warm seasons. The VT was monitored along 41 to 96 h in 615 Girolando cows with different Holstein (H) × Gir genetic composition (1/2 H = 284, 3/4 H = 248, and 7/8 H = 83) from six Brazilian farms in the summer of 2016 and 2017. VT of each cow at each hour of the day and the respective THI were averaged per hour across all monitoring days to generate an averaged value for VT and THI during 24 h. A linear mixed model with repeated measures using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method for (co)variance components estimation procedure was employed. The final model adjusted the VT for the effects of cow, time, THI, farm, year, pregnancy status, body condition score (BCS), milk yield, genetic composition, and genetic composition*time interaction. Fixed effects were evaluated by ANOVA and tested with Tukey test in R software version 3.6.1 (R Core Team, 2019). Overall mean of VT, air temperature (AT), and THI were 39.06 ± 0.52 °C, 25.63 ± 0.40 °C, and 75.06 ± 3.96, respectively. VT had moderate positive correlation with THI (

The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of embryo culture medium with antioxidant obtained from oily extract of Lippia origanoides on in vitro blastocyst development and quality. Oocytes collected from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured and fertilized in vitro following standard laboratory procedures. Zygotes were cultured in SOF medium supplemented according to the following treatments: T1 embryo culture medium without antioxidant supplementation; T2)50μM/mL Cysteamine; T3)2.5μg/mL; T4)5.0μg/mL and T5)10.0μg/mL of antioxidant obtained from oily extract of Lippia origanoides. On the seventh day of culture, the blastocysts were fixed and evaluated for apoptosis rates, number of total cell and inner cell mass cells by means of the TUNEL Test. The use of antioxidants during cultivation did not increase (P> 0.05) the final blastocyst production rate. The treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 had the lowest (P< 0.05) apoptotic indexes (4.5±1.1%, 8.4±2.5%, 3.4±1.1% and 5.5±0.9%, respectively) when compared to T1 treatment (10.0±1.4%). The number of inner cell mass did not differ (P> 0.05) among embryos from different treatments. The addition of antioxidant obtained from oily extract of Lippia origanoides reduces the apoptosis rate and improves the quality without increasing the total in vitro production of bovine embryos. RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a suplementação de meio de cultura de embriões com antioxidante obtido do extrato oleoso da Lippia origanoides no desenvolvimento e na qualidade de blastocistos produzidos in vitro. Oócitos coletados de ovários de matadouros foram maturados e fertilizados in vitro segundo procedimento laboratorial padrão. Zigotos foram cultivados em meio SOF suplementado de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: T1) meio de cultivo embrionário sem suplementação antioxidantes; T2) 50μM/mL Cisteamina; T3) 2,5μg/mL; T4) 5,0μg/mL e T5) 10,0μg/mL do antioxidante obtido do extrato oleoso de Lippia origanoides. No sétimo dia de cultivo, os blastocistos foram fixados e avaliados para taxa de apoptose, número total de células e massa celular interna através do teste TUNEL. O uso de antioxidantes durante cultivo não aumentou (P>0,05) a taxa de produção final de blastócitos. Os tratamentos T2, T3, T4 e T5 tiverem menor índice apoptótico (p>0,05 - 4,5±1,1%, 8,4±2,5%, 3,4±1,1% e 5,5±0,9%, respectivamente) quando comparados a T2 (10,0±1,4%). O valor de massa celular interna não diferenciou (p>0,05) entre embriões de diferentes tratamentos. A adição de antioxidante obtido do extrato oleoso de Lippia origanoides reduziu a taxa de apoptose e melhorou a qualidade sem aumentar a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos.

Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii is an ovarian pathologic change characterized by replacement of the normal single layered cuboidal epithelium of the rete ovarii by a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Uterus and ovaries from a local slaughterhouse pregnant crossbreed cow were evaluated through ultrasound, macroscopically and histologically. Grossly, there were multiple cysts in both ovaries, which were histologically characterized as rete ovarii cysts with squamous metaplasia and intraluminal accumulation of keratinized material. Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii has been previously reported in cows, however this is the first report of this condition in a pregnant animal, demonstrating that this ovarian change is compatible with pregnancy.

Uterine bacterial infections are common during the post-partum period of dairy herds and, apparently, incidences in crossbred cattle are less than in Holsteins. The aims of this study were (I) to evaluate production of interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and chemokine CXCL8 using endometrial explants from Bos indicus crossbred heifers at diestrous, stimulated by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), and (II) assess production of these cytokines by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated endometrial explants from heifers when samples were collected at different stages of estrous cycle. In the first experiment, endometrial explants from heifers at diestrous were stimulated by ten-fold serial dilutions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), triacylated lipopeptide (PAM3) or peptidoglycan (PGN). In the second experiment, endometrial explants collected at different stages of the estrous cycle were treated with LPS. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL8 were quantified in supernatant. There was a marked (P 0.05) production of IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL8 in response to LPS treatment. There was also production of IL-1β (P 0.05) in response to PGN treatment. Explant samples collected at different stages of the estrous cycle responded to LPS treatment with production of IL-1β and IL-6, but with no differences (P 0.05) between stages of estrous cycle. In conclusion, endometrial samples of crossbred Zebu-based heifers collected during diestrous produced IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL8 in response to LPS and IL-1β in response to PGN. The cytokine production in response to LPS, however, was not affected by the stage of the estrous cycle in Bos indicus crossbred heifers.

RESUMO Avaliou-se o efeito da adição do ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) ao meio de cultivo in vitro na viabilidade pós-vitrificação de embriões F1 Holandês x Zebu. Foram utilizados três meios de cultivo: controle (n=340 oócitos): meio SOF e soro fetal bovino (SFB), sem o CLA; SFB+CLA (n=359 oócitos): meio SOF, SFB e CLA; CLA (n=339 oócitos): meio SOF e CLA, sem o SFB. Todos os blastocistos produzidos foram submetidos à vitrificação, pelo método de Open Pulled Straw. Quinze blastocistos de cada tratamento foram fixados para quantificação lipídica por coloração com Sudan Black B. Para avaliar a viabilidade embrionária, foi observada a capacidade de reexpansão e eclosão pós-aquecimento dos embriões (controle=27; SFB+CLA=30; CLA=17). Foram realizadas transferências em um ou dois embriões por receptora para avaliação da sobrevivência in vivo: T1 [receptoras que receberam um blastocisto (n=17 embriões, sendo controle=5, SFB+CLA=6 e CLA=6)]; T2 [receptoras que receberam dois blastocistos, (n= 54 embriões, sendo controle=18, SFB+CLA=14 e CLA=22)]. Não houve diferença nas taxas de clivagem (62,1%; 74,0%; 74,0% para controle; SFB+CLA; CLA, respectivamente), produção de blastocistos em relação aos clivados (59,7%; 47,7%; 38,3% para controle; SFB+CLA; CLA, respectivamente) e produção de blastocistos em relação ao total de oócitos (37,1%; 35,4%; 28,3% para controle; SFB+CLA; CLA, respectivamente) (P>0,05). Houve diminuição de gotículas lipídicas nos embriões cultivados em meio suplementado com CLA em relação aos embriões cultivados na presença do SFB e na ausência do CLA (P

The purpose of this study was to determine the energy partition of pregnant F1 Holstein x Gyr with average initial body weight (BW) of 515.6 kg and Gyr cows with average initial BW of 435.1 kg at 180, 210 and 240 days of gestation, obtained using respirometry. Twelve animals in two groups (six per genetic group) received a restricted diet equivalent to 1.3 times the net energy for maintenance (NEm). The proportion of gross energy intake (GEI) lost as feces did not differ between the evaluated breeds and corresponded to 28.65% on average. The daily methane production (L/d) was greater for (P0.05). The daily loss of energy as urine (mean of 1.42 Mcal/d) did not differ (P>0.05) between groups and ranged from 3.87 to 5.35% of the GEI. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of F1 HxG animals was greater (P < 0.05) at all gestational stages compared to Gyr cows when expressed in Mcal/d. However, when expressed in kcal/kg of metabolic BW (BW0,75), the F1 HxG cows had MEI 11% greater (P0,75. Gyr cows showed no change in MEI over time (P>0.05), with a mean of 146.66 kcal/kg BW0. 75. The ME used by the conceptus was calculated by deducting the metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) from the MEI, which was obtained in a previous study using the same cows prior to becoming pregnant. The values of NEm obtained in the previous study with similar non-pregnant cows were 92.02 kcal/kg BW0.75 for F1 HxG, and 76.83 kcal/kg BW0.75 for Gyr (P = 0.06). The average ME for pregnancy (MEp) was 5.33 Mcal/d for F1 HxG and 4.46 Mcal/d for Gyr. The metabolizability ratio, averaging 0.60, was similar among the evaluated groups (P>0.05). The ME / Digestible Energy (DE) ratio differed between groups and periods evaluated (Pp) was 2.76 Mcal/d and did not differ between groups and gestational stages (P>0.05).

Changes in the endometrial transcription of pattern recognition receptors may increase the susceptibility to postpartum uterine infections in Holstein cows with retained placenta. To test this hypothesis, nine cows with retained placenta and ten cows without retained placenta were submitted to endometrial biopsies at the first and seventh days postpartum. Cows were monitored weekly with clinical and gynecological examinations until 42 days postpartum. Samples of the uterine contents were collected weekly for aerobic bacteria isolation. All cows had endometrial transcription of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5, and 9; nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors 1 and 2; and the coreceptors cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2), as measured on the first and seventh days postpartum. Escherichia coli was the most common bacterium isolated from the uterine contents of cows with or without retained placenta until 21 days postpartum. Transcription levels of TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 in Holstein cows with retained placenta significantly decreased (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the endometrial inflammatory response of nine Zebu cows inoculated through uterine infusion with 30 mL of inactivated Escherichia coli suspension (1 x 109 UFC/mL) and nine with 30 mL of sterile phosphate buffered saline. Endometrial biopsies were performed before and after the inoculations during estrus, and ten days later in the diestrus phase. Neutrophilic infiltrates were observed in 88.8% of samples from the E. coli group in estrus phase and demonstrated different degrees of endometrial inflammation. This study characterizes a suitable model for studying endometritis in cattle.

The recent advances in sensor technology have allowed accurate predictions of estrus events using animal behavior information. Behavioral variables generated by electronic feed and water bins have not been explored as potential predictors for estrus detection. The objectives of this study were: (i) to evaluate the effect of estrus expression on feed intake and animal behavior (feeding and drinking) and (ii) to develop and evaluate predictive approaches to detect estrus expression using electronic feed and water bins data. Feed intake, animal behavior, and estrus events were measured in 57 Holstein × Gyr heifers (374 ± 21.2 kg and 22.6 ± 0.60 months). Previous to each estrus event, the following covariates were computed: total feed intake (FI, as-fed basis), number of visits at the feed bins (VF) and water bins (VW), time spent eating (TE), and time spent drinking water (TD). Three predictive approaches were evaluated: Generalized Linear Models (GLM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Random Forest (RF). Twelve covariate sets were established to investigate: (ii.a) the prediction quality for estrus detection when long (−174 to 0 h) or short (−24 to 0 h) time series were used as predictors (6 h of time window, with estrus event at 0 h); (ii.b) the ability of machine learning algorithms to predict estrus 6 and 12 h in advance; and (ii.c) the predictive quality for estrus detection when only feeding and drinking behavior data (without intake variables) were included as predictors. The predictive approaches were evaluated through Leave-One-Out Cross-validation. Estrus events altered feeding and drinking behavior patterns, and feed intake. ANN, RF, and GLM presented similar accuracies within covariate sets. There was no benefit of using longer time series for estrus detection. Earlier detection of estrus event (6 and 12 h in advance) reduced model accuracy compared to predictions performed at 0 h. However, ANN and RF showed accuracy values ranging between 75.7% and 96.5%, which indicates a great potential for early estrus detection. The exclusion of feed intake data of the covariate sets did not reduce the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the models for estrus detection. These findings suggest that behavioral data can early predict estrus events, which could be incorporated in sensor technologies capable of generating behavioral information, such as electronic bins, wearable sensors, and computer vision systems.

The mammalian embryo displays sexual dimorphism in the preimplantation period. Moreover, competence of the embryo to develop is dependent on the sire from which the embryo is derived and can be modified by embryokines produced by the endometrium such as colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2). The preimplantation period is characterized by large changes in epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones. It is possible, therefore, that effects of sex, sire, and embryo regulatory molecules are mediated by changes in epigenetic modifications. Here it was tested whether global levels of two histone modifications in the trophectoderm of the bovine blastocyst were affected by sex, sire, and CSF2. It was found that amounts of immunolabeled H3K27me3 were greater (P = 0.030) for male embryos than female embryos. Additionally, labeling for H3K27me3 and H3K18ac depended upon the bull from which embryos were derived. Although CSF2 reduced the proportion of embryos developing to the blastocyst, there was no effect of CSF2 on labeling for H3K27me3 or H3K18ac. Results indicate that the blastocyst trophoctoderm can be modified epigenetically by embryo sex and paternal inheritance through alterations in histone epigenetic marks.

Brucellosis is an important zoonosis of worldwide distribution. Reliable epidemiologic brucellosis data covering approximately 90% of the cattle population in Brazil have been recently published. Therefore, considering the scarcity of information regarding the economic impact of bovine brucellosis in Brazil, the goal of this study was to estimate economic impact of brucellosis on the Brazilian cattle industry. Several parameters including abortion and perinatal mortality rates, temporary infertility, replacement costs, mortality, veterinary costs, milk and meat losses were considered in the model. Bovine brucellosis in Brazil results in an estimated loss of R$ 420,12 or R$ 226,47 for each individual dairy or beef infected female above 24 months of age, respectively. The total estimated losses in Brazil attributed to bovine brucellosis were estimated to be approximately R$ 892 million (equivalent to about 448 million American dollars). Every 1% increase or decrease in prevalence is expected to increase or decrease the economic burden of brucellosis in approximately 155 million Reais. A brucelose é uma zoonose de importância mundial. Recentes dados epidemiológicos dessa doença foram obtidos por meio de estudos que abrangeram em torno de 90% do rebanho bovino do Brasil. Observa-se escassez de informações sobre o impacto econômico causado pela brucelose bovina, portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar as perdas econômicas na pecuária brasileira. Gastos relacionados com as ocorrências de abortos, natimortos, subfertilidade, descartes involuntários, mortalidade, intervenções veterinárias, diminuição da produção de leite e de carne, foram considerados nos cálculos. As perdas devidas à brucelose bovina no Brasil foram estimadas em R$ 420,12 ou R$ 226,47 para cada fêmea infectada acima de 24 meses de idade em rebanhos de leite ou corte, respectivamente. O prejuízo total estimado foi de, aproximadamente, R$ 892 milhões (equivalentes a $ 448 milhões de dólares americanos). A cada 1% de variação na prevalência, estima-se a variação de 155 milhões de reais no custo da brucelose bovina no Brasil.

Brucella ovis is considered the most important infectious cause of reproductive disorders in sheep. The disease is characterized by epididymitis, subfertility and infertility in rams. B. ovis occasionally results in abortion in ewes, as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate kinetic changes in the reproductive organs of rams experimentally infected with B. ovis. Nine rams were experimentally inoculated intrapreputially with 2mL of a suspension containing 1.2×109CFU (colony-forming units)/mL of B. ovis (strain ATCC25840). In addition, 50μL of a suspension containing 1.2×1010CFU/mL of the same B. ovis strain was inoculated into each conjunctival sac, resulting in 3.6×109CFU total per ram. Six of nine infected rams had developed clinical changes in the tail of the epididymis at 30 days post-infection (dpi), but these changes regressed in 50% of these rams. Ultrasound demonstrated an increase in the area of the tail of the epididymis (P

After parturition, dairy cows have between two and five months to conceive again if they are to maintain sustainable productivity. The reproductive biology events that need to be completed to meet this objective are the restoration of the uterus to a receptive state that would support conception and the return of ovarian cyclic activity with ovulation of competent oocytes. Unfortunately, most modern dairy cows have uterine bacterial infections, which are associated with clinical disease in about 40% of animals and subclinical endometritis in other cases. The risk of disease is increased by events such as retained fetal membranes and dystocia. However, the endometrium mounts a robust defence against infection mediated by the innate immune system. There are effective treatments for clinical disease, but even after resolution of the disease the animals are sub-fertile. Understanding the mechanisms of uterine disease may lead to improved therapeutics and help veterinary surgeons to consider strategies for the...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and β-defensins are important components of the innate immune system. This study aimed to evaluate endometrial mRNA levels of TLRs (1/6, 2, 4, and 5) and β-defensin 5 in Holstein cows by quantitative real time RT-PCR. Uterine biopsies were performed from 6 to 12 h after parturition, and cows were divided into two groups: (i) cows with placental retention and clinical signs of uterine infection until 45 days postpartum (n = 10) or (ii) cows with normal puerperium (n = 10). All cows had detectable levels of TLRs and β-defensin 5 mRNAs, but these levels did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). Levels of TLR4 mRNA had a positive and significant correlation with the time required for uterine involution in both groups.

Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de diferentes fontes energéticas na dieta de vacas leiteiras, durante o período de transição, sobre a primeira onda folicular e o intervalo parto-primeira ovulação. Foram utilizadas 40 vacas primíparas da raça Holandesa, no período de 28 dias antes da data prevista do parto até o 46º dia pós-parto. As vacas foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos (grupos) durante o período de transição: grupo-controle e grupos tratados com, Megalac-E (sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos da soja), soja tostada ou propileno-glicol. Avaliações ultrassonográficas foram realizadas do 10º ao 46º dia pós-parto, com a classificação dos folículos ovarianos em quatro classes (I, II, III e IV) de tamanho e do registro do volume do tecido luteal. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 10, 17, 24, 31, 38 e 45 após o parto para análise de progesterona. O padrão de crescimento folicular mais eficiente foi apresentado pelos animais dos grupos Megalac-E e propileno-glicol, que foram caracterizados pela redução no número de folículos de classes I e II e aumento no número de folículos de classes III e IV. Os intervalos entre o parto e a primeira ovulação dos grupos controle, Megalac-E, soja tostada e propileno-glicol foram de 29, 23, 30 e 37 dias, respectivamente (P

Foram utilizados 72 ciclos estrais de 37 éguas mestiças, com idade variando de quatro a 20 anos, distribuídas ao acaso em dois grupos experimentais (G I e G II) para estudar o efeito do local de deposição do sêmen no sistema genital sobre a fertilidade. As inseminações no ápice do corno uterino (G II) foram realizadas por via intravaginal profunda, utilizando-se a pipeta de inseminação IVI pippette (75cm), contendo 1/5 (3mL) da dose inseminante utilizada para o corpo do útero (15mL-G I). As éguas foram rufiadas diariamente e inseminadas às segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras, a partir de um folículo de 3,0 a 3,5cm de diâmetro, com sêmen fresco diluído em diluidor de leite desnatado-glicose. Apenas um garanhão de 20 anos e de fertilidade conhecida foi utilizado. As taxas de concepção/ciclo para as inseminações realizadas no corpo (42,9%-15/35) e ápice do corno uterino (45,9%-17/37) com concentrações médias de 489 e 102 milhões de espermatozoides móveis, respectivamente, não foram diferentes (P>0,05).

A producao in vivo de embrioes bovinos e uma alternativa para a formacao e manutencao de rebanhos mesticos F1destinados a producao de leite. Objetivou-se estudar o potencial de utilizacao de novilhas da raca Holandes, mantidas empasto e suplementadas, como doadoras de embriao, nas epocas de verao e inverno. Procederam-se superovulacao ecoleta de embrioes em sete novilhas em cada epoca. Foram obtidos os dados climaticos, a temperatura retal e a frequenciarespiratoria das doadoras. No verao, observou-se maior indice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) as 6h, 12h e 18h, bem comomaior (P 0,05) na media de estruturas recuperadas (20,14±17,47 vs.8,57±9,40), embrioes viaveis (14,57±11,91 vs. 7,14±7,24) e congelaveis (13,28±11,39 vs. 6,57±6,24) obtidos no inverno e noverao, respectivamente. Sob as condicoes estudadas, novilhas da raca Holandes podem ser utilizadas para a producao deembrioes F1, tanto no verao, quanto no inverno.

Baseando-se nos mecanismos de interrupcao da sintese de PGF2a em bovinos, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar osefeitos do flunixin meglumine (FM) sobre o comprimento do ciclo estral e sobre os niveis de progesterona, em novilhas e vacasmesticas. Apos sincronizacao dos estros, os animais foram divididos em grupos: controle (cinco vacas e quatro novilhas) etratado (seis vacas e seis novilhas), sendo submetidos a colheita diaria de sangue, ate o estro subsequente. Do 13o ao 18o dia,aplicou-se nos animais do grupo tratado 1,65 mg/kg intramuscular de FM, e nos do grupo controle, mesmo volume de solucaofisiologica. A determinacao da concentracao serica de progesterona foi realizada por RIA. Os resultados do comprimento dociclo estral foram comparados entre os grupos e entre animais, pelo teste t de Student, enquanto a concentracao de progesteronafoi normalizada em relacao a luteolise, e analisada entre os grupos pelo teste t de Tukey (SAS). Nao se observou diferenca(P>0,05) no comprimento do ciclo estral entre grupos e entre novilhas e vacas, tratadas e nao tratadas. O dia do ciclo estral emrelacao a concentracao de progesterona maxima e inferior a 1,0ng/mL, e a concentracao serica de progesterona entre osanimais do grupo controle e tratado, tambem foram semelhantes entre os grupos (P>0,05). No entanto, observou-se diferenca(P

TheNRAMP1gene encodes a divalent cation transporter, located in the phagolysosomal membrane of macrophages, that has been associated with resistance to intracellular pathogens. In cattle, natural resistance against brucellosis has been associated with polymorphisms at the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of theNRAMP1gene, which are detectable by single-strand conformational analysis (SSCA). This study aimed to evaluate the association betweenNRAMP13′UTR polymorphisms and resistance against bovine brucellosis in experimental and natural infections. In experimentally infected pregnant cows, abortion occurred in 42.1% of cows with a resistant genotype (SSCAr;n= 19) and in 43.1% of those with a susceptible genotype (SSCAs;n= 23). Furthermore, no association between intensity of pathological changes and genotype was detected. In a farm with a very high prevalence of bovine brucellosis, the percentages of strains of the SSCArgenotype were 86 and 84% in serologically positive (n= 64) and negative (n= 36) cows, respectively. Therefore, no association was found between theNRAMP1-resistant allele and the resistant phenotype in either experimental or naturally occurring brucellosis. To further support these results, bacterial intracellular survival was assessed in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages from cattle with either the resistant or susceptible genotype. In agreement with our previous results, no difference was observed in the rates of intracellular survival ofB. abortuswithin macrophages from cattle with susceptible or resistant genotypes. Taken together, these results indicate that these polymorphisms at theNRAMP13′UTR do not affect resistance againstB. abortusin cattle and that they are therefore not suitable markers of natural resistance against bovine brucellosis.

Avaliou-se a influencia do numero de ordenhas diarias sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de 63 vacas mesticas (Holandes-Zebu) com boa condicao corporal ao parto, distribuidas em tres grupos (G) experimentais: GI – vacas ordenhadas uma vez aodia; GII – vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia; GIII – vacas ordenhadas alternadamente a cada 14 dias, uma ou duas vezesao dia. O retorno ao estro (84,3 dias; 81,7 dias e 71,2 dias); a taxa de manifestacao de estro (80,9%; 80,90% e 80,90%); operiodo de servico (99,0 dias; 114,0 dias e 93,1 dias) e a taxa de gestacao ate 120 dias pos-parto (66,7%; 57,1%; 66,7%) naoforam influenciados (P>0,05) pelo aumento do numero de ordenhas diarias.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar parâmetros reprodutivos (comportamento sexual, perímetro escrotal e aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos do sêmen) de bodes (jovens e adultos) das raças Alpina e Saanen submetidos ao manejo de fotoperíodo artificial (16 horas de luz e 8 horas de escuro durante dois meses). Os animais jovens demonstraram maior libido que os adultos, considerando-se o menor tempo de reação. Houve variação na freqüência de manifestação das características comportamentais, tanto entre raças quanto entre idades, e, em todas essas características, foi verificada maior intensidade para os animais adultos. Bodes Alpinos apresentaram menor perímetro escrotal que os bodes Saanen na mesma idade. O perímetro escrotal aumentou de 30,53 cm no período 1 (primeiros 15 dias após o final do manejo com fotoperíodo artificial) para 31,53 cm no período 2 (restante do experimento). Bodes Alpinos produziram sêmen de melhor qualidade que os Saanen de mesmo grupo de idade. Bodes das raças Alpina e Saanen criados nas condições deste experimento são sensíveis (sensibilidade mais pronunciada em animais adultos). Quanto aos parâmetros reprodutivos avaliados, às variações sazonais ao longo do ano. This study aimed to evaluate reproductive characteristics (sexual behavior, scrotal perimeter and quali-quantitative aspects of semen) of young and adults Alpine and Saanen male goats exposed to an artificial photoperiod (16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness for 2 months). The young animals showed greater libido than the adults, based on the smallest time of reaction. Frequency of manifestation of the behavior traits varied between breeds and ages and higher intensity was observed on adult animals. Scrotal perimeter was smaller for Alpine goats than for Saanen goats at the same age. The scrotal perimeter increased from 30.53 cm in the first period (15 days after the end of the photoperiod exposure) to 31.53 cm in the second period (to the end of the experiment). Quality of semen of Alpine goats was better than that of Saanen goats at the same age. According to the reproductive traits evaluated, Alpine and Saanen goats exposed to similar conditions of this study are sensible to seasonal variation during the year.

Avaliou-se a influência da presença do bezerro no momento da ordenha sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos de 75 vacas primíparas e multíparas mestiças Holandês-Zebu, divididas em três grupos experimentais: GI - vacas ordenhadas sem a presença do bezerro; GII - vacas ordenhadas com a presença momentânea dos bezerros, sendo estes retirados da sala de ordenha logo após a descida do leite; e GIII - vacas ordenhadas com a presença constante dos bezerros, sendo estes amarrados ao lado da vaca durante toda a ordenha. O escore médio da condição corporal ao parto foi de 3,1. O período de serviço, dias para o retorno ao cio e as taxas de manifestação de cio e gestação até os 120 dias pós-parto não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelo tipo de manejo de ordenha.

Although visceral leishmaniasis is primarily transmitted by a biological invertebrate vector, transmission in the absence of the vector has been reported, including venereal transmission in humans. Considering the possibility of venereal transmission, we studied genital lesions in dogs naturally infected with visceral leishmaniasis and shedding of Leishmania sp. in the semen. Approximately 200 dogs were serologically tested for anti-Leishmania antibodies and divided into three groups: 1) serologically negative dogs ( n = 20), 2) asymptomatic serologically positive dogs ( n = 20), and 3) symptomatic serologically positive dogs ( n = 20). Samples from both testes, all segments of both epididymes, prostate gland, glans penis, and prepuce were histologically evaluated and processed for immunodetection of Leishmania sp. Semen samples were obtained from 22 symptomatic serologically positive dogs and processed for detecting Leishmania DNA by polymerase chain reaction. A significantly higher frequency of inflammation was observed in the epididymes, glans penis, and prepuce of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis, which was associated with a high frequency of immunohistochemically positive tissues (up to 95% of tissues from symptomatic dogs were positive by immunohistochemistry). Leishmania DNA was detected in eight of 22 semen samples from symptomatic dogs. Together these findings indicate that genital lesions and shedding of Leishmania sp. (donovani complex) in the semen are associated with visceral leishmaniasis. Additional studies should address the possibility of venereal transmission of the disease in the dog.

Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o sistema de equações na determinação dos valores de NDT de seis alimentos volumosos (silagem de milho, cana-de-açúcar com 1% de uréia, feno de capim-coastcross 1, feno de capim-coastcross 2, silagem pré-secada de capim-tifton e capim-elefante) e de 12 alimentos concentrados (fubá de milho, grão de sorgo moído, gérmen de milho, farelo de trigo, farelo de arroz integral, farelo de babaçu, farelo de soja, farelo de algodão, caroço de algodão, glúten de milho, farelo de glúten de milho e casca de soja), utilizando-se ovinos como animais experimentais. Volumosos e concentrados foram combinados em dois níveis, com quatro repetições para cada nível, a partir de um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os mesmos animais foram utilizados nos dois níveis do ingrediente concentrado, em dois períodos consecutivos. As dietas referentes aos dois níveis do alimento concentrado foram isonitrogenadas. A silagem de milho, a cana-de-açúcar com 1% de uréia, o feno de capim-coastcross 1, o feno de capim-coastcross 2, a silagem pré-secada de capim-tifton e o capim-elefante apresentaram os seguintes valores de NDT, respectivamente: 59,56; 60,57; 48,59; 50,24; 60,49; e 49,59%. Já para os concentrados, constataram-se os seguintes valores de NDT: fubá de milho (93,75%), grão de sorgo moído (82,82%), gérmen de milho (85,30%), farelo de trigo (74,28%), farelo de arroz integral (80,65%), farelo de babaçu (49,38%), farelo de soja (83,24%), farelo de algodão (67,75%), caroço de algodão (88,07%), glúten de milho (85,34%), farelo de glúten de milho (75,61%) e casca de soja (68,95%). O sistema de equações foi eficiente na determinação do valor energético dos alimentos devido à alta correlação obtida entre esses valores e as digestibilidades da matéria seca e matéria orgânica do conjunto de alimentos avaliados. The objective was to evaluate the equations system for determination of the TDN of six forages (corn silage, sugar cane with 1% urea, coastcross grass hay 1, coastcross grass hay 2, tifton grass haylage and elephant grass) and 12 concentrate feeds (corn grain ground, sorghum grain ground, corn germ, wheat bran, rice bran, babaçu meal, soybean meal, cotton meal, cotton seed, corn gluten, corn gluten meal and soybean hull) were determined using sheep as experimental animals. Forages and concentrates feed were combined in two different levels, following a completely randomized design with four repetitions for each level. The same animals were utilized to the two concentrate levels, in two consecutive periods. The diets refering to the two concentrate levels were isonitrogenous. The corn silage, sugar cane with 1% urea, coastcross grass hay 1, coastcross grass hay 2, tifton grass haylage and elephant grass presented, respectively, the following TDN values: 59.56, 60.57, 48.59, 50.24, 60.49 and 49.59%. The concentrate feeds presented the following TDN values: corn grain ground (93.75%), sorghum grain ground (82.82%), corn germ (85.30%), wheat bran (74.28%), rice bran (80.65%), babaçu meal (49.38%), soybean meal (83.24%), cotton meal (67.75%), cotton seed (88.07%), corn gluten (85.34%), corn gluten meal (75.61%) and soybean hull (68.95%). The equations system was efficient in determination of the energy value of feed, because the high correlation between those values and the digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter of all feeds evaluated.

Neste trabalho objetivou-se estimar os valores energéticos dos alimentos, através das equações propostas pelo último NRC para gado leiteiro, utilizando como banco de dados as "Tabelas Brasileiras de Composição de Alimentos para Bovinos" e um experimento com ovinos, e validar essas equações a partir de observações referentes ao NDT e às frações digestíveis da fibra em detergente neutro (FDND), proteína bruta (PBD), extrato etéreo (EED) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNFD), obtidas da literatura brasileira, a partir de experimentos in vivo, quando foram atendidas as exigências de mantença. O procedimento de validação dos parâmetros avaliados foi realizado por intermédio do ajuste de modelo de regressão linear simples dos valores preditos e dos observados. Os valores de NDT observados e preditos, tanto para os alimentos volumosos como para os concentrados, foram similares. Entretanto, quando se considerou apenas a estimativa da FDND de alimentos volumosos, verificou-se rejeição de ambas as hipóteses de nulidade, ou seja, tanto o intercepto quanto o coeficiente de inclinação foram diferentes de zero e um, respectivamente. Para a fração nitrogenada dos alimentos não foi constatada nenhuma diferença entre os parâmetros avaliados, havendo correspondência dos valores preditos aos observados. O EED de alimentos volumosos e concentrados, produzidos em condições tropicais, é subestimado pela equação utilizada pelo NRC, assim como os CNFD dos alimentos concentrados. Portanto, pode-se concluir que os valores de NDT obtidos a partir da equação proposta pelo NRC foram compatíveis com os dados observados de alimentos produzidos em condições brasileiras, todavia, sugere-se que sejam feitos alguns ajustes das equações que estimam as frações digestíveis da FDN, do EE e dos CNF. The objectives of this paper were estimate the energy values of feeds through equations proposed by NRC, from feed composition present in data base of "Brazilian Tables of Feed Composition for Cattle" and of a trial that used sheep, and validate those equations from observed values of TDN, digestible fractions of NDF (DNDF), crude protein (DCP), ether extract (DEE) and nonfiber carbohydrates (DNFC), that were obtained on Brazilian Scientific literature through in vivo experiments at maintenance level. The procedure to validate the parameters evaluated (TDN, DNDF, DCP, DEE, DNFC) was done by adjustment models of simple linear regression using predict and observed values. The observed and predict values of TDN values for forage and concentrate feeds were similar. However, when considering only the DNDF of forages estimative was verified rejection for both null hypothesis, because either intercept or coefficient of inclination were different of zero and 1, respectively. For the feed nitrogen fraction was not verified difference between the parameters evaluated. The DEE of forages and concentrate feeds was underestimated by the equations proposed by NRC, as well as the DNFC of concentrates feed. Thus, it can be concluded that the data obtained by the equations used by NRC to estimate the energy value of feed were similar with the observed data of Brazilian feeds, however, it is suggested that these equations should be adjusted to estimate the digestible fractions of NDF of forage, DEE and DNFC of brazilian feeds.

The risk of bacterial infection of the endometrium causing uterine disease in cattle is increased in the progesterone-dominated luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, while oestrogens or oestrus are therapeutic or protective against disease. The first line of defence against bacteria, such as Escherichia coli that cause inflammation of the endometrium, is the innate immune system, which recognises bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study tested the hypothesis that cyclic variation in ovarian hormone concentrations alters innate immune responses within the bovine endometrium. Ex vivo organ cultures of endometrium, and in vitro cultures of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), all mounted inflammatory responses to E. coli or LPS, with secretion of inflammatory mediators interleukin 1β (IL1β), IL6 and IL8, and increased expression of mRNA encoding IL1B, IL6, CXCL8 (IL8) and CCL5. However, these inflammatory responses, typical of innate immunity, were not affected by the stage of ovarian cycle in which the endometrium was collected for organ culture, or by exogenous oestradiol or progesterone. Although a dexamethasone-positive control reduced inflammation stimulated by E. coli or LPS, treatment with oestradiol or progesterone, or inhibitors of oestradiol or progesterone nuclear receptors, did not affect endometrial cell or PBMC secretion of IL1β, IL6 or IL8, or IL1B, IL6, CXCL8 and CCL5 gene expression. In conclusion, the stage of the oestrus cycle or ovarian steroids did not modulate the innate immune response in the bovine endometrium in vitro.

The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of reusing intravaginal progesterone (P4) devices on the reproductive parameters in Santa Inês ewes. Females received intravaginal P4 devices for their first, second or third use for five days plus 300 IU eCG IM and 5mg dinoprost laterovulvar 24h before device removal. Blood was collected at different moments. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed from device removal to ovulation. Part of the ewes were submitted to artificial insemination by laparoscopy (IAL - n=55) with fresh semen, whereas the rest were bred by fertile rams (n=41). On the initial 18 h, ewes that received devices for the first time showed higher P4 concentrations (5.1±1.8 vs 3.5±1.4 vs 2.4±1.1 - P

Problem Bacterial infections commonly cause bovine endometritis and infertility via innate immune pathways. However, mechanistic studies using isolated cells or chopped tissue may be compromised by the disruption of endometrial architecture and release of damage-associated molecular patterns. So, this study aimed to establish an ex vivo model of intact bovine endometrium to study innate immunity and inflammation. Method of study Intact bovine endometrium explants were collected using a sterile 8-mm punch biopsy and cultured ex vivo with bacteria or pathogen-associated molecules. Interleukin accumulation was measured, and tissue viability was assessed by microscopy, TdT-mediated biotin–dUTP nick-end labelling and lactate dehydrogenase assay. Results Intact endometrium explants accumulated IL-6, IL-1β and IL-8 in response to Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, and their purified pathogen-associated molecules; inflammatory responses were dependent on the stage of oestrous cycle. Explants of intact endometrium maintained viability and tissue architecture, and had lower basal accumulation of interleukins compared with explants using chopped endometrium. Conclusion This study established a tractable ex vivo model of intact endometrium to explore the mechanisms of immunity and inflammation in the bovine endometrium.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important components of the innate immune system whose ligands are specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Considering the scarcity of studies on transcription of PRRs in the pregnant uterus of cows, and its response to PAMPs and microorganisms that cause abortion in cattle, this study aimed to characterize the transcription of TLR1-10, NOD1, NOD2 and MD2 in bovine uterus throughout gestation and to investigate the sensitivity of different uterine tissues at third trimester of pregnancy to purified TLR ligands or heat-killed Brucella abortus, Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin (S. Dublin), Listeria monocytogenes, and Aspergillus fumigatus, by assessing chemokine transcription. RNA extracted from endometrium, placentome and intercotiledonary region of cows at the first (n=6), second (n=6), and third (n=6) trimesters of pregnancy were subjected to real time RT-PCR. After stimulation of endometrium and intercotiledonary regions with purified TLR ligands or heat-killed microorganisms, gene transcription was assessed by real time RT-PCR. In the placentome, there was no significant variation in TLRs transcription throughout the three trimesters of pregnancy. In the endometrium, there was significant variation in TLR4 and TLR5 transcription during the three stages of gestation; i.e. TLR4 transcription was higher during the third trimester, whereas TLR5 transcription was higher during the last two trimesters. In the intercotiledonary region, there was significant variation in transcription of TLR1/6, TLR7, and TLR8, which were more strongly expressed during the first trimester of pregnancy. At the third trimester of gestation, significant transcription of CXCL6 and CXCL8 was detected mostly in endometrial tissues in response to purified TLR4 and TLR2 ligands. Transcription of these chemokines was induced in the endometrium and intercotiledonary region at the third trimester of pregnancy when stimulated with heat-killed B. abortus or S. Dublin. Therefore, this study demonstrates that some PRRs are expressed in the uterus during pregnancy, which coincides with its ability to respond to stimulation with TLRs ligands as well as heat-killed organisms known to cause abortion in cattle.

After parturition, dairy cows have between two and five months to conceive again if they are to maintain sustainable productivity. The reproductive biological events that need to be completed to meet this objective are the restoration of the uterus to a receptive state that would support conception, and the return of ovarian cyclic activity with ovulation of competent oocytes. However, nearly half of all modern dairy cattle fail to ovulate the first postpartum dominant follicle and many have abnormal oestrous cycles, with anovulatory anoestrus, cystic ovarian disease or extended luteal phases. These abnormal oestrous cycles are often associated with exposure to stressors or insufficient dietary energy. Even when animals return to ovarian cyclic activity, many high-milk-yield animals have limited oestrus expression compared with cows studied 40 years ago. Finally, it is emerging that uterine disease can also perturb ovarian function. Understanding the mechanism of ovarian function postpartum may lead to mo...

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T19:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:33:06Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:33:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de nutrientes, parâmetros sangüíneos, diâmetro folicular e desempenho de novilhas mestiças pré-púberes alimentadas com dietas isoprotéicas (14,1%PB) contendo 0,0; 0,44; 0,88 e 1,32% de uréia na matéria seca (MS) total, com relação volumoso:concentrado 77:23. Utilizaram-se vinte e quatro novilhas (Holandês x Zebu) com média de 277,9 kg de peso vivo (PV) e 18 meses de idade, distribuídas em quatro tratamentos e seis repetições em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram avaliados consumos de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), extrato etéreo (EE), hemicelulose (HEM), nitrogênio uréico plasmático (NUP), glicose plasmática, colesterol plasmático total, máximo diâmetro folicular e ganho de peso diário (GPD). Não foi observada influencia dos níveis de uréia na dieta sobre os consumos de FDN e HEM. Obteve-se o máximo consumo de MS (8,75 kg dia-1), PB (0,88 kg dia-1), FDA (2,5 kg dia-1) e EE (0,17 kg dia-1) respectivamente para os níveis 0,7; 0,8; 0,7 e 0,7% de uréia na MS total da dieta. Os níveis 0,6%; 0,77% e 0,6% de uréia na dieta foram os pontos críticos para obtenção de resposta máxima para as concentrações de NUP (10,96 mg dL-1) e glicose plasmática (84,97 mg dL-1) e, para o diâmetro folicular (11,08 mm) nos respectivos dias 40º; 24º e 31º. A concentração do colesterol plasmático total e o GPD não foram influenciados pela adição de uréia, com médias de 119,39 mg dL-1 e 1,66 kg dia-1, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a uréia pode ser adicionada até 1,32% na MS total da dieta para novilhas mestiças pré-púberes confinadas. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutrient intake, blood parameters, follicular diameter and performance of pre-puberty crossbred heifers fed isoproteic diets (14.1%CP) containing 0.0; 0.44; 0.88 and 1.32% urea on the total dry matter (DM) of the diet, with a 77:23 roughage:concentrate ratio. Twenty-four 18- month old heifers (Holstein x Zebu), 277.9 kg mean live weight (LW) were used, distributed in four treatments and six replications in a randomized complete design. The following were evaluated: dry matter intake (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), hemicellulose (HEM), plasmatic ureic nitrogen (PUN), plasmatic glucose, plasmatic total cholesterol, follicular diameter and daily weight gain (DWG). No influence of the urea levels in the diet was observed on NDF and HEM intake. A maximum intake was obtained of DM (8.75 kg day(-1)), CP (0.88 kg day(-1)), ADF (2.5 kg day(-1)) and EE (0.17 kg day(-1)) respectively for the levels 0.7, 0.8, 0.7 and 0.7% urea in total DM. The 0.6%; 0.77% and 0.6% urea levels in diet were the critical points for obtaining maximum response for the PUN (10.96 mg dL(-1)) and plasmatic glucose (84.97 mg dL(-1)) concentrations and, for follicular diameter (11.08 mm) on the 40(th); 24(th) and 31(st) day, respectively. The plasmatic total cholesterol concentration and DWG were not influenced by the urea added to the diet, with averages of 119.39 mg dL(-1) and 1.66 kg day(-1), respectively. It was concluded that urea can be added up to 1.32% on the total DM of the diet for pre-puberty crossbred heifers. Univ Estadual Paulista, Programa Posgrad Morfofisiol Anim FCAV, São Paulo, Brazil Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Escola Med Vet & Zootecnia, Tocantins, Brazil Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Escola Vet, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil UFT, Postgrad Program Trop Anim Sci, Tocantins, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Programa Posgrad Morfofisiol Anim FCAV, São Paulo, Brazil

Avaliou-se a capacidade fecundante do sêmen caprino resfriado a 5°C, por 12 (TI) ou 24 horas (TII), em container especial. Para tanto, utilizaram-se 62 fêmeas e dois reprodutores (B1 e B2) da raça Toggenburg, distribuídos em um esquema fatorial 2x2 (dois reprodutores e dois períodos de estocagem do sêmen). Após a coleta, o sêmen foi diluído em Tris-frutose-gema de ovo a 2,5%, envasado em palhetas de 0,25mL, com 150x106 espermatozoides móveis e resfriado a 5oC. As fêmeas receberam duas doses de 22,5µg de PGF2a, em intervalos de 10 dias para a sincronização do estro. A partir da primeira aplicação de PGF2a, as fêmeas foram monitoradas para ocorrência de estro, três vezes ao dia. Realizou-se uma única inseminação, pela técnica de fixação da cérvice, 12 horas após o início do estro. A motilidade e o vigor, após 12 ou 24 horas de resfriamento, foram de 66,14±0,11% e 62,50±0,05%, e 3,46±0,61 e 3,27±0,50, respectivamente. Não houve influência (P>0,05) do reprodutor, nem do período de armazenamento do sêmen sobre a taxa de concepção das cabras, que foi de 49,1%. Conception rate of goats inseminated with semen cooled in egg yolk diluent at 5 degrees C, for 12 or 24 hours. Abstract: The fertilizing capacity of goat semen cooled in egg yolk diluent at 5 degrees C, for 12 or 24 hours was evaluated. Sixty-two Toggenburg does and two sexually mature Toggenburg bucks were used in a fatorial treatment combination (two bucks and two storage periods). The semen was diluted in 2.5% Tris-frutose-egg yolk; envased in 0.25mL plastic straws, with 150x10(6) mobile spermatozoa; and cooled at 5 degrees C for 12 or 24 hours. The females received two doses of 22.5 mu g of prostaglandine F2 alpha, at each 10-day intervals in order to synchronize the estrous. From the first PGF2 alpha injection, estrous occurrence was monitored three times per day. Only one insemination was used, using the cervix fixation method, 12 hours after the estrous onset. The means of motility and strength, 12 (TI) and 24 hours (TII) after semen cooling at 5 degrees C, were 66.14 +/- 0.11% and 62.50 +/- 0.05%, and 3.46 +/- 0.61 and 3.27 +/- 0.50, respectively. Neither the sire nor the period of semen influenced (P>0.05) the conception rate of the does, which was 49.1%.

Verificou-se a influência do número de ordenhas diárias sobre a produção de leite, a duração da lactação, a incidência de mastite e o desempenho dos bezerros. Foram utilizadas 63 vacas primíparas e multíparas mestiças (Holandês-Zebu) com boa condição corporal ao parto, distribuídas ao acaso, por meio de sorteio, em três grupos experimentais com número igual de repetições, representadas pelo número de ordenhas diárias: vacas ordenhadas uma vez por dia; vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia; vacas ordenhadas alternadamente a cada 14 dias, uma ou duas vezes ao dia. A saúde da glândula mamária não foi influenciada pela diminuição do número de ordenhas diárias. Não houve efeito do número de ordenhas sobre o desempenho dos bezerros, mesmo daqueles submetidos a uma mamada diária. A duração da lactação não foi influenciada pela adoção de duas ordenhas diárias. A adoção da segunda ordenha diária aumentou em 24,54% a produção de leite de vacas com potencial produtivo para 2.500 a 2.800 L por lactação. This trial was conducted to study the effects of daily milking frequency on milk yield, duration of lactation, incidence of mastitis, and calves body weight gain. Sixty-three crossbred Holstein-Zebu cows were equally and randomly assigned to three experimental groups according to the frequency of daily milkings as follows: once a day milking, twice a day milking, or alternating once or twice a day milking every 14 days. The duration of lactation, mammary gland health, and calf production did not differ among treatments in this study. However, cows milked twice a day yielded 24.54% more milk per lactation (699.9 kg) compared to the other milking regimes.

Utilizaram-se 25 ejaculados de cinco garanhões da raça Mangalarga Marchador, para avaliar dois protocolos de congelamento. No primeiro tratamento, resfriou-se o sêmen até 5ºC (curva de resfriamento - CR) antes do congelamento, no segundo, congelou-se o sêmen sem resfriamento (SC). Compararam-se duas formas de descongelamento, a 37ºC e a 75ºC/sete segundos. Os protocolos foram avaliados pelo teste de termo resistência (TTR - motilidade total e vigor) e pela funcionalidade da membrana plasmática (teste hiposmótico e eosina nigrosina). A motilidade total no tempo zero do TTR foi melhor (P

Natural resistance against brucellosis in cattle is linked to the Nramp1 gene, which encodes a divalent cation transporter that localizes in the phagolysosome membrane in macrophages. Nramp1 gene in mouse plays a critical role in innate immunity favoring bacterial killing by macrophages in addition to its influence on adaptative immunity. Polymorphisms at the bovine Nramp1 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), detectable by Single Strand Conformational Analysis (SSCA), are associated with natural resistance against brucellosis. Such polymorphisms are associated with variation in the number of GT repeats. This study compared the frequency of Nramp1 3′UTR polymorphisms between Zebu and European bovine breeds. Eighty-one Holsteins ( Bos taurus taurus ) and 167 Zebu ( Bos taurus indicus ), including the following breeds: Nelore ( n = 95), Guzera ( n = 37), and Gir ( n = 35), totaling 248 pure breed cattle studied. DNA extraction was performed using the guanidium protocol and genotyping was performed by SSCA. DNA from cattle considered genotypically resistant to brucellosis resulted in a single band (homozygous) with 175 bp, corresponding to the 3′UTR with 13 GT pairs (GT13), whereas DNA from genotypically susceptible cattle generated one single band with 177 bp (homozygous GT14) or double bands with both 175 and 177 bp, or 175 and 179 bp (heterozygous GT13/GT14 or GT13/GT15, respectively). A marked difference in the frequency of alleles was detected between the Zebu and Holstein cattle. Holsteins had an extremely homogeneous genotype, with 100% of the individuals with a GT13 genotype. In sharp contrast the Nelore breed had the most heterogeneous genotype with four allelic combinations, namely, homozygous GT13, homozygous GT14, heterozygous GT13/GT14, and heterozygous GT13/GT15. When the Zebu breeds were compared to each other, the only significant difference observed was the frequencies of the genotypes GT13 and GT14 between the Nelore and Guzera breeds. The knowledge of allelic frequencies in different breeds of cattle may prove to be very useful in the future for planning breeding strategies for selection of resistant cattle.

A dog was examined with a history of weight loss and lameness of the left hind limb. A painful response to examination of the left hip joint, and lymphadenopathy were noted. Amastigote forms of Leishmania sp. were observed by cytology in samples from the popliteus lymph node, and anti-Leishmania sp. antibodies at a titer of 1:640 were detected in serum by indirect immunofluorescence. Radiological changes included osteolysis and a periosteal proliferative reaction in the left femoral greater trochanter. These changes were histologically characterized as an osteolytic granulomatous osteomyelitis associated with amastigotes within macrophages. Non-decalcified fragments of the periosteum were processed for immunohistochemistry, observed with prominent immunolabelling of amastigotes of Leishmania sp. within macrophages. The diagnosis was further confirmed by positive PCR for Leishmania sp., belonging to the Leishmania donovani complex.