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Introduction Fetal growth restriction (FGR) affects about 3%–5% of term pregnancies. If prenatally detected and anterograde umbilical artery flow is preserved (stage I), it is recommended to deliver at term (≥ 37+0 weeks). In the absence of contraindications, the vaginal route is preferred, and labour induction is usually required. It has been postulated that mechanical methods for cervical ripening may have an optimal profile for the induction of term FGR fetuses since they are associated with less uterine stimulation than the standard pharmacological methods, and therefore, could be better tolerated by fetuses with reduced placental reserve. This study aims to evaluate whether cervical ripening with a Cook’s balloon for the induction of labour from 37+0 weeks of gestation in the stage I FGR manages to increase the rate of vaginal delivery compared with vaginal dinoprostone.Methods and analysis This will be an open-labelled, randomised, parallel-group clinical trial to be held in five Spanish maternities. Women aged ≥18 years with singleton pregnancies complicated with stage I FGR (defined as the presence of at least one of these two criteria: (1) estimated fetal weight (EFW) 95th percentile and presence of antegrade end-diastolic flow or (2.2.) Cerebroplacental ratio

A single-nucleotide deletion in the stop codon of the nuclear import receptor transportin-3 (TNPO3), also involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, causes the ultrarare autosomal dominant disease limb-girdle muscular dystrophy D2 (LGMDD2) by extending the wild-type protein. Here, we generated a patient-derived in vitro model of LGMDD2 as an immortalized myoblast cell line carrying the TNPO3 mutation. The cell model reproduced critical molecular alterations seen in patients, such as TNPO3 overexpression, defects in terminal muscle markers, and autophagy overactivation. Correction of the TNPO3 mutation via CRISPR-Cas9 editing caused a significant reversion of the pathological phenotypes in edited cells, including a complete absence of the mutant TNPO3 protein, as detected with a polyclonal antibody specific against the abnormal 15-aa peptide. Transcriptomic analyses found that 15% of the transcriptome was differentially expressed in model myotubes. CRISPR-Cas9-corrected cells showed that 44% of the alterations were rescued toward normal levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) analyses showed that around 50% of miRNAs with impaired expression because of the disease were recovered on the mutation edition. In summary, this work provides proof of concept of the potential of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing of TNPO3 as a therapeutic approach and describes critical reagents in LGMDD2 research.

El síndrome de obstrucción congénita de vías áreas superiores (CHAOS) es una condición que se caracteriza por la existencia de una obstrucción en las vías áreas altas en el feto, la cual puede ser parcial o completa. Comúnmente es una situación incompatible con la vida, por lo que su diagnóstico prenatal es importante considerando el pronóstico y los diferentes manejos prenatales y posnatales que existen. Presentamos un caso de CHAOS diagnosticado en la semana 21, con una breve revisión de la literatura sobre su diagnóstico, pronóstico y alternativas terapéuticas.

Diffuse pollution is one type of pollution generated by agricultural, livestock, and urban runoff that is responsible for surface and groundwater pollution. As a result, the exposed population develops different diseases that affect their short, medium, and long-term quality of life. Researchers need to be able to assess the loss of quality of life in monetary terms to include this social impact in decision-making processes. Specifically, if no measure is implemented to correct the situation, these costs can be considered as the non-action costs of the social impact of water pollution. This study assesses the importance of measuring healthcare costs as a proxy for non-action costs for the economic assessment of water pollution consequences. Thanks to this analysis, it is possible to identify the health costs produced by the current environmental situation, making it possible to obtain an economic baseline scenario prior to the implementation of any project or measure. This approach is a novelty in the literature since, to date, healthcare costs have not been related to non-action costs. Including these costs in economic feasibility studies allow us to assess in detail both the social impact of pollution and the social benefits of develop water-quality improvement projects.

The current amount of data coming from all kinds of devices together with the incessant increase in computing capacity is revolutionizing almost all existing sectors, and the water sector is no exception. The monitoring of urban water cycle infrastructures makes it possible to generate a large amount of data, this information, previously processed, helps to increase the efficiency of the processes carried out in these infrastructures, from catchment to purification and subsequent discharge. This information, in addition to improving internal aspects such as the operation and maintenance of the infrastructures, allows them to be linked to multiple other variables in other sectors, making new technological approaches and more effective management strategies possible. A practical example is wastewater treatment plants. From the perspective of the circular economy, these infrastructures are capable of producing a large amount of resources, which, if properly managed, can reduce the pressure on conventional resources. In this sense, digitization allows the integration of the different market players, thus optimizing the supply and demand of these resources and ultimately advancing the practical application of the circular economy. This paper reviews the potential of digitalization in the urban water sector and proposes numerous practical examples to accelerate the transition towards economic, social, and environmental sustainability.

Faculty constitutes one of the most important elements of Higher Education institutions. Their role is key in curriculum development, as well as in guiding students´ learning and driving their engagement, in conducting research and in the overall success of their institutions. This paper presents the results of a number of faculty interviews, and a focus group carried out in nine different Laureate institutions, operating in eight different countries. Faculty were asked about professional recognition, its importance and how it should occur. The results of the study show a lot of consistency, starting with the conviction of its importance, and then the differentiation between an environment of recognition and appreciation, and the need for formal recognition opportunities. Some other interesting ideas and aspirations were shared, providing good guidance for institutions that are interested in enhancing faculty recognition as part of their continuous improvement process.

Introduction: Decreased antithrombin (AT) activity in patients scheduled for cardiovascular surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is related to increased postoperative complications and hospitalization time. Indirect evidence suggests that glucocorticoids mitigate this decreased AT activity. To better understand the beneficial effects of AT we have analyzed: (i) the clinical relevance of acute dexamethasone (DX) administration before cardiac surgery on AT activity, (ii) the modulation by DX of AT expression in human endothelial cells (hECs), (iii) the activity of AT on migration and angiogenesis of hECs, or on angiogenesis of rat aorta.Methods: A retrospective cohort study in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement surgery was designed to evaluate the effect of DX administration on AT activity at five separate time points: preoperatively, during CPB, at intensive care unit admission and at 12 and 24 h post-intervention. We have analyzed also clinical differences in postoperative outcomes as safety and the length of stay in hospitalization. Changes in mRNA levels of AT induced by DX were determined by qRT-PCR in human coronary (hCEC), aorta (hAEC) and cardiac microvasculature (hCMEC) endothelial cells. AT activity on migration and angiogenesis were also assayed. Angiogenic growth of rat aortic rings incubated in Matrigel® was determined in presence and absence of AT.Results: The cohort comprised 51 patients in the control group and 29 patients in the group receiving dexamethasone. Preoperative DX supplementation reduced intraoperative decrease of AT activity (67.71 ± 10.49% DX treated vs. 58.12 ± 9.11% untreated, p < 0.001) that could be related to a decrease in the hospitalization time (7.59 ± 4.08 days DX treated vs. 13.59 ± 16.00 days untreated, p = 0.014). Treatment of hECs with 500 nM DX slightly increased AT expression. Incubation with 0.5 and 1 IU/mL of AT increased migration and angiogenesis in hCAECs and hAECs, but not in hCMECs. The same concentrations of AT potentiated angiogenic sprouting of new vessels from rat aorta.Conclusion: Preoperative DX supplementation could be an interesting procedure to avoid excessive decrease in AT levels during cardiac surgery. Positive outcomes associated with maintaining adequate AT levels could be related to its potential beneficial effect on endothelial function (migration and angiogenesis).

The article addresses the importance of incorporating faculty development as a key priority of higher education institutions. A literature review and some face-to-face and online interviews were conducted at various U.S. institutions, to identify common and best practices regarding this important matter. The article offers some ideas about what is done, and how it is done, to help faculty be ready for the challenging role they need to play: to be effective developers of a diverse student body that meets the evolving needs of industry and that utilizes technological tools that never existed before.

Os textos apresentados no presente dossiê resultam mais diretamente de pesquisas empíricas e dos debates ocorridos por ocasião do I Colóquio Internacional: Congregações Católicas, Educação e Estado Nacional. Examinam o lugar das políticas católicas na formação cultural de importantes segmentos da população brasileira e se articulam em torno do debate sobre a dinâmica que animou a Igreja Católica na direção de determinado projeto para a modernidade. Nesse sentido, o principal objetivo que alinhava os trabalhos escolhidos para compor este conjunto é a análise de temáticas e hipóteses que perpassam a complexa rede de indivíduos e instituições que constroem e reconstroem, em contextos e temporalidades diversas, as relações entre educação, Igreja Católica e Estado Nacional.

Neste artigo, estuda-se o livro católico, partindo de uma pesquisa exploratória nos sites das mais conhecidas editoras e de entrevistas com editores. Tem-se, como finalidade, examinar os efeitos da circulação internacional das congregações religiosas na produção editorial no Brasil, buscando compreender as estratégias e os investimentos do clero e de leigos dedicados à produção de livros, revistas e jornais católicos. E, assim, seguir os movimentos de diferentes grupos, dentro das fileiras católicas, que têm se interessado pela produção de livros, procurando definir os espaços por eles ocupados na sociedade; interpretar seus vínculos, suas redes de solidariedade e suas redes sociais; comparar políticas, investimentos e estratégias com os momentos históricos da Igreja e da própria sociedade onde se inserem. Isto, sem perder de vista as relações das editoras católicas com o mercado do livro, suas inovações e seus desafios.

Trata-se de estudo sobre educação médica, focalizado no ensino de pediatria na atenção básica, com o objetivo de analisar a contribuição da disciplina de Pediatria Social e Comunitária no 4º ano de graduação em medicina da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista.Utilizou-se metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa, tendo como estratégia o estudo de caso. A análise foi fundamentada na abordagem sócio-histórica, subsidiada pelos estudos de Vigotski. Identificou-se o que os supervisores consideraram como aprendizados relevantes a sua contribuição no processo de mediação para que os estudantes aprendam sobre o processo de trabalho na atenção básica, o que não poderiam alcançar sozinhos. As entrevistas transcritas revelaram núcleos de significação comuns: importância da diversificação de cenários de ensino, aprendizado dos principais problemas de saúde, integralidade no atendimento da criança, com ênfase no vínculo e oportunidade do estudante aprender sobre promoção da saúde.

Este trabajo presenta un proyecto pionero e innovador, realizado por la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Europea de Madrid durante el curso académico 2008-2009. El proyecto se denomina Programa DOC, Developing Outstanding Capacities mediante el cual se pretende detectar estudiantes de altas capacidades y con alto rendimiento, contribuyendo activamente al desarrollo de las mismas y proporcionándoles una preparación de máximo nivel que contribuya al éxito personal y profesional del titulado y al progreso global de la sociedad. Al igual que hay programas de apoyo a los estudiantes con dificultades de aprendizaje debe haber programas que ayuden a aquellos con más necesidades de estudio e investigación. En este trabajo se describen los objetivos, contenidos y estructura del programa y se analizan los resultados obtenidos referentes tanto a los rendimientos académicos como a la satisfacción de los participantes.

The social and intellectual trajectory taken by educator Anísio Teixeira are studied in this article, considering his geographical backgrounds in Bahia, a politically peripherical state compared to the southern and southeastern states of Brazil, as well as his social backgrounds, which did not indicate the important role he would play in an international scope, much before the age of 40. Several documents with records of his international trips allow an analysis of vital moments when he collected the first pieces of information on education and the way he explored his contacts with intellectuals and politicians in modern institutions in Europe and the United States, aiming to develop the sketch for an educational project for Brazil at a time of political change, that is, the period from 1925 to 1934.

A trajetória intelectual e social do educador Anísio Teixeira é estudada neste artigo considerando suas origens geográficas na Bahia - estado politicamente periférico em relação a outros da federação brasileira situados no sudeste e sul -, bem como suas origens sociais, que não o predestinavam a jogar um papel de primeiro plano na cena nacional, muito menos antes de completar 40 anos. Uma série de documentos com registros de suas viagens internacionais permite aqui a análise dos momentos-chave de suas primeiras coletas de informações sobre o tema da educação e o uso que fez dos seus contatos com intelectuais e políticos em instituições de ponta na Europa e Estados Unidos, visando o desenho de um projeto brasileiro de Educação num momento de transição política, ou seja, o período 1925 a 1934. Com ênfase nos encontros de Anísio Teixeira com intelectuais fascistas na Itália e França e com os proponentes da educação democrática nos Estados Unidos, o artigo está voltado para mostrar também como essas viagens permitiram a redefinição da carreira em função de bloqueio dado pela revolução ao destino que sua educação familiar lhe projetara. Aproximações e articulações do grupo baiano com intelectuais paulistas na capital da República encarregaram-se de reposicionar o herdeiro em sua trajetória de homem político.The intellectual and social trajectory of educator Anísio Teixeira is investigated in this article considering his geographical origins in Bahia - a politically peripheral state in relation to other states of the Brazilian federation of the Southeast and South regions -, as well as his social origins, which did not predestined him to a prominent role in the national scene, even less before being forty years old. A series of documents recording his international visits makes it possible here to analyze the key moments of his first information gathering about the issue of education, and the use he made of his contacts with intellectuals and politicians in first-rate European and American institutions with the purpose of conceiving a Brazilian project for Education in a moment of political transition, that is, in the 1925-1934 period. Emphasizing his meetings with fascist intellectuals in Italy and France, and with proponents of democratic education in the United States of America, the article attempts to show also how these trips allowed him to redefine his career in view of the obstacles erected by the revolution in the path his family education had foreseen for him. Approximations and articulations of the Bahia group with São Paulo intellectuals in the Capital of the Republic took care of repositioning the heir in his trajectory as a man of politics.

Estudo sobre as raízes do pensamento e das práticas educacionais hoje estabelecidas na escola e na família através da reflexão sobre uma personagem, Madame de Maintenon, e sua obra escrita e aplicada na organização da primeira escola laica feminina na França de Louis XIV. Study on the roots of the thinking and on the educational practices set at schools and in the family nowadays, through the analysis of a character, Madame de Maintenon, and her written work applied in the organization of the first secular women school in France of Louis XIV.

Este trabajo describe el modo en el que un conjunto de profesores europeos enseñan Física en niveles universitarios, con especial énfasis en el modo en el cual promueven la adquisición de competencias generales entre sus estudiantes. El estudio muestra la permanencia de métodos tradicionales de enseñanza, con una mayor promoción de competencias específicas, mientras que aquellas genéricas, como pueden ser habilidades comunicativas, trabajo en equipo o valores éticos, son consideradas como de menor importancia para los profesores y promovidas, por tanto, en menor proporción. En este artículo se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de reforzar la adquisición de dichas competencias generales con el objetivo de proporcionar a los alumnos una educación mucho más completa. En concreto, la materia de Física puede convertirse en un instrumento que ayude a la Educación Superior Europea a ajustarse mejor a las demandas cada vez mayores de nuestra sociedad; demandas que exigen de nuestros egresados no sólo conocimientos técnicos sino la adquisición de competencias tanto genéricas como específicas que les ayuden a insertarse con éxito en un mundo profesional cada vez más globalizado.

Descreve-se a inovação pedagógica de dois casos na graduação médica: uma matéria denominada Saúde Coletiva III, com (Administração, Ciências Sociais, Epidemiologia, Ética e Nutrição em Saúde Publica) e a disciplina de Semiologia Pediátrica. Para descrição e avaliação dos casos, utilizaram-se métodos qualitativos. A Saúde Coletiva III foi organizada por núcleos temáticos: Problemas em Saúde Publica; Nutrição em Saúde Publica; Planejamento em Saúde. O modelo de ensino centrou-se na problematização de situações vivenciadas na prática da Saúde Publica, trabalhando-se em centros, serviços e organizações de saúde. A Semiologia Pediátrica privilegiou a atenção integral à saúde da criança. O modelo de ensino centrou-se na aprendizagem baseada em problemas e no aprendizado prático da semiologia pediátrica em diferentes cenários, enfatizando-se o ensino ambulatorial. Privilegiou-se o trabalho em pequenos grupos, com a orientação docente. A principal missão voltou-se à utilização de estratégias que valorizassem o ensino centrado no estudante e sua capacidade de construir conhecimento com autonomia. No caso da Pediatria, avançou-se rumo a Medicina Integral, com enfoque amplo do modelo de atenção à criança. A Saúde Coletiva aproximou-se da Medicina Comunitária problematizando situações concretas no SUS e na atenção primária. O estudo mostra a possibilidade de inovação no ensino, e podendo contribuir para a mudança institucional.

Universidad Europea de Madrid, along with other universities and the support of the Agency for Quality Assurance, Accreditation and Prospects for the Community of Madrid (ACAP– Agencia de Calidad, Acreditación y Prospectiva de las Universidades de Madrid), developed a tool to measure progress in the construction of the European Higher Education Area. In addition to being able to determine the level of adoption of the Bologna principles, it became an essential tool for the improvement of quality throughout the University. ------- El Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior: Una interesante oportunidad de contribución al progreso global Resumen La Universidad Europea de Madrid, junto con algunas otras universidades y el apoyo de la Agencia de Calidad, Acreditación y Prospectiva de la Comunidad de Madrid (ACAP), desarrolló una herramienta de medición de los avances en materia de construcción del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, que más allá de permitir determinar el nivel de adopción de los principios de Bolonia constituyó una herramienta esencial en la mejora de la calidad de la Universidad. DOI: 10.18870/hlrc.v2i3.77 PDF document contains both the original in Spanish and an English translation.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of human cervical cancer and has been associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma development. Although prophylactic vaccines have been developed, there is a need to develop new targeted therapies for individuals affected with malignant infected lesions in these locations, which must be tested in appropriate models. Cutaneous beta HPV types appear to be involved in skin carcinogenesis. Virus oncogenicity is partly achieved by inactivation of retinoblastoma protein family members by the viral E7 gene. Here we show that the E7 protein of cutaneous beta HPV5 binds pRb and promotes its degradation. In addition, we described an in vivo model of HPV-associated disease in which artificial human skin prepared using primary keratinocytes engineered to express the E7 protein is engrafted onto nude mice. Expression of E7 in the transplants was stably maintained for up to 6 months, inducing the appearance of lesions that, in the case of HPV16 E7, histologically resembled human anogenital lesions caused by oncogenic HPVs. Moreover, it was confirmed through biomarker expression analysis via immunodetection and/or quantitative PCR from mRNA and miRNA that the 16E7-modified engrafted skin shares molecular features with human HPV-associated pretumoral and tumoral lesions. Finally, our findings indicate a decrease of the in vitro capacity of HPV5 E7 to reduce pRb levels in vivo, possibly explaining the phenotypical differences when compared with 16E7-grafts. Our model seems to be a valuable platform for basic research into HPV oncogenesis and preclinical testing of HPV-associated antitumor therapies.

The current educational model for the Europea Higher Education Area (EHEA), demands a greater involvement on the behalf of students in all aspects of their education. In this respect, peer mentorship not only provides effective orientation for newly admitted students, a key element of quality in education, but also the active participation of students mentors, leading to the development of a wide range of skills in both mentor and mentee students. From a research-action perspective, this article describes a program of peer mentoring, in which the student interaction taking place leads to wide-ranging knowledge acquisition (knowledge and know how) for both participants. Within the sphere of mathematics, the program was developed with the aim of developing general skills, as well as the specific objective of improving competence in mathematics. In the results obtained, the profile and educational development of the student mentor, together with the study of the needs of first year students, from the perspective of teachers and students, were especially relevant. The conclusions and recommendations from this study may constitute a good basis upon which future peer mentorship programs may be developed as an approach that is very much in line with the EHEA and of great educational value. ------ La mentoría entre iguales en la Universidad Europea de Madrid: Una estrategia educativa para el desarrollo de competencias generales y específicas Resumen El modelo educativo actual, desarrollado dentro del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES), requiere de una mayor implicación por parte de los estudiantes en todos los aspectos de su formación. En este sentido, la tutoría entre iguales no sólo proporciona una orientación efectiva de los alumnos de reciente incorporación en la universidad, elemento clave de calidad, sino una participación activa del estudiante mentor, que resulta en el desarrollo de un amplio abanico de competencias por parte de ambos (estudiante mentorizado y mentor). Este trabajo describe, desde el ámbito de la investigación-acción, un programa de tutoría entre iguales en el que la interacción que se produce en las sesiones de mentoría constituye un interesante medio de adquisición del conocimiento en sentido amplio (saber y saber hacer) para ambos participantes. El programa se desarrolla en el seno de la asignatura de Matemáticas, por lo que se busca la mejora de diversas competencias generales y, como elemento diferenciador, un mayor desarrollo de la competencia matemática. En la presentación de resultados resulta especialmente relevante la figura del alumno mentor, su perfil y avance formativo, así como el estudio de las necesidades de los alumnos de primer curso a través de la óptica de los docentes y de los discentes. Las conclusiones y recomendaciones podrían constituir una buena base para el desarrollo de futuros programas de tutoría entre iguales, un ingrediente educativo de máxima coherencia con el EEES y de gran valor formativo. DOI: 10.18870/hlrc.v1i1.32 PDF document contains both the original in Spanish and an English translation.

En este artículo examinamos la manera como los líderes de empresas públicas y privadas en la década de 1950 establecieron la cooperación internacional, la cual fue responsable del ingreso del conocimiento académico extranjero, además de técnicas y prácticas que definen nuestros estándares universitarios. Esto implica que la reforma universitaria en 1968 y la reforma de la educación básica en 1971 se propiciaron gracias a acuerdos de cooperación establecidos, en el período, entre Capes (sigla en portugués de «Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Coordinación de Perfeccionamiento de Personal de Nivel Superior») y Unesco, Capes y Point IV, Capes y Usaid, Capes y universidades norteamericanas, y la cultura institucional que se genera a partir de estos convenios. El objetivo del estudio fue la estructuración de Capes y la constitución de su liderazgo. Las fuentes para el estudio fueron los primeros documentos, proyectos e informes y publicaciones divulgadas entre 1952 y 1964, y entrevistas con científicos, intelectuales y líderes de los organismos públicos. El texto parte de la hipótesis de que las políticas que se iniciaron durante el segundo año del gobierno de Vargas y, sobre todo, las políticas de Capes, están definidas por importantes factores, tanto en el ámbito internacional, tal como se observa en el desarrollo científico y tecnológico que sirvió de estímulo para la expansión nuclear, como en el ámbito nacional, con diversas medidas para apoyar y fomentar la ciencia y la educación.

Este número se enmarca en el contexto de un proyecto de investigación que inspiró seminarios de posgrado y generó nuevos abordajes e investigaciones que se publican en esta edición de la revista. Todo comienza con una investigación sobre Circulación Internacional y Formación de Cuadros Dirigentes, desarrollada en la Universidad Estadual de Campinas (2006/2011)2. Se trata de una investigación cuyo aporte teórico viene de Bourdieu, Dezalay, Karady, Cooper. La propia línea de estudios fue formulada por Pierre Bourdieu y desarrollada por Dezalay y Garth (BOURDIEU, 1981; DEZALAY, 2002, 2004; KARADY, 1998; COOPER, 2001).

This article is about the recent changes that occurred in the Brazilian university pattern. It presents the study of a continuous in-work education experiment with directors of public schools in the state of São Paulo. It brings a discussion on the effects of great programs carried out by universities along with state education offices, while it focuses issues concerning teacher hiring and carreers at university, as well as fund gathering for public university financing, research development, and the exclusive dedication rules. It also addresses unemployment among young doctors in southeast Brazil. The experiemnt carried out at the State University of Campinas (Universidade Estadual de Campinas) also allows us to observe the change in the way public authorities consider public education directors. The text provides a reflection on organizational changes and the political effects of the logic that is expressed in the great distance and local education projects which have been developed by public universities all around the country, especially during the latest 10 years.

The Universidad Europea de Madrid pretends to converge into the European Higher Education Area being the pioneer oft he Spanish University framework. As such, has chosen to carry out the Pilot and Converge Plans that are transforming its educational means, involving all its educational community. Those Plans cover the first course students belonging to the different University school and faculties. The study intends to observe and analyze the process success and its weakness, concluding the positive implications they have reached so long in the academy results, as in its fitness to the different items involved in the starting out of the processes, and the valuation of the obtained knowledge.

Escribir puede ser un duro oficio, pero algunas veces llega a ser mágico. En este momento no tengo un tema panicular sobre el cual deba detenerme, pensar, desglosar. Quiero que este texto esté orientado por los recuerdos y por el sentimiento, materiales con los cuales pretendo alivianar las ideas. El sentimiento que hoy experimento es difícil de precisar, yo lo llamaría de desamparo. No sé, incluso si desamparo puede ser un sentimiento o una sensación, pero el lector sabrá de lo que hablo. Desamparo remite por oposición a una figura fuerte, acogedora, al calor de la solidaridad, a la sensación de bienestar de tener un hombro amigo en quien apoyarse. El desamparo a que me refiero tiene que ver con la ausencia de un buen consejero, dispuesto a escuchar, a discutir y a buscar juntos el mejor camino. Ausencia de aquel que sabe hacer la pregunta clave sobre los asuntos más cotidianos. Entiendo mejor ahora la música que Sergio Bittencourt hizo en homenaje a Jacó do Bandolim y que dice: “En aquella mesa está faltando él y la nostalgia de él está doliendo en mí”.

Discute-se a determinação social da saúde materno-infantil nas Américas, a partir de inúmeras publicações e recomendações oficiais. Observou-se que nem todos os estudos valorizam apropriadamente as variáveis sociais e que muitos deles as consideram no mesmo nível de importância das variáveis biológicas. Como conseqüência, a compreensão final dos achados fica prejudicada e as conclusões e recomendações extraídas ficam longe de tocar a raiz dos problemas. Diferentes variáveis sociais (como escolaridade materna ou assistência médica) encontram-se freqüentemente associadas com variáveis biológicas (como peso ao nascer ou estado nutricional). Esta associação, no entanto, pode não representar uma relação causai, mas tão somente a ocorrência simultânea de características pertencentes a uma única classe social. Reitera-se a necessidade de estudos que reconheçam as classes sociais e analisem os resultados sobre saúde materno-infantil em relação às mesmas. Estes estudos provavelmente evidenciarão a importância social da saúde materno-infantil e evitarão as habituais diretrizes e recomendações restritas ao plano puramente técnico.The social determinants of maternal-child health in American countries are discussed on the basis of the analysis of several papers and official recommendation. Many of these studies do not place due emphasis on social factors. Indeed, social factors are frequently put on the same level as biological ones. Therefore, the resulting understanding is distorted. Conclusions and recommendations from such studies should be accepted with some caution since they do not get to the root of the problems. Different social variables (like mother's education or medical care) are often associated with biological ones (like birth weight or nutritional status). However, this cannot be taken to establish a cause-effect relationship among those variables, but only the simultaneous occurrence of the characteristic features of social class. The authors maintain that different social classes be recognized and compared since such a comparison can better explain the results in this field. The necessity of new research which takes into account the social factors as more important than the biological ones is stressed. These would probably establish the social importance of the maternal-child health issue and avoid the recent purely technical guidelines and recommendations.

Este texto foi escrito buscando estudar, com base na memória biográfica, problemas específicos da realidade social, neste caso, o lugar da escola e da família na definição do destino profissional. Trata-se aqui da história de um chefe de cozinha, com formação universitária em filosofia e filho de família de tradicionais cozinheiros na rede hoteleira da região de São Paulo. Estão em estudo, neste trabalho, os hábitos da família, a formação profissional em escola técnica e a escola como espaço de socialização, desejos e sonhos individuais associados aos projetos familiares e as condições oferecidas pela sociedade em dado momento histórico. O estudo realiza também uma reflexão sobre a memória como fonte de pesquisa em sociologia da educação.

Resumo A política nacional tem colocado no centro das discussões as relações entre o pensamento social e os ideários religiosos de variadas denominações no Brasil. As Igrejas, com forte inserção nos espaços políticos, elegem a educação, a sexualidade e a laicidade como temas principais do debate. Este artigo analisa as estratégias da Igreja Católica, em acordo com setores das elites brasileiras, para desenvolver durante o século XX a evangelização da cultura, cujos efeitos marcam o atual cenário político. Para este estudo tomaram-se como objeto de análise a imigração de congregações para o Brasil e o processo de reestruturação e modernização da Igreja, tendo por base um banco de dados, em construção, onde se encontram mapeadas as agremiações e seus projetos sociais.

Introduction: Esophageal stents are used for the treatment of refractory and recurrent dyphagias. In 2007, esophageal biodegradable stents (EBS) were authorised as an alternative to existing metal and plastic stents in Europe. The advantages claimed for EBS are fewer complications concerning tissue ingrowth, stent migration and stent removal., Areas Covered: We performed a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EBS compared to fully-covered self-expanding metal stents, self-expanding plastic stents, and esophageal dilation for the treatment of refractory or recurrent benign esophageal stenosis. Three comparative studies (one randomized controlled trial and two cohort studies) were assessed. The studies used different inclusion criteria, had a very small (sample) size and the quality of the evidence was very low. Expert commentary: The current evidence is insufficient to determine the relative efficacy or safety of esophageal biodegradable stents. The results of this systematic review should be updated once new evidence is available.

Truffles are edible hypogeous ascomycetes highly appreciated worldwide, especially the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.). In recent decades, the cultivation of the black truffle has expanded across the Mediterranean climate regions in and outside its native range. Members of the Thelephoraceae (Thelephorales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) are commonly found in truffle plantations, but their co-occurrence with Tuber species and other members of the fungal community has been scarcely reported. Thelephoraceae is one of the most represented families of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community in boreal and Mediterranean forests. To reveal the diversity of these fungi in T. melanosporum-cultivated plantations, ten orchards located in the Navarra region (Northern Spain) were surveyed for 2 years. Morphological and molecular approaches were used to detect and identify the Thelephoraceae ectomycorrhizas present in those plantations. Ten different mycorrhizal types were detected and described. Four of them were morphologically identified as Tomentella galzinii, Quercirhiza cumulosa, Q. squamosa, and T39 Thelephoraceae type. Molecular analyses revealed 4-6 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), depending on the nucleotide database used, but similarities remained under 95 % and no clear species assignments could be done. The results confirm the diversity and abundance of this fungal family in the ectomycorrhizal community of black truffle plantations, generally established in Mediterranean areas. The occurrence and relative abundance of Thelephoraceae ectomycorrhizas is discussed in relation to their possible influence on truffle production.

Wild fungi play a critical role in forest ecosystems, and its recollection is a relevant economic activity. Understanding fungal response to climate is necessary in order to predict future fungal production in Mediterranean forests under climate change scenarios. We used a 15-year data set to model the relationship between climate and epigeous fungal abundance and productivity, for mycorrhizal and saprotrophic guilds in a Mediterranean pine forest. The obtained models were used to predict fungal productivity for the 2021-2080 period by means of regional climate change models. Simple models based on early spring temperature and summer-autumn rainfall could provide accurate estimates for fungal abundance and productivity. Models including rainfall and climatic water balance showed similar results and explanatory power for the analyzed 15-year period. However, their predictions for the 2021-2080 period diverged. Rainfall-based models predicted a maintenance of fungal yield, whereas water balance-based models predicted a steady decrease of fungal productivity under a global warming scenario. Under Mediterranean conditions fungi responded to weather conditions in two distinct periods: early spring and late summer-autumn, suggesting a bimodal pattern of growth. Saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi showed differences in the climatic control. Increased atmospheric evaporative demand due to global warming might lead to a drop in fungal yields during the 21st century., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Although the important effects of pH and carbonate content of soils on "black truffle" (Tuber melanosporum) production are well known, we poorly understand the influence of soil physical properties. This study focuses on physical soil characteristics that drive successful production of black truffles in plantations. Seventy-eight Quercus ilex ssp. ballota plantations older than 10 years were studied in the province of Teruel (eastern Spain). Soil samples were analyzed for various edaphic characteristics and to locate T. melanosporum ectomycorrhizae. The influence of cultivation practices, climatic features, and soil properties on sporocarp production was assessed using multivariate analyses. Low contents of fine earth and silt and high levels of bulk density, clay content, and water-holding capacity appear to promote fructification. Watering is also highly positive for truffle fructification. We develop and discuss a logistic model to predict the probability of truffle fructification in field sites under consideration for truffle plantation establishment. The balance between water availability and aeration plays a crucial role in achieving success in black truffle plantations.