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Lord Dunsany’s prolific namecraft provides a rich field for study, but poses difficulties for traditional approaches to names in literature, which typically seek out the hidden meanings or symbolisms of isolated names. An alterna- tive approach is to look for trends in the forms and substances of the author’s inventions as a whole. To this end, Émile Souriau’s threefold typology of neologisms proves useful. In the first category, Dunsany camou- flages pre-existing vocables of diverse origins. In the second, he employs anglicized versions of forms identified with foreign languages and nomen- clatures, though he does not introduce actual foreign sounds. In the third, he constructs names from morphological building blocks. Whether English or foreign, Dunsany divests his source materials of their original referents, yet retains traces of their idiomatic provenance. Colorful and eclectic, his inventions resonate within a mythopoetic encyclopedia of diverse literary, historical, and cultural traditions.

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Cahier de Recherche du Groupe HEC Paris, n° 599/1997

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Cahier de Recherche du Groupe HEC Paris, n° 527/1994

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This article is set to describe the present difficulties of the German economy to overcome the most profound economic downturn experienced since the foundation of the German Federal Republic. The article analyses the consequences for the national factors of growth (consumption, investment and public spending) due to the alteration of global demand for Germany. It questions the possibility for the German economy to simply come back to the situation before the crises started, continuing with a system based specifically on exportation strengthened by strongly controlled salary costs and social expenditure - without a special concern for internationally equilibrated exchange of good and services. The article also discusses an alternative way to overcome the crises: a growth strategy based on sustainable growth defined in common by the European member states and coordinated by the European Union., L'article est conçu comme la chronique des difficultés de l'économie allemande pour sortir de la plus grave crise économique depuis 60 ans. Il analyse les conséquences du recul sensible de la demande mondiale s'adressant à l'Allemagne sur les facteurs internes de la croissance : la consommation, l'investissement et la dépense publique. Il pose la question de la possibilité d'un simple retour à la situation ex ante, à savoir un modèle où la croissance est principalement tirée par les exportations sur fond de maîtrise des coûts salariaux et des dépenses sociales, sans se soucier des équilibres internationaux. L'article esquisse une voie alternative : celle de la construction d'une stratégie de croissance européenne portée par " l'investissement durable ", stratégie impulsée par les Etats-membres et coordonnée par l'Union européenne.

International audience; The creation of names in the Earthsea novels is a playful activity that reawakens a childlike sensitivity to the physical elements of speech and writing and revives memories of language-based experiences that include childhood readings and the encounter with foreign words and names, as often appear in juvenile literature.

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This survey of language needs was carried out to help create a better match between the actual use of foreign languages in their working environment and the training of future managers within the CEMS programme. On the basis of a quantitative analysis and 34 qualitative interviews, we tested a number of key hypotheses. The results show that, when recruiting, companies expect at least an advanced level for English. Recruits have to be able to perform from day one. They should indeed have a solid knowledge of general business vocabulary. Written English at an advanced level is considered a necessary skill, yet oral skills are even more valued by recruiters. Most companies expect an increase in the use of written English mostly for e-mail communication and reports as well as for research purposes. In reports, standards for the level of English are high. Oral English is used in presentations, meetings and negotiations, again with high standards. For the future, companies expect that English will become even more widespread when it is not yet at a peak. Globalisation and new technologies account for this trend. A second foreign language is either required or a major plus. It is a significant sign of open-mindedness. The level can be lower than the one for English, but not when dealing with clients. Oral skills are far more important than written ones as the second foreign language is mostly used for meetings or negotiating with clients, and for solving local problems. For an expatriate, not speaking the local language is considered a lack of respect for the people and the culture, and this is unacceptable. Most companies expect that the use of a second foreign language will not increase, given the expansion of English, except in the UK. For communication skills, it is not so much the techniques that matter since recruits will attend company training. Recruiters look for self-confidence as a determining factor. Candidates should be able to demonstrate basic communication skills and sufficient experience. Regarding writing skills, e-mail is omnipresent. When writing informal e-mails, efficiency is more important than proper spelling and grammar, because it is considered written conversation. Formal e-mails, especially in the case of a first contact, have very high standards. Reports should also be free of mistakes. However, they should be synthetic and brief rather than in full text. For the oral skills, presentation skills are crucial. Once graduates are on the job, meetings, negotiations and phone conversations are their most frequent tasks, although these skills are not always tested during recruitment. The impact of new technologies on language use is that the need for better communication skills increases, especially writing skills (particularly e-mail) and proficiency in English. In the CV, language skills should be clearly described under a separate heading, and supported by concrete evidence (courses, internships, living abroad). It is very important to provide honest and realistic information. The CV should be in English, possibly with a copy in the local or corporate language. Making the candidates perform tasks in different languages mostly tests the level of proficiency. Interviews are either in English only, or in English and the mother tongue.

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Center for Theoretical Study Research Reports, n° CTS-00-08

International audience; La République Fédérale d'Allemagne a connu pendant plusieurs décennies un grand succès économique que l'on attribue généralement à une culture capitaliste spécifique étiquetée "économie sociale de marché". Ce modèle, s'il en est un, peut-il fournir les clés pour résoudre les problèmes économiques actuels du pays ? A y regarder de près, on constate que le prétendu "modèle" est passé par plusieurs étapes qui l'ont profondément modifié. A chaque étape, une nouvelle synthèse entre passé et présent, entre nécessités économiques et politiques a permis de trouver des réponses aux défis posés. Le "dépassement" bien que relatif et parfois laborieux du modèle a donc été la règle.

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