Search

This paper is concerned with the reasons for the emergence and dominance of analytic philosophy in America. It closely examines the contents of, and changing editors at,The Philosophical Review, and provides a perspective on the contents of other leading philosophy journals. It suggests that analytic philosophy emerged prior to the 1950s in an environment characterized by a rich diversity of approaches to philosophy and that it came to dominate American philosophy at least in part due to its effective promotion byThe Philosophical Review’s editors. Our picture of mid-twentieth-century American philosophy is different from existing ones, including those according to which the prominence of analytic philosophy in America was basically a matter of the natural affinity between American philosophy and analytic philosophy and those according to which the political climate at the time was hostile towards non-analytic approaches. Furthermore, our reconstruction suggests a new perspective on the nature of 1950s analytic philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The repatriation of prisoners of war and displaced persons liberated during the allied advance across France in 1944 is a little examined issue in the history of Liberation France. Soviet prisoners of war and other displaced Soviet nationals were placed in camps until their repatriation could be arranged with the Soviet government. The repatriations from the Auvergne provide one of the better documented histories of the politics of repatriation. This article examines the issues faced in the Auvergne with the presence of many thousands of Soviet nationals awaiting return to the Soviet Union, and the larger context in which the repatriations took place. It argues that the repatriations had an important role in the reformation and consolidation of political and administrative structures through the vertical integration of the state from the periphery to the center, and therefore helped assert post-war Republican sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented that discusses issue articles on topics including the impact of reparations claims after World War II on Stalinism, Soviet public opinion regarding allegations of war crimes during World War II, and the Soviet creation of the Extraordinary State Commission on war crimes.

The article reviews and analyzes the measures taken by Israel from the beginning of 1951 until the middle of 1956 in its attempt to extract collective compensation (referred to in Israeli terminology as shilumim and hereinafter as "reparations") from the GDR (East-Germany). Existing research on the subject has revealed that as of yet there has been almost no discussion of it. Only two sources have dealt in a substantive manner with Israel's attempts to obtain reparations from the GDR during 1951-56: Angelika Timm in a sub-chapter to the issue in Jewish Claims against East Germany, and Michael Wolffsohn's article, "Das Deutsch-Israelische Wiedergutmachungsabkommen von 1952 im Internationalen Zusammenhang." However, these two writers analyze the subject only briefly--each devoting only 8 pages to the issue, based on sources cited in some 30 footnotes. In contrast, this article provides an in-depth understanding of the subject, including all the aspects from different perspectives, some of which are not discussed in the above-mentioned writings. First and foremost, the article reviews all of the actions taken by Israel regarding this subject, while focusing on the connection that was made between the two Israeli claims for reparations: from the GDR and from FRG (West-Germany). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

War reconciliation and cultures of memory themes continue to receive high attention but despite the long list of newly released books praising Germany which has been thought to be more prone to experience guilt and from it ensuing war responsibility for its past than the Japanese nation in the aftermath of World War Two [46], the long shadows of the past are still prevailing in both countries. Even if Germany scores better then Japan from a comparative perspective this does not mean that Germany has internally resolved the problems related to its past once and for all. Yet, the slave labor compensation legislation in Germany which was meant to definitely settle the accounts with the past has shown that lasting war reconciliation is possible. The unwillingness of Japanese Government officials to admit past wrongdoings, to apologize for coerced war prostitution and to refuse to compensate former slave laborers has put Japan on the frontline of international criticism. The claim that Japan as a nation has not learned from history is critically re-assessed against the backdrop of bottom up NGO reconciliation activities and lawmaker efforts to enact legislation aimed at resolving the comfort women issue. In contrast to conventional explanations it is argued that different circumstances, influenced by distinct historical and political factors in each country, resulted in different approaches. In Germany the social protest movements led to the institutional birth of the Green Party. The Greens initiated the reconciliation process for former slave laborers and changed the political landscape from the bottom. In Japan the social protest movements did not succeed to settle as a novel political force. Thoughtlessness, ignorance, conspiracy of silence, “double victimization” stigma, “negative pacifism” and the reluctance to address the war guilt issue prevented a public discussion. It is then sought to answer the question: Why do people repress or deny past wrongdoings despite knowing the facts? It is looked at how consecutive generations in Germany and Japan have coped with guilt and shame feelings in different ways. The article concludes that war reconciliation similar to restorative justice is an ongoing, never-ending process. The emotional part of reconciliation which goes far beyond words of apology, judicial punishment or monetary compensation and does not necessarily lead always to positive outcomes is given particular attention. Ways of civil society bottom-up reconciliation in Germany and Japan are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the history of economic relations between West Germany and Israel during the second half of the 20th century. Descriptions are given of the impact of German National Socialism on the development of economic relations between the two countries. Further influences are noted in the Cold War and Middle East conflicts occurring during the 1950s and 1960s. The article discusses the history of "Shilumim," which is the recompense for material damages done to Jews during the Jewish Holocaust.

The article examines the fiscal policies by which the Vichy government of Occupied France in World War II financed the payments demanded by Germany after the 1940 armistice. It also presents the policies the post-Liberation French government imposed to deal with the aftermath of those costs. Currency exchange rates imposed by Germany made French goods cheap to purchase, in effect financing the occupation of France through French economic activity. Wage and price controls led to contraction of the French economy exacerbated by the forced draft of French labor for the German economy. The Vichy government was left with an accumulation of debt. The postwar government of France raised taxes, but did so to finance social expenditure, coping with the debt by allowing rampant inflation to lower its value.

The news that the USA was only prepared to fund British post-war social re-construction with an enormous loan instead of a grant came as a tremendous shock to most Britons in 1945/46. Why did the British think their contribution to the outcome of World War II, and in particular their Battle of Britain victory, give them a moral claim on the American purse? RAF pilots as objects of American hero-worship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a comparison on the World War II reparation and restitution efforts of Japan and Germany as applied to the issue of reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia. Background on crimes committed during World War II; Examples of international human rights treaties and conventions; Information on a relevant case handled by the Permanent Court of International Justice.

Examines the treatment and resolution of war-related claims brought by individuals after World War II (WWII). Discussion on WWII-related practice of nations relevant to peacemaking; Implications for the mechanism of filing war-related claims; Distinction between war claims and claims arising during peaceful times.

Discusses the implementation of settlements for Holocaust reparation claims against Swiss banks. Procedures utilized by the Claims Resolution Tribunal for resolving the claims; Information on the committee established by the tribunal to resolve the claims; Moral accounting achieved through the resolution of Holocaust restitution and reparation claims.

Discusses reparation issues concerning Japanese war crimes and responsibilities during World War II. Provisions of the peace treaty signed by the Japanese government on September 8, 1951; Influence of U.S. General Douglas MacArthur on negotiations on the peace treaty; Comparison of the war crimes of Japan and Germany.

Discusses the distribution of funds established by France, Germany and Austria for the restitution of World War II victims. Factors that influenced Austria to establish the funds; Comparison on the post-war restitution efforts of Germany and Austria; War victims eligible to claim from the funds.

Presents a comparison of the executive and judicial approaches towards the settlement of World War II restitution cases against the German, Austrian and French governments. Role of U.S. courts in overseeing the fairness of the settlement negotiations; Advantages for war victims of the Swiss Banks settlement model; Responsibilities of the executive branch of the government concerning the restitution cases.

Presents the text of a speech given by Austrian Ambassador to the U.S. Peter Moser on a reparation agreement signed by Austria, the U.S. and representatives of World War II war victims on January 17, 2001.

Examines war reparation problems between Japan and Micronesia. Historical background; Legal arguments; Prospects for future negotiations.

Examines the political process used by Japan's National Diet in producing the country's resolution on World War II titled `Resolution to Renew the Determination for Peace on the Basis of Lessons Learned From History.' Political parties which supported and opposed the resolution; Social Democratic Party's determination to adopt a resolution that carried an apology for Japan's aggression.

The article discusses relief efforts, benefits, and legislation for war victims in Germany from 1947 to 1963, during which time some 48.8 billion DM were spent on victim relief. Those served by the benefits include injured veterans, widows, orphans, and parents. Rates and amounts of compensation are listed.

Presents the text of a speech given by Jakob Finci, president of the Jewish Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on World War II reparation and restitution claims.