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What accounts for the common perception that women have contributed little to advances in entrepreneurship and innovation in Britain during the early industrial era? This paper empirically examines the role of gender diversity in inventive activity during the first and second industrial revolutions. The analysis of systematic data on patents and unpatentable innovations uniquely enables an evaluation of women's creativity within both the market and nonmarket sectors. British women inventors were significantly more likely than men to focus on unpatentable innovations in consumer final goods and design‐oriented products that spanned art and technology, and on uncommercialized improvements within the household. Conventional approaches that fail to account for nonmarket activity and for such incremental changes in consumer goods and design innovations therefore significantly underestimate women's contributions to household welfare and overall economic progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the challenges faced by women scientists in Mexico to participate in innovation activities during 1980-2015. Specifically, this article seeks to: i) describe the evolution and nature of inventive activity with female participation; ii) identify which factors influence the propensity of women to be inventors; and iii) contribute policy proposals to foster women's equitable inclusion in the knowledge and innovation economy. Findings from the empirical study suggest that the following factors promote women's propensity to become inventors: stock of technological knowledge, inventor team size, company or institutional patents, technological category, and presence of foreign inventors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnosis of the condition shows that women constitute a significant minority in the group of applicants and, consequently, obtaining patents. The development of modern technologies brings new opportunities for women who, due to the limited time and lack of dedicated professional advice, are less actively involved in filing patent applications for the development of industry. The case study of the international Erasmus+ project ip4Womenpresented in the article shows that properly designed e-learning training tailored to the needs of the target group and the provision of e-mentoring services through a specially designed internet platform provide an opportunity for women to actively participate in filling patent applications and solutions for the industry through improving professional skills in this area.

The article examines the share of female inventors in the field of science and technology and the impact of its expansion on the shift of supply towards the needs of women. Topics discussed include use of data on biomedical patents to measure the gender of patent investors, the gender focus of the patent, and the technological approach used, insignificant increase in the number of female investors since 1990, and impact on the share of female-focused inventions.

Women do not get a fair share when it comes to patenting and are far less likely to own patents. This disparity is in part because of not only the inherent biases in science and technology and in the patent system itself, but also because of the high costs of even applying for patents. This article therefore proposes an unconventional new regime of unregistered patent rights to relieve women and other disadvantaged inventors of the costs of applying for registered patent rights and to help them gain greater access to patent protections. Patents are a glaring exception to the unregistered protections provided in other areas of intellectual property, which are more egalitarian in design. By providing automatic patent rights, our proposed regime would allow for greater protection for disadvantaged innovators, in much the same way that copyright, trademark, and other forms of intellectual property currently do. To explain our proposal, we detail the challenges facing women and other disadvantaged inventors in applying for patents as well as the fact that other intellectual property regimes do not require such applications. We also address a number of objections that our proposal would inevitably raise. In particular we show that, because our proposed unregistered patent system would grant rights for only three years and would protect only against direct copying, these rights would be unlikely to deter incremental or complementary innovation. Such rights would also be fully subject to invalidation under a preponderance of the evidence standard. Our proposed regime does not solve all of the issues female innovators face. Nonetheless, our proposed regime would benefit women and others by providing protection at no cost, without filing or renewal fees, and equally importantly, by protecting even inventors with little or no knowledge of the patent system and its importance in realizing the benefits of their inventive efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Ophthalmologist Patricia Bath received U.S. patents related to laser treatment for cataracts, which disproportionately affect women and their participation in the innovation system with few female inventors of her generation. Topics include overlooked in the current system with its support of a homogeneous group of inventors; and diversity and inclusion in innovation can be supported and the associated welfare losses in the economy with homogeneous group of inventors.

This paper is an exploratory attempt to understand gender-related differences in the behavior of investors in firms seeking equity financing. Using data from the Swedish equity crowdfunding platform FundedByMe, we find that female investors are less likely to invest in the equity of firms that are younger and high tech and have a higher percentage of equity offerings. This pattern seems consistent with a greater risk aversion in female versus male investors. Furthermore, female investors are more likely to invest in projects in which the proportion of male investors is higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about the Columbian World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois in 1893. Topics discussed include the fair giving the country an opportunity to showcase it's progress in the fields of scientific, industrial and manufacturing achievement, and represented the biggest presentation of women inventors at an American world's fair.

The Attitudes toward Women Inventory (AWI) was developed in a group of Dutch violent forensic psychiatric inpatients to assess antisocial attitudes toward women. The internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability of the instrument with 12 items were good. Negative attitudes toward women appeared to be negatively related to agreeableness and positively related to hostility and verbal aggression. A comparison with a non-clinical reference group yielded no difference in AWI total score, but the patients scored significantly higher on two sexual aggression items. Further studies on its psychometric properties in larger offender and non-clinical populations are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have featured a leap in academic and public interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities and related corporate reporting. Two main themes in this literature are the exploration of management incentives to engage in and disclose this information, and of the use and value of this information to market participants. We extend the second theme by examining the interest that specific investor classes have in the use of CSR information. We rely on feminist intersectionality, which suggests that gender intersects with other identities to yield different values, experiences, and opportunities that can lead to gender-based preferences for CSR information. Based upon a survey of 750 US-based retail investors, we find that female retail investors have a greater interest in the use of CSR information, relative to male retail investors. Women express greater anticipated future demand for this information than do men. Further, the magnitude of the increase from current use to anticipated future demand is greater for women than men. Age is a significant modifying factor in that the discrepancy between women of any age and older men is greater than that between women and younger men. Finally, women also exhibit greater demand for streamlining of the information flow, consistent with pressures induced by time poverty. It appears that current disclosure practices provide a less than optimal match with the needs of the information consumers that are primarily interested in using this information. This mismatch may result in a systematic disenfranchisement of female investing classes which suggests an ethical need to level the playing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]