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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of S. nigra L. and V. agnuscastus L. plants on obesity in vivo. Extracts were prepared from S. nigra leaves, flowers, fruits and from V. agnus-castus leaves, flowers, and fruits using 100% water and 70% ethanol. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were quantified spectrophotometrically. The findings revealed that the ethanol extracts of V. agnus-castus and S. nigra flowers had the highest phenolic content, while the ethanol extracts of S. nigra flowers and V. agnus-castus leaves had the highest flavonoid content. Qualification and quantification of the phenolic contents of the extracts were carried out using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analyses. The study investigated the effects of various extracts on plasma levels of leptin, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lipase enzyme in obesity-induced rats. The results showed that the ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus flowers, as well as the ethanol and water extracts of V. agnus-castus leaves, resulted in body weight reduction in rats with obesity. Additionally, these extracts were found to decrease serum levels of LDL, triglycerides, leptin, lipase, TNF-α, and IL-1β while increasing levels of HDL and adiponectin. The LC-HRMS results demonstrated that all three extracts exhibited relatively high concentrations of luteolin-7-glycoside and kaempferol, in comparison to the other extracts. The ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus flowers contained 653.04 mg/100 g of luteolin-7-glycoside and 62.63 mg/100 g of kaempferol. The ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus leaves contained 1,720.26 mg/100 g of luteolin-7-glycoside and 95.85 mg/100 g of kaempferol. The water extract of V. agnus-castus leaves contained 690.49 mg/ 100 g of luteolin-7-glycoside and 194.41 mg/100 g of kaempferol. The study suggests that the ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus flowers and leaves, as well as the water extract of V. agnus-castus leaves, may have potential benefits in treating obesity. However, further controlled clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical efficacy of V. agnus-castus in treating obesity and investigate the in vivo anti-obesogenic effects of luteolin-7-glycoside and kaempferol separately, both in their pure form and in combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitex trifolia L., a shrub plant, has long been used as a massage oil to treat a variety of ailments, particularly pain relief. Despite its long history of use, there has not been enough research done on its phytochemical profile and biological properties to validate its traditional use. Therefore, this current research aimed to evaluate its phytochemical profile and biological properties in two forms: Vitex trifolia L. ethanolic extract (VTE) and Vitex trifolia L. oil (VTO), which could be advantageous for clinical usage. Quality control of raw plant material, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and casticin of VTE and VTO were investigated. Furthermore, the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and cytotoxicity of VTE and VTO were evaluated. The study indicated that VTE contained more total phenolics (66.74±15.52 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (29.68±2.05 mg CE/g extract), and casticin (2.45±0.02 mg/mL) than VTO. VTE consistently demonstrated stronger antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties than VTO. Taken together, VTE possessed remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities with no cytotoxic effects on cells. Even VTO had weak biological abilities. However, its stability testing revealed that the modestly accepted adjustments remained stable. Therefore, this study suggests that Vitex trifolia L. could be used as a natural product for health promotion and therapy. [Display omitted] • Vitex trifoliax ethanolic extract (VTE) are rich in phenolics and flavonoids. • VTE possessed strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. • Stability testing of Vitex trifolia oil (VTO) was stable with the slightly changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitex negundo L. is an aromatic, woody, blooming shrub in the Lamiaceae family which can grow into a small tree. Traditionally, V. negundo root has been used to cure diabetes, colic, boils, leprosy, and rheumatism. Keeping the importance of its roots in mind, an attempt has been taken for development of a protocol for efficient hairy root proliferation system. The Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (MTCC 532 and MTCC 2364) were used for hairy root induction. For A. rhizogenes infection, both in vitro and in vivo leaves as well as internodes were used as explant. In vitro leaves and internodal explants were obtained by the inoculation of matured nodal segments on the optimum medium [MS + 2.0 mg/L N6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP)] with c.a. 91.6% shoot regeneration and an average of 8.1 shoots per explants. In vitro leaf showed best hairy root induction followed by in vitro internode on ½ MS medium augmented with acetosyringone. Highest transformation efficiency was achieved using MTCC 2364 strain, while no transformation was observed in MTCC 532 strain. Different factors affecting transformation including co-cultivation period, infection time and optical density (O.D.) value were standardized. The highest efficacy, 88.8% hairy root induction was observed in in vitro leaves infected by MTCC 2364 for 60 minutes infection time with an O.D. value of 0.29 maintained over a 44-48 hours of co-cultivation period. The prescribed protocol may be used as a reference for development of industrial scale hairy root production for bioactive compound located in root of V. negundo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broad bean paste is a popular condiment in Asian countries. Leaves of Vitex negundo Linn. were used extensively in China during the koji-making of broad bean paste. Spreading V. negundo leaves on raw broad beans during fermentation was able to facilitate the rapid growth of fungi to form mature koji. We isolated two strains of fungi from mature koji, and four strains of bacteria from the rotten broad beans resulting from a failed attempt. According to microbial activity assays, two polymethoxylated flavones, 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,30,40-hexamethoxy flavone (HJ-1) and 5,40-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,30- pentamethoxy flavone (HJ-2) were isolated from V. negundo leaves, and the fungal growth promotion and inhibition of bacterial growth of these two compounds were found to improve the production of broad bean koji. This study reveals the compounds present in V. negundo leaves with bioactivity against important microbes in koji manufacture, and provides a theoretical basis for the application of V. negundo in broad bean paste production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate clinical characteristics, quality of life (QoL) and effectiveness in patients with menstrual cycle disorders (MCDs) including abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea and mastodynia/mastalgia related to premenstrual syndrome taking the Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) products Cyclodynon® or Mastodynon® in a real-world setting. Methods: A single-center retrospective longitudinal cohort study (3 ± 1 months), using data obtained from healthcare data archive and telephone interviews. The main study variables were changes in bleeding, menstrual pain, breast tenderness and patients' QoL. Results: Data from 1700 women with a mean age of 30.2 years (± 6.3) were analyzed. The most common MCDs were dysmenorrhea (43.8%) and mastodynia/mastalgia (21.1%). Three-month treatment with VAC extract substantially decreased the percentage of patients with irregular cycle (from 9.1% to 0.1%) and breast tenderness (from 39.9% to 0.8%). Improvement in bleeding intensity, frequency and menstrual pain was experienced by 83.4%, 79.2%, and 85.2% of the patients, respectively. When analyzed by disease category, these parameters improved in almost all dysmenorrhea patients, while they improved to a lesser extent in mastodynia/mastalgia patients. QoL improved in all aspects, but was reported by a higher proportion of dysmenorrhea patients compared to mastodynia/mastalgia patients. Treatment was overall well tolerated with a favorable safety profile. Conclusion: These real-world data demonstrate the effectiveness of the VAC-containing products Cyclodynon® and Mastodynon® in the three-month treatment of MCDs, with a pronounced improvement in key disease symptoms and QoL. Intriguingly, while QoL was generally greatly improved, the response to VAC therapy varied depending on the type of underlying MCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits are widely used to obtain and study bioactive compounds. Among them, the tarumã (Vitex megapotamica) is still understudied. The extraction of bioactive compounds from the powdered pulp of the ripe fruit of the tarumã was studied from the selection of several variables of the extraction process through the experimental design Plackett–Burman: the pH, the solid:liquid ratio, agitation, and temperature in an extraction time of 3 h. The extracts obtained were evaluated for antioxidant activity by 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and for total phenolic compounds, as well as the presence of flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and identification of bioactive compounds was assessed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using the experimental design, the best extraction condition was defined with a pH of 5, solid:liquid ratio of 1:30, stirring at 100 rpm, with a temperature of 80°C, obtaining 104.21 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) 100 g−1 for phenolic compounds total, 742.71 μmol Trolox g−1 for ABTS, and EC50 of 2884.98 mg L−1 for DPPH. From HPLC, the presence of fumaric acid, gallic acid, p‐coumaric acid, and caffeic acid in the extracts was detected. Regarding flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids, the values obtained were 6.38 mg ECG g−1, 1.67 mg ECG g−1, and 2.89 mg 100 g−1, respectively. The selection of extraction conditions allowed obtaining better levels of bioactive compounds in the powdered pulp of tarumã extract, even with the use of water as a solvent, to avoid the presence of chemical residues in the extract, with antioxidant potential and viability for application in food products. Practical applications: Recent research suggests a change in perspective regarding the consumption of healthier foods from plants and fruits that have important health properties. In this regard, tarumã (Vitex megapotamica) fruit has been standing out as a potential source of bioactive compounds with significant medicinal properties. The extracts obtained have a significant amount of phenolic compounds, as well as the presence of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids, in which all of these have great potential bioactive activities. Thus, a good methodology of extraction and characterization of tarumã extract becomes a crucial part of any food, chemical, or pharmaceutical industry sector. In this regard, the present study with experimental design Plackett–Burman extraction is the way ahead due to high bioactive retention and the cost implications of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder in women that necessitates effective and safe treatment alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Vitex negundo seed in a letrozole-induced PCOS rat model. Results: Findings of the present study demonstrated that administration of hydro-ethanolic extract of Vitex negundo (VNE) effectively restored endocrino-metabolic imbalances associated with PCOS, along with correction of antioxidant enzymes level, proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic bio-markers. LC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of cinnamic acid, plumbagin and nigundin B as the prominent phytochemicals in VNE. The observed beneficial effects could be attributed to the active compounds in Vitex negundo extract, which exhibited hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and catabolic effects on body weight. Additionally, the extract contributed to hormonal balance regulation by modulating the steroidogenic enzymes, specifically by tuning gonadotropins level and correcting the LH:FSH ratio, through the modulation of ERα signalling and downregulation of NR3C4 expression. The antioxidant properties of phytochemicals in Vitex negundo seed were apparent through the correction of SOD and catalase activity. While it's anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic action were associated with the regulation of mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, BAX, Bcl2. Molecular docking study further indicated the molecular interaction of above mentioned active phytocompounds of VNE with ERα, NR3C4 and with TNFα that plays a critical mechanistic gateway to the regulation of hormone signalling as well as synchronizing the inflammation cascade. Furthermore, the histomorphological improvement of the ovaries supported the ameliorative action of Vitex negundo extract in the letrozole-induced PCOS model. Conclusions: This study indicates the potential of Vitex negundo seed as a multifaceted therapeutic option for PCOS. VNE offers a holistic strategy for PCOS with antiandrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, driven by its major compounds like cinnamic acid, plumbagine, and nigundin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides evidence for the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Vitex negundo leaf extract. The UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectrum of ZnO NPs and calcinated ZnO NPs (ZnO-C) showed peaks at 370 nm and 374 nm, respectively, confirming zinc ion reduction to zinc oxide. The ZnO NPs and calcinated counterparts were further characterized by FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM and EDX. FTIR results revealed the presence of alcoholic and aromatic groups, like flavonoids, in the leaf extract. The XRD pattern showed a distinctive Wurtzite crystalline phase with a hexagonal shape. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis data revealed that ZnO's surface area and pore size is 22.8 m2/g and 12.9 nm, whereas ZnO-C exhibited a surface area of 23.5 m2/g and pore size of 13.1 nm. The SEM data demonstrated numerous irregular and agglomerated flakes fusing to form a roughly spherical morphology with the size, in the range of 15–20 nm and 11–16 nm for ZnO and ZnO-C NPs, respectively. The results of the antimicrobial assay by disc diffusion method and MIC testing revealed that ZnO and ZnO-C NPs exhibited moderate to high antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms, indicating their application against bacterial infection. In addition, the ZnO NPs significantly disrupted the biofilm of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as confirmed by CV assay and fluorescent microscopy. This study presents a green method for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Vitex negundo leaf extract. The UV-visible spectra confirmed successful zinc ion reduction to ZnO, and various characterizations (FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, BET) revealed their unique properties. Notably, there is a comparison done with the calcinated and non-calcinated ZnO NPs. Both exhibited promising antimicrobial activity, also disrupting biofilms of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Physical, physiological and temperature confers dormancy on seeds of Vitex doniana. • Direct organogenesis protocol was established for the species. • Shoot multiplication was achieved using 0.3 mg/L BAP. • Root induction was achieved using 0.5 mg/L IAA. • Somatic embryogenesis remains a challenge, but provides useful insights around physiology. Propagation of Vitex doniana by seeds has been limited by low yield and a prolonged germination period which, along with over-harvesting, has led to a decline in its natural population. The present study aimed to improve seed germination and to establish in vitro organogenesis protocols to conserve superior genotypes. The effects of seed pre-treatments and environmental conditions on seed germination were investigated through conventional germination methods. Removal of the seed coat followed by germination on filter paper resulted in the highest percentage germination (87 %). The best germination temperature range was 25 °C-35 °C (80–87 %). A direct organogenesis protocol was established when in vitro nodal explants were cultured for eight weeks on modified Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with 0.3 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), resulting in 4 shoots/explant. Shoots were rooted on the modified WPM containing 0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), resulting in 80 % rooting and 4 roots/shoot, after four weeks. Successful acclimatisation was achieved, with 93 % survival in the greenhouse. For somatic embryogenesis, pro-embryos that formed from pairing 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with 1 mg/L picloram or each tested auxin with 0.5 mg/L BAP failed to develop into somatic embryos on different maturation media. For time and cost savings and high yield, the present study found that germination be performed using de-coated seeds on filter paper at 25–35 °C followed by transfer to soil upon germination. The present study reports the first direct organogenesis protocol for V. doniana , allowing for clonal propagation of high-value genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteosarcoma, which has poor prognosis after metastasis, is the most common type of bone cancer in children and adolescents. Therefore, plant-derived bioactive compounds are being actively developed for cancer therapy. Artemisia apiacea Hance ex Walp. is a traditional medicinal plant native to Eastern Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. Vitexicarpin (Vitex), derived from A. apiacea, has demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antitumour, and immunoregulatory properties; however, there are no published studies on Vitex isolated from the aerial parts of A. apiacea. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antitumour activity of Vitex against human osteosarcoma cells. In the present study, Vitex (>99% purity) isolated from A. apiacea induced significant cell death in human osteosarcoma MG63 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner; cell death was mediated by apoptosis, as evidenced by the appearance of cleaved-PARP, cleaved-caspase 3, anti-apoptotic proteins (Survivin and Bcl-2), pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax), and cell cycle-related proteins (Cyclin D1, Cdk4, and Cdk6). Additionally, a human phosphokinase array proteome profiler revealed that Vitex suppressed AKT-dependent downstream kinases. Further, Vitex reduced the phosphorylation of PRAS40, which is associated with autophagy and metastasis, induced autophagosome formation, and suppressed programmed cell death and necroptosis. Furthermore, Vitex induced antimetastatic activity by suppressing the migration and invasion of MMP13, which is the primary protease that degrades type I collagen for tumour-induced osteolysis in bone tissues and preferential metastasis sites. Taken together, our results suggest that Vitex is an attractive target for treating human osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Herbal medicines are often used to stimulate the immune system in an attempt to prevent disease, as well as to induce specific cures. The use of phyto medicines is becoming more scientifically based, with increasing emphasis placed on proven product safety and efficacy. Methods: In the present study, the leaves of Vitex trifolia were extracted with distilled water, 1M Na2CO3 and 70% methanol. The extracted contents were screened to identify the presence of various phytochemicals. The contents of Na2CO3 and methanol were filtered, centrifuged and the supernatant was collected. The supernatant of Na2CO3 extract was collected and the alkaloid layer was separated in a separating funnel using alcohol. The contents were analysed for thin layer chromatography and phytochemical constituents. Result: Thin layer chromatography was performed at 360 nm the Rf value were 0.953, 0.230, 0.184, 0.153, 0.123 and in 240 nm Rf values 0.953, 0.338, 0.184, 0.153, 0.123 were obtained. The methanol extract was condensed at 40oC and dissolved in chloroform. Rf at 360 nm of 0.714, 0.396, 0.158 and at 240 nm with Rf values 0.714, 0.492, 0.349. The activity of extracts on Xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase and cyclooxygenase were estimated and the inhibition percentage of all the three was calculated as 59.34, 61.23, 71.02 and 51 respectively. The values obtained with flavanoid extracts for the same set of enzymes were 70.22, 81.48, 94.8 and 74.36 respectively. In this study, inhibition properties of flavanoid extracts were greater than that of alkaloid extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants, renowned for their rich reservoir of metabolites, play a pivotal role in addressing health-related issues. The Verbenaceae family stands out, showcasing immense potential in preventing and treating chronic diseases. Vitex trifolia L. (V. trifolia), a shrub with a rich history in traditional medicine, particularly in Eastern Asia, has garnered attention for its diverse therapeutic applications. This comprehensive review aims to bridge traditional knowledge and contemporary insights by investigating ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects of V. trifolia. The keyword "V. trifolia" and its synonyms were searched within the main scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar (from 1974 to 2022, last search: 21.10.2023). Phytochemical analyses reveal a spectrum of secondary metabolites in V. trifolia, including terpenoids, flavonoids, lignans, phytosterols, anthraquinones, and fatty acids. Notably, terpenoids and flavonoids emerge as the main bioactive metabolites. Pharmacological studies validate its therapeutic potential, demonstrating significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-amnesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-malaria, antispasmodic activities, and reported insecticidal effects. Despite existing literature exploring pharmacological attributes and secondary metabolites of related species, a conspicuous gap exists, specifically focusing on the pharmacological activities and novel methods of purification of pure metabolites from V. trifolia. This review aimed to fill this gap by delving into traditional medicinal applications, exploring secondary metabolites comprehensively, and providing an in-depth analysis of pharmacological effects of pure metabolites. Combining traditional uses with contemporary pharmacological insights, this article sought to serve as a crucial reference for future research and practical application of V. trifolia. This approach contributes substantially to understanding the plant, fostering scientific inquiry, and facilitating its broader application in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity poses a significant threat to modern agriculture because it stunts and impedes crop growth and development. This experiment was aimed at examining the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and adaptive responses of Vitex negundo (Chaste tree) to a gradient of seawater (4 dS m−1, 8 dS m−1, and 12 dS m−1) for different durations (90, 120, and 150 days). The results demonstrate that seawater had a detrimental effect on morphological parameters as plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, and dry matter in a time and dose-dependent approach. This negative impact was strongly connected with the considerable reduction of many physiological indices such as relative water content, water retention capacity, photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrates content. Conversely, higher concentrations of proline indicated that Vitex negundo had improved osmoprotective abilities to combat salinity-induced osmotic stress. Increased H 2 O 2 levels along with noticeably unaffected membrane fluidity suggest its function in detecting and adapting to stress at moderate salinity. Additionally, elevated antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, and APX), DPPH, and ABTS+, along with elevated phenol and flavonoid levels, point to a coordinated role for antioxidant elements that are controlling ROS. In contrast, high salinity (12 dS m−1) resulted in an explosion of ROS, as seen by elevated levels of H 2 O 2 , MDA, and electrolyte leakage. In the ion analysis, salinity-exposed plants revealed that the majority of Na+ persisted in the roots, while K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were more heavily accumulated in the leaves than the roots that assist in the uptake of other significant minerals. These results imply that Vitex negundo has the ability to withstand moderate (8 dS m−1) salinity due to its enhanced antioxidant system, osmolytes which also activates protective enzymes and improves ionic homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitex agnus cactus and Cymbopogon nardus are widely used in traditional and conventional medicine as natural anti-inflammatory agents. Within this framework, the current study was undertaken to examine in vivo the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of aqueous extracts of the leaves and seeds of V. agnus cactus and C. nardus. In this relation, aqueous extracts were prepared from the leaves and fruits of V. agnus cactus and the leaves of C. nardus. The inflammatory process was induced using the carrageenan method. The analysis of the obtained results revealed that the aqueous extract of leaves of V. agnus cactus exhibited the highest antioxidant content (80.22 ± 11.7 mg GAE/g for TPC, 72.14 ± 9 mg RE/g for TFC, 680 ± 19.6 mg QE/g for flavones and flavonols, 355.33 ± 23.36 mg AAE/g for TAC, 0.33 ± 0.04 mg/mL for IC50-DPPH, and 0.97 ± 0.04 mg/mL for EC50-FRAP) and anti-inflammatory effect with dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that these plants have the potential to alleviate pain and inflammation when used for therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant reproductive ecology is one of the research hotspots in ecology. With the increasing attention paid to the conservation of plant diversity, the research on reproductive characteristics and flowering biological characteristics of more species has attracted more attention. However, plant reproduction is affected by multiple interacting factors such as pollen limitation and resource availability. Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (Franch.) Rehder (Lamiaceae) is a significant species for water and soil conservation. Previous studies have revealed its mating system by the biological characteristics of flowering and SSR markers, but its reproductive strategies remain to be further studied. We evaluated reproductive success through artificial pollination to explore the reproductive characteristics of V. negundo var. heterophylla for the first time. From the results of fruit set, there is a mixed mating system dominated by outcrossing in V. negundo var. heterophylla accompanied by self‐compatibility, and it cannot carry out autonomous selfing. Our data show the pollinator‐mediated interaction in the success of reproduction, whereas the effect of anemophily is very weak. And the seed germination rate of inbred line progenies was lower than that of hybrid progenies, which is suspected to be caused by inbreeding depression. The research will provide scientific information for the protection and conservation of V. negundo var. heterophylla from the point of view of reproduction. In sum, the results are necessary to protect animal vectors in the background of insect decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Raising offspring imposes energetic costs, especially for female mammals. Consequently, seasons favoring high energy intake and sustained positive energy balance often result in a conception peak. Factors that may weaken this coordinated effect include premature offspring loss and adolescent subfertility. Furthermore, seasonal ingestion of phytochemicals may facilitate conception peaks. We examined these factors and potential benefits of a conception peak (infant survival and interbirth interval) in Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus). Materials and Methods: Data were collected at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (78 conceptions). We estimated periods of high energy intake based on fruit and young leaf feeding and via monthly energy intake rates. Phytochemical intake was based on fecal progestin. We examined seasonality (circular statistics and cox proportional hazard models) and compared consequences of timing (infant survival and interbirth intervals, t‐test, and Fisher exact test). Results: Conceptions occurred in all months but peaked from May to August. This peak coincided with high fecal progestin rather than presumed positive energy balance. Primipara conceived significantly later than multipara. Neither infant survival nor interbirth intervals were related to the timing of conception. Discussion: Periods of high energy intake may not exist and would not explain the conception peak in this population. However, the presumed high intake of phytochemicals was tightly linked to the conception peak. Timing conceptions to the peak season did not provide benefits, suggesting that the clustering of conceptions may be a mere by‐product of phytochemical intake. To confirm this conclusion, seasonal changes in phytochemical intake and hormone levels need to be studied more directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitex L. is the largest genus of the Lamiaceae family, and most of its species are used in the traditional medicinal systems of different countries. A systematic review was conducted, according to the PRISMA methodology, to determine the potential of Vitex plants as sources of antimicrobial agents, resulting in 2610 scientific publications from which 141 articles were selected. Data analysis confirmed that Vitex species are used in traditional medicine for symptoms of possible infectious diseases. Conducted studies showed that these medicinal plants exhibited in vitro antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Vitex agnus-castus L. and Vitex negundo L. have been the most studied species, not only against bacterial strains but also against fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, viruses such as HIV-1, and parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum. Natural products like agnucastoside, negundol, negundoside, and vitegnoside have been identified in Vitex extracts and their antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microbial strains has been determined. Negundoside showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 12.5 µg/mL). Our results show that Vitex species are potential sources of new natural antimicrobial agents. However, further experimental studies need to be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of the analysis of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidinium nitrate isolated from the stem bark of Vitex doniana, a tree growing in Nigeria. The low-temperature molecular structure comprises one 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidinium cation and one nitrate anion as one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. A portion of the nitrate anion exhibits positional disorder with the main disorder component present 66.253(2) % of the time and the minor disorder component present 33.279(2) % of the time. In comparison with the previously reported room-temperature structure of C9H18N2O4. The low-temperature structure shows similarity with the piperidinium ring adopting a slightly deformed chair conformation while the nitrate anion is disordered. DFT method was used to complement the experimental study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitex negundo L is a medicinal plant with many notable therapeutic effects. While the beneficial effects of Vitex negundo have been widely described, evidence of this herb's safety, such as acute and sub-chronic toxicity effects, remains scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of this herb through acute and sub-chronic toxicity evaluation of aqueous ethanol extracts of its leaves in experimental animals. The acute toxicity study of aqueous ethanol leaf extract of Vitex negundo was performed in mature Swiss mice. The sub-chronic toxicity study was conducted in rabbits following the World Health Organization's guidance on evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. In the acute toxicity study, the Vitex negundo leaf extract at 620.25 g/kg/day - the highest tolerable dose in mice, yielded no oral toxicity. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, Vitex negundo was administered orally to 2 groups of rabbits at doses of 3.2 g/kg/day and 9.6 g/kg/day, respectively, for eight weeks. The results showed no sign of general toxicity. There were no changes in growth or hematological parameters, liver and kidney functions, and no effect in the macromorphology and micromorphology of the treated animals' livers and kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studied in vitro; the antibacterial activity of Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) extract against V. anguillarum, its minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) and detected its bioconstituents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis besides evaluated its effect in vivo in carp either alone or combined with antibiotic to prevent or treat V. anguillarum infection. A total of 180 fish were divided into 6 groups; G1: negative-control, G2: V. anguillarum infected-control, G3: infected-(marbofloxacin (MAR) 10 mg/kg body weight), G4: infected-(VAC 1g/kg ration), G5: infected-(VAC 1 g/kg + MAR 10 mg/kg) all treatments lasted 7 days and G6: prophylactic treated-(VAC 1 g/kg/30 day) then challenged. Results of scanning electron microscope revealed changes in bacterial morphology and loss of flagella by VAC where its MIC and MBC were 1.95 and 15.63 mg/ml respectively. Growth performance and survival rate improved in all treated groups in this descending order (G6, G4 then G5). All treatments significantly increased total protein, albumin, globulin, superoxide dismutase and decreased aspartate and alanine aminotransferases activities, malondialdehyde, urea and creatinine than G2 and mostly near to G1 in this ascending order (G3, G4 then G5). In G6, VAC protected carp from the infection and improved growth, survivability and most of blood parameters. MAR residue in fish musculature needed 4 days as a withdrawal period to be less than the maximum residue limits (MRL), while combination of VAC with MAR decreased it less than the MRL from the 1st day post treatment. Finally, VAC had a considerable antibacterial activity against V. anguillarum in both prevention and treatment assays. It can be used either alone or adding with MAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104, India 2Water Technology Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India 3Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104, India 4Department of Agricultural Chemicals, CPMB&B, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India 5Department of Mathematics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104, India The leaves of Vitex negundo L., popularly known as notchi in Tamil Nadu, India, contain a wide variety of secondary metabolites and phytochemicals. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been employed in the present study to detect and classify bioactive chemicals using three distinct extraction solvents: dichloromethane, milli-Q water and methanol. We have isolated 65 phytocompounds in total qualitatively. The bulk of these substances belong to the terpenoid class of secondary metabolites, which play a role in plant defence systems and natural pollination. Thus, it has been proposed that notchi leaf extracts could be used instead of synthetic chemicals and also as a biopesticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitex agnus castus (VAC), also known as chaste tree, is a plant from the Mediterranean area, Crimea, and central Asia. Its fruit has been used for more than 2500 years as phytotherapic agent. In the last century, VAC has been mostly used for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menstrual irregularities, fertility disorders, and symptoms of menopause. Since some degree of hyperprolactinaemia may be observed in patients with such disorders, VAC effects on hyperprolactinaemia have been assessed in a small number of studies and in some patient series or single case reports. It has been postulated that the diterpenes contained in VAC extract may interact with dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) and inhibit prolactin release via dopamine D2R activation in the anterior pituitary. Most of the published papers focus on the use of VAC for the management of PMS or infertility. However, due to its action on D2R, VAC could have a role in the treatment of mild hyperprolactinaemia, including patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia, microprolactinoma, drug-induced hyperprolactinaemia, or polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: We have reviewed and analysed the data from the literature concerning the use of VAC extracts in patients with hyperprolactinaemia. Results: Some evidence suggests a possible role of VAC for the management of hyperprolactinaemia in selected patients, though in an inhomogeneous way. However, there are not any large randomized controlled trials supporting the same and the precise pharmacological aspects of VAC extract in such a clinical setting still remain obscure. Conclusion: It appears that VAC may represent a potentially useful and safe phytotherapic option for the management of selected patients with mild hyperprolactinaemia who wish to be treated with phytotherapy. However, larger studies of high quality are needed to corroborate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The black plum Vitex doniana is a wild tree widely distributed in Africa. It is consumed as a leafy vegetable by at least 22 ethnic groups in Benin and also used as a source of income. This research analyzed the value chain of this leafy vegetable in order to define strategies that create added value for maximum profits for stakeholders. For each segment of the value chain, we investigated the flow of goods and services, financial flows, opportunities, and bottlenecks. The results indicate that three groups of stakeholders, including collectors-processors, wholesalers, and retailers, were involved in the production and marketing of Vitex doniana leaves. The Vitex doniana investigated in this study came from Kpokissa, a village located in the southeast near Bohicon. Vitex doniana was parboiled before selling and generated reasonable income for stakeholders. Bottlenecks in this value chain included the low density of trees for high productivity, the use of traditional tools for leaf harvest, and poor yield performance of trees due to ageing. Moreover, Vitex doniana was not found in supermarkets and small restaurants, indicating that the species remains an underutilized leafy vegetable. The analysis of the Vitex doniana value chain revealed that some consumers adopted freeze preservation, which requires keeping the pre-cooked vegetable below 0 °C before further use. This method added value. These results provide a baseline for further investigations in improving the value chain of Vitex doniana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study was to evaluate proximate attributes and sensory properties of milk drink produced from cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) and African black plum (Vitex doniana). Specifically, the study determined proximate attributes, vitamins, mineral, flavonoid content and sensory properties of the milk drink. Cashew nuts were bought from Oba market in Nsukka, Enugu State. The cashew nuts were washed thoroughly and soaked for eight hours and stored in the refrigerator. The cashew nuts were washed thoroughly the second time ground with a food blender to obtain the milk. The vitex doniana was washed thoroughly in salted water rinsed thoroughly, skinned and deseeded. Water was added to the pulp, the pulp was pasteurized. The cashew nut milk and vitex doniana pulp were mixed with honey and blended. The instrument used for data collection was the use of standard scientific method of chemical analysis of AOAC, 2010 and an organoleptic test template of 9-point hedonic scale was used. Findings reveal that the drink (drink made with cashew nut and African black plum and honey ( DRMC )is high in energy (289.58 kcal), crude protein(5.85%), fat (10.15%) ash (2.43%) carbohydrate(8.85%) crude fibre(4.01%) moisture(84.77%)zinc (198.33 μg/100g). iron (3821.04μg/100g); potassium (17.58mg/100g), vitamin A, B,C,E, flavonoid(0.65mg/100g) and low level phytate (1.18mg/100g). The produced drink is therefore rich in nutrients and was highly accepted (X̄ = 8.6), texture rated (X̄ = 8.4), appearance (X̄ = 7.8), taste (X̄ = 8.8). Base on the findings three recommendation were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wild fruits of Vitex doniana and Saba comorensis were randomly collected from Pwani and Tanga regions. Laboratory analysis was done using the methods described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists AOAC (1995 and 2000). The amount of protein was 7.13 ± 0.04% and 21.73 ± 0.02% in V. doniana fruits while the fat contents were 2.4 ± 0.00% and 1.9 ± 0.10% in V. doniana fruits. The amount of fats in S. comorensis fruits ranged from 0.00 to 0.01% for the fruit samples from both Pwani and Tanga regions, however the differences was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The amounts of carbohydrates in V. doniana 23.98 ± 0.20% and in S. comorensis fruit samples (23.81 ± 0.38%) from Pwani Region were not statistically difference. The differences can be attributed to environmental and soil factors. S. comorensis fruit samples from Tanga had ash 4.20 ± 0.01% and moisture content 70.97 ± 0.04%. These values were higher than those observed for S. comorensis fruit samples from Pwani. The amount of ash is indicative of potential elements like sodium and potassium which are beneficial in human health for the development of bones. These fruits have significant amounts of carbohydrate and protein and hence healthy for consumption as part of human diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils contain Vitex negundo Linn. Used to treat eye disease, toothache, inflammation, vitiligo, splenomegaly, skin ulcers, catarrhal fever, rheumatoid arthritis, gonorrhea and bronchitis. It is also used as a tonic, anthelmintic, emulsifier, menstrual aid, antibacterial, antipyretic, and antihistamine. Preparations from parts of the V. negundo plant cure various diseases such as rheumatic diseases, arthritis, gout, cervicitis, inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system, hemorrhoids (heaps), rheumatic pain, sprains and toothaches. It is used commercially in various Ayurvedic medicines and ointments to wounds, burns, and fungal skin infections. We conclude from in vitro drug diffusion studies that emulgels made of HPMC polymers can help control drug release over long periods, avoid greater fluctuations, and reduce treatment costs. As Emulgels helps improve spreadability, adhesion, viscosity, and extrusion, this new drug delivery is becoming popular, making topical application of hydrophobic drugs a worthy choice for both local and systemic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Cisplatin (CP) is a preferred drug for cancer treatment but it has dose-dependent side effects. Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) berry extract has antioxidant, free-radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study explored the mitigating effects of VAC extract (VACE) on acute hematotoxicity induced by CP in female Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Female Wistar rats (n = 30) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6/group). The normal control (NC) group received no treatment. The CP control group received CP (7 mg/kg.b.w. ip, single dose) and the drug control group (VACE-650) received VACE (650 mg/kg b.w. oral, daily) for 7 days. Both groups received a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg b.w. ip), followed by 350 and 650 mg/kg.b.w. of VACE daily orally (CPVACE-350 and CPVACE-650 groups, respectively) for 7 days. Results: After a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg b.w.), the red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets significantly decreased. In the VAC-350 group, the reduction in total WBC count was less than that in the VAC-650 group on the 3rd day. The RBC and HCT values of the VACE groups were better than that of the CP control, but the VACE-350 treatment group showed significant improvement only on the 3rd day. Conclusion: Our findings showed that VACE can mitigate CP-induced damage to peripheral blood cells at lower doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytotherapeutic chemicals help to control, inhibit, or alleviate symptoms of diseased cells. The purpose of this research is to use LC-MS analysis to assess the chemotherapeutic efficacy of plant-derived compounds in inhibiting tumorigenesis. The current study is to evaluate the functionally bioactive phytocompounds of Vitex negundo for anticancer activity and execute an in silico molecular docking assessment of V. negundo. HPLC, LC-MS analysis, and DFT studies were used to evaluate bioactive phytocompounds, Casticin, and Luteolin. Further in-silico molecular docking studies of Casticin and Luteolin were performed against breast cancer targets to study the anticancer activities. Subsequently, these phytochemicals were tested for therapeutic activity through the ADMET evaluation using SwissADME and admetSAR prediction tools. ADMET prediction results revealed that Luteolin and Casticin might have the maximum anticancer activity against the various drug target proteins among all the phytochemicals identified in the LC-MS analysis and further, the significant compounds characterized by LC-MS analysis were subjected to molecular docking analysis to orient the ligand-protein interaction and their binding energy. Further, the chemical stability and chemical reactivity of compounds with optimized structures were ascertained with the DFT study. These results suggested the effectiveness of the pipeline adapted to extract and isolate the phytochemicals with pharmacological significance and targeted activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the characteristics of zinc chloride modified vitex doniana seed activated carbon (VDZnCl2) for the removal of methylene blue. VDZnCl2 was characterized for textural properties, surface morphology and surface chemistry. Batch adsorption of methylene blue by VDZnCl2 was evaluated for the effects of concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and solution pH. The surface area increased from 14 to 933 m2/g with porous texture to facilitate adsorption. The SEM micrograph showed varieties of pores with widened cavities. The FTIR spectra showed the characteristics of O–H and C=C groups commonly found in carbonaceous materials. The maximum methylene blue adsorption was recorded as 238 mg/g at concentration range of 1–800 mg/L and VDZnCl2 dosage of 50 mg. Sips isotherm fitted well with the equilibrium data, suggesting that the adsorption by VDZnCl2 was a physical process onto its heterogeneous surface, while the applicability of pseudo-first-order kinetics implies that external diffusion was the rate controlling mechanism. The performance put up by VDZnCl2 suggested that it is a potential adsorbent substitute for dye wastewater treatment. Vitex doniana commonly known as black plum is a deciduous flowering tree that grows around West Africa. Over 80% of the fruit is seed, and often discarded. To date, this seed has received marginal recognition as activated carbon feedstock for the removal of dyes and organic pollutants. However, there is no known study on the synthesis of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) modified activated carbon from vitex doniana seed and its adsorption of methylene blue from wastewater. Therefore, this study was a first-time attempt of the synthesis of ZnCl2 modified activated carbon adsorbent from vitex doniana and its removal of methylene blue from wastewater. This work systematically encouraged indigenous adsorbent synthesis for wastewater treatment and contribution to sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The experiment was intended to evaluate the effect of Vitex trifolia Linn's hydroalcoholic extract to treat chronic inflammation. Materials and Methods: Chronic inflammation was induced by injecting 0.25 mL of Complete Freund's Adjuvant subcutaneously in the palmar surface of the right-hand paw of Wistar rats. The animals were treated with two different doses of the plant extract and their efficiency and efficacy was compared to standard drugs indomethacin and dexamethasone for 28days. At the end of the study the serum TNF-a and IL-10 using ELISA kits, differential leukocyte count was estimate, vital organs were subjected to histological studies. The anti-tubercular activity of the extracts of V. trifolia was also evaluated by the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay method (MABA) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Results: The extract has also been shown to be effective in controlling levels of chemical cytokines IL-10 and TNF-a and the anti-TB activity was evaluated using Alamar Blue Assay which also exhibited promising results. Conclusion: The obtained results implicate that hydroalcoholic extracts of V. trifolia show promising anti-inflammatory action on chronic stage of inflammation and as well as have proven to be effective as anti-tubercular drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to screen the anthelmintic property of a hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo leaves. It is widely used for the treatment of anti-inflammatory, enzyme inhibitory, oxidative stress, cytotoxic impact in the ayurvedic medicine system as well as it is also used as a folk medicine in joint pain. The other parts of this plant are scientifically proven for its anthelmintic activity. The most important activities like glucose uptake, enzyme inhibitory activity, auxin transportation etc. have already been proven but still there is no scientific data available on anthelmintic activity of Vitex negundo leaves. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo leaves was obtained by maceration process and various phytochemical tests were performed. Limit test, main test and comparative test were performed to investigate the anthelmintic activity. Results: The paralysis and death time of the Tubifex tubifex worms was noted and the minimum concentration of dose responsible for death of all the test worms within 4 hours was calculated. Albendazole suspension was used as standard drug. The data shows statistically significant by using one-way ANNOVA, Dunnett's post-parametric test between test group and standard group data (P<0.01). Conclusion: Therefore, the hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo leaves has the potential to be used as a natural anthelmintic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work, a simple, efficient and repeatable protocol was developed for in vitro regeneration via- callus- mediated organogenesis of Vitex negundo using nodal explants. Effects of basal medium and plant growth regulators, with nodal explants were studied. We report optimum response of callus induction from nodal segment explants in the MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l TDZ and 1.5 mg/l BAP. When BAP and TDZ individually or in combination with 2, 4-D and NAA were employed for callus regeneration, shoot and embryo like structure (ELSs) were noted in the callus from nodal explants. The best responses of callus per explants were given by TDZ with NAA. ELSs/explants were ascertained on MS medium with 1.0 mg/l TDZ. TDZ 0.1mg/l and BAP 1.5 mg/l along with NAA were found to perform well for shoot regeneration via callus from nodal explants. Our research data will be significant for in vitro mass propagation of V. negundo via somatic embryogenesis. It can consider as vital and promising off shoot protocol for the conservation of medicinally significance and endangered plant. This work is the first report of a consistent, definitive, and unique protocol for V. negundo regeneration, paving the way for the in vitro preservation of such significant genetic resources and also further allied systems based on such callus-based or embryo-based approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are widely used in agriculture in order to increase the yield and growth characteristics of plants. This study investigated the effects of TiO2NPs on photosynthetic pigments and several biochemical activities and antioxidant enzymes of the Vitex plant. Different concentrations of nanoparticles (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 ppm) at five levels were sprayed on Vitex plants on the 30th day of the experiment. TiO2NPs at different concentrations had positive effects on root and shoot dry weight and a negative effect on leaf dry weight. The amount of chlorophyll increased with the concentration of TiO2NPs; however, the amount of chlorophyll b showed a decreasing trend while the total chlorophyll had a constant trend. The highest amount of soluble sugar was obtained in the treatment of 200 ppm nanoparticles. The application of TiO2NPs did not have any effect on the content of proline and soluble proteins of Vitex plant. The effects of foliar TiO2NPs, compared to the control, showed a significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In general, TiO2NPs had a favorable effect on dry matter production and some antioxidant and biochemical properties of the Vitex plant.

Introduction: To document the successional processes of shrub-herb communities after large-scale human disturbance, and understand how changing environmental conditions affect species replacement in semi-humid hilly areas. Methods: Utilizing the established permanent plots in the hilly area of Taihang Mountain, we evaluated temporal patterns of vegetation and soil following grassto- shrub succession. Results and Discussion: Along secondary succession, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla gradually dominated in dry sunny slope and shared the dominance with Leptodermis oblonga in shaded slope. Herbaceous dominant species in shrub-herb communities switched from Themeda japonica, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Artemisia sacrorum, and Cleistogenes chinensis in 1986 census to B. ischaemum and A. sacrorum in 2008 census, but herb was no longer dominant in 2020 census. As succession progresses, species dominance increased while richness decreased generally, and herb cover and aboveground biomass decreased, whereas shrub height, cover, and aboveground biomass increased significantly. Soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) in topsoil increased significantly while pH declined by 1.04 units over the past three decades. Plant communities transitioned from perennial herbs to shrub-herb and then shrub communities, and V. negundo var. heterophylla dominated in the succession of shrub-herb communities. Climate and soil properties, combined with plant attributes, together drive post-disturbance secondary succession. From a management perspective, the tight coupling between vegetation and soil under local climatic conditions should be considered to improve the fragile ecosystem in the hilly area of Taihang Mountain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil (EO) compositions and chemotypes of the important ethnomedicinal plant Vitex agnus-castus L. flowers, leaves, and fruits collected from Türkiye (Balıkesir and İstanbul) were identified in the present study. Different parts of the V. agnus-castus EO’s in-vitro cytotoxic effects on the MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and A549 (human lung carcinoma) human-origin cell lines were anaylzed in the current study. The composition of hydrodistiled EOs extracted from flowers, leaves, and fruits of V. agnus-castus were analyzed by GC–FID/MS. Monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpene compounds were detected as the predominant component class of the V. agnus-castus. EOs extracted from Balıkesir region were defined as the “αpinene-1,8-cineole” chemotype, while EOs extracted from İstanbul region were defined as the “sabinene-1,8- cineole” chemotype. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted more than 20% of the compounds in the EOs extracted from the flowers. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to analyze the in-vitro cytotoxic effects of flowers. This study is also the first to show the in-vitro cytotoxic effects of fruit, the most commonly used part of the plant, EO on the MCF-7 cell line. Balıkesir region’s EOs were observed as more potent -especially the purple flower’s IC50 is about 4.68 µg/mL on the MCF7 cell line- than İstanbul regions, which might be attributed to the higher amount of α-pinene, caryophyllene, and limonene content. Our results indicated that the V. agnus-castus EOs, which contain α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene, and limonene as major components, showed relatively high cytotoxic effects compared to the control groups on the MCF7 and A549 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Silicon nanoparticles were tested for the quantitative and qualitative improvements in vitex trifolia. • The nanoparticles in the medium facilitated improved in vitro shoot proliferation. • The silicon nanoparticles enhanced biomass production, foliar micro-structural traits, and rooting efficiency. • The nanoparticles favoured the survival of V. trifolia plantlets under in vivo conditions. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) on the in vitro proliferation of shoots, biomass production, foliar micro-structural features, and root-inducing ability in Vitex trifolia L. Bud breaking was achieved from axillary meristems on 2.5 mg L−1 of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium. The shoots were proliferated (18.0 ± 0.39 shoots) on 0.75 mg L−1 BAP with 0.2 mg L−1 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Among the varied concentrations of Aerosil300 (hydrophilic silica) used, 6.0 mg L−1 SiNPs with optimal growth regulators into the medium had a positive impact on shoot proliferation (24.0 ± 0.30 shoots) and fresh biomass production. The light microscopic evaluation showed that the leaves developed without SiNPs possessed underdeveloped cuticle, trichomes, stomata, epidermal cells, and photosynthetic and vascular tissues. The SiNPs treatment resulted in well-differentiated tissue systems and favored an increase in width of the lamina, differentiation of palisade and spongy tissues, thickening of cell walls, increased density of trichomes, organized guard cells in stomata, and improved xylem and phloem tissues. The shoots were effectively rooted on half-strength MS medium containing 3.0 mg L−1 NAA, and the shoots derived from SiNPs treatment had the highest rooting efficiency (8.0 roots per shoot). The findings highlight that the use of SiNPs significantly promoted tissue systems and morphology of V. trifolia , which favored the survival of plantlets under in vivo conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to synthesise antimicrobial and therapeutic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green synthesis method using Vitex agnus‐castus L. (VAC) seed extract. The synthesised VAC seed extract coated AgNPs were characterised by UV‐Vis spectrometry, Zeta analysis and FT‐IR spectrometry. The antifungal, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity by MTT assay, and anticarcinogenic activities on HeLa cells line were investigated. VAC‐AgNPs exhibited high antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with a zone diameter of 11.3±0.6 mm. In addition, the cytotoxicity of VAC‐AgNPs was evaluated using the L929 fibroblast cell line and the HeLa cells line, with AgNPs applied at six different concentrations. At a concentration of 5.0 mM, viability was found to be 47.6 %±4.2 % in L929 fibroblast cells and 39.6 %±7.9 % in HeLa cells, suggesting a potential antiproliferative effect of VAC‐AgNPs on HeLa cancer cells. The IC50 values of VAC‐AgNPs against the HeLa cell line were calculated as 2.94 μg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis is a highly infectious ailment worldwide. The emergence of multi-drug resistance and serious adverse effects of anti-TB drugs have led to the continuous search of natural candidates. This study aimed to analyse the chemical profile of Vitex pinnata (VP) bark lipophilic extract using GC-MS also evaluating its anti-TB and cytotoxic activities. GC-MS revealed a total of 81 compounds which representing 86% identified compounds. In vitro anti-TB of VP lipophilic extract was evaluated using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay which exhibited MIC value of 62.5 µg/mL. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using Water Soluble formazan assay recording IC50 > 100 and 200 µg/mL using Vero and A-549 cell lines, respectively. In silico docking study was performed on the major identified compounds, n-nonane showed the most favourable binding affinity (ΔG) equals to −33.34 Kcal/mol. The results obtained herein unravelled the potential use of VP n-hexane extract as a natural anti-TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitex agnus-castus L. (Lamiaceae) is a bushy shrub native to Asian and Mediterranean regions and is often used in traditional and popular medicine for its many biological properties and aromatic virtues. There are many studies devoted to the phytochemistry of species growing in endemic conditions, but little or no information is available on species growing in a subtropical desert climate. In this perspective, a comparative study with works carried out almost everywhere in the world, aims to analyze phenolic extracts and essential oil of leaves harvested in arid regions of the south-west of the Algerian Sahara. The phenolic extracts are characterized by a high content of anthocyanidins (6.1±0.07 mg·g-1 DM) and by the presence of 40 components detected by HPLC-DAD, among which five phenolic acids, two flavones and two flavonols are identified. The essential oil is characterized by chemical diversity of volatile substances, 68 (98.97%) are selected by GC-MS of which 52 (89.72%) are identified. Hydrocarbon compounds (25.03%) are less abundant than their oxygenated (64.69%). These were distributed as follows: 25 monoterpenes (32.12%), 3 sesquiterpenes (31.84%), 1 diterpene (0.16%), 2 norisoprenoids (0.29%) and a non-terpene oxygenated compound (0.28%). A unique compound characterizes the oxygenated sesquiterpenes, caryophyllene oxide, which represents one-third (31.5%) of the total area of the foliar essential oil; this molecule is absent or very rare in all the other essential oils indicated in literature. Considering these results, V. agnus-castus acclimatized in the arid Saharan zone, presents a particular chemotype compared to those of endemic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) is a Mediterranean plant that is rich in bioactive metabolites. This study aimed to validate, for the first time, the beneficial use of VAC fruits and fruit decoctions (VFDs) through in vitro and in vivo trials. Forty-one volatile components were detected in VAC fruits, with 1,8-cineole (30.3%) comprising the majority. The antioxidant activity of VFD was measured by using different in vitro methods (EC50 of 0.16 mg/mL by β-carotene bleaching inhibition assay) and by measuring the DNA protection power. Using the disc diffusion assay, the antimicrobial activity of VFD was evaluated, and it exhibited a noticeable anticandidal activity. VFD did not cause any toxicity or mortality in rats treated with doses > 200 mg/kg. Using the acetic acid writhing test, the antinociceptive activity of VFD was measured. Our results showed that VFD at 200 mg/kg exhibited a higher analgesic activity (81.68%) than acetylsalicylic acid used as a positive control (74.35%). Its gastroprotective ability was assessed by HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesions, which were remarkably inhibited (84.62%) by intraperitoneal administration of VFD. This work helps to validate the popular use of VAC to treat nociceptive, inflammatory, and gastric disorders and encourages researchers to further investigate the identification of pharmacological compounds from this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Research is the property of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vitex L. is the largest genus of the Lamiaceae family, and most of its species are used in the traditional medicinal systems of different countries. A systematic review was conducted, according to the PRISMA methodology, to determine the potential of Vitex plants as sources of antimicrobial agents, resulting in 2610 scientific publications from which 141 articles were selected. Data analysis confirmed that Vitex species are used in traditional medicine for symptoms of possible infectious diseases. Conducted studies showed that these medicinal plants exhibited in vitro antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Vitex agnus-castus L. and Vitex negundo L. have been the most studied species, not only against bacterial strains but also against fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, viruses such as HIV-1, and parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum. Natural products like agnucastoside, negundol, negundoside, and vitegnoside have been identified in Vitex extracts and their antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microbial strains has been determined. Negundoside showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 12.5 µg/mL). Our results show that Vitex species are potential sources of new natural antimicrobial agents. However, further experimental studies need to be conducted.

The occurrence of leaf folder, Pycnarmon cribrata (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on the medicinal plant nirgundi, Vitex negundo Linn. has been observed in West Bengal, India. The pest damaged the foliage by folding the leaflets, feeding within and ultimately making the foliage dry and papery. However, the identity of the pest species was confirmed through morphological characteristics of male and female genitalia as well as sequence amplified product of Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (GenBank No. ON545929). Biological studies revealed that the entire life cycle of the moth completed in 29.90 ± 2.42 days on average, while the range was between 25-34 days. The peak larval incidence was noticed in 16th SMW (Standard Meteorological Week) and 24th SMW with population of 12 and 15 larvae per plant during 2021 and 2022, respectively. The percent plant incidence levels ranged from 15 to 100% during the first year i.e. 2021 and 30 to 100% during the second year i.e. 2022. The correlation of mean larval population (r = −0.66) and percent plant incidence (r = −0.71) with weather parameters indicated a highly significant negative association with the maximum temperature and a significant positive correlation with maximum and minimum relative humidity. The parasitization of Choeras sp. (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) (GenBank No. OP293230) was observed on old age larvae of P. cribrata and the natural parasitization was recorded as 26% during the study period. This study provides a comprehensive information on the occurrence, nature of damage, biology, morphometry, seasonal incidence and natural enemy fauna associated with P. cribrata which will be helpful for implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to curtail the pest problem on V. negundo, a valuable medicinal plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new eriophyoid mite species of the genus Diptilomiopus Nalepa (Acari: Diptilomiopidae) from China are described and illustrated. They are D. cotoneastrussp. nov. on Cotoneaster acutifolius Turcz. (Rosaceae), D. clidemioidussp. nov. on Boehmeria clidemioides var. diffusa (Wedd.) Hand.-Mazz. (Urticaceae), D. quinatussp. nov. on Vitex quinata (Lour.) F.N.Williams (Lamiaceae), and D. macropodussp. nov. on Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. (Daphniphyllaceae). All new species are distributed in the Oriental Region of China. They are vagrants on the leaves causing no apparent symptom to their host plants. We further provided mitochondrial cox1 gene sequences for the four new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Important diversity was observed between and within the natural populations of Vitex doniana in Benin. • Most of dendrometric traits were correlated to leaf and fruit-related traits. • Field observations and transect walks revealed highly fragmented natural populations due to intense human activities. Vitex doniana is an important but endangered multipurpose wild fruit tree species well known in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Benin. The present study assessed its current conservation status and morphological diversity within its natural populations in Benin. The study was conducted in 28 villages well distributed in 5 districts in southern Benin. The in-situ conservation status was assessed through direct field observations and transect walks. A total of 125 randomly selected trees were characterized using 13 quantitative morphological descriptors. Our results showed high morphological variability among trees based on the traits such as trunk circumference, crown attributes and diameter of leaf petiole. Positively significant correlations were found between most dendrometric parameters and leaf and fruit-related traits. The cluster analysis classified natural populations into three phenotypic groups, with the Cluster 2 encompassing the best accessions showing the greatest height, trunk diameter and the largest crown but with leaves moderate in size. However, the transect analysis performed revealed highly fragmented natural populations due to intense human activities. Therefore, awareness needs to be raised to protect this species and there is also an urgent need to develop domestication, breeding schemes and in-situ conservation programs dedicated to this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]