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A product-service system (PSS) aims to improve the profitability and competitiveness of companies, generate superior value for customers, and contribute to sustainability. However, despite those benefits, manufacturing companies still find it difficult to structure their business models as PSS, especially regarding the design of sustainable business offers. Previous research on designing PSS business models has not integrated sustainability aspects and empirical evidence on how to design sustainable PSS business models remains limited, especially in contexts such as developing countries, where those offers have a great potential for sustainability improvements. Thus, this paper explores the practical design of a PSS business model for electric vehicle sharing in the Brazilian context, considering sustainable principles. An analysis of the challenges and opportunities of offering shared sustainable mobility in the Brazilian context is presented. The PSS business model is described considering an integrated approach focusing on the co-creation of value-in-use by the value network. The results aim to support practitioners in designing more sustainable PSS business models, generating superior value for the 'value network' of PSS and contributing toward expanding sustainable production and consumption knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the application of eye tracking technology in the automotive industry in the context of vehicle assessment in customer clinics. The paper presents the mentioned technology, the applied experimental methodology and selected results. In particular, the hypotheses that were expressed during the research of the topic and during the preparation of the experiment are answered. In this way, the innovative technology of eye tracking can be used to reflect the "voice of the customer" in the vehicle design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles contribute significantly to energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases, as well as being silent and highly sustainable in terms of usage. Public transportation vehicles, such as buses, play a significant role in transportation, reducing fuel consumption for society as a whole and resolving traffic congestion. It raises the infact values of concqjts such as electricity and a bus when these two phenomena are combined under one roof To ensure long-term serviceability, electric vehicles must be capable of operating under similar conditions as conventional vehicles. In order to ensure that the vehicles are ready for use, they undergo several stages of testing simulating actual operating conditions. Following the conqsletion of the test process, if tiie vehicle meets the predetermined criteria, the test process is considered complete, and the vehicle is approved for use. In this study, two different battery electric bus models were subjected to road endurance tests, critical parts were determined, and product reliability was ensured by product development studies. For this purpose, technical specifications of vehicles were shared, road durabiliiy test area and several road conditions were evaluated, qualification criterias were specified, loading conditions were assessed, mechanical evaluation stages were explained and finally, critical parts of vehicles were shared» By this study, parts required periodic maintenance were revealed, fundamental infbimatioii has been obtained to ensure standardization in bus road durability tests, ensuring adequate vehicle safety has been facilitated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper "Eye-tracking technology in automotive industry" describes the implementation of eye-tracking technology into the development of new vehicles and their decisionmaking process. This objective technology tracks the eye movement of a participant, detects where the subject is looking during an interval of an experiment, and thus offers a wide range of applications. It can be used to detect distractions while driving on a simulator under a certain workload or to record objective data during an otherwise subjective customer-oriented clinic. In this topic, we evaluate areas of the vehicle which are the most interesting for customers, and therefore provide support and recommendations for new vehicle designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the development of Starship spacecraft by private rocket company SpaceX. Topics discussed include the plan of U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Ames Research Center planetary scientist Jennifer Heldmann to use Starship to probe lunar ice, the failure of NASA's Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission, and the objectives of SpaceX chief executive officer Elon Musk in developing Starship.

The Mechanics of penetration investigate the interactions between projectiles and targets. The Mechanics of penetration were initially developed with military motives and were used in the design and manufacture of durable military vehicles, warships, protective vests, bulletproof panels, satellite protective equipment, nuclear reactor protection used. In this paper, the penetration of cylindrical and conical-nosed long rods projectiles in normal and the diagonally ceramic target is studied by analytically and numerical methods; And the Interface defeat e phenomenon, in which the projectile is eroded so that the material in the target surface is radial and outward flow. A comparison was also made between the oblique and normal penetration of long rods cylindrical and conical-nosed projectiles, which illustrates the importance of collision angles. The analytical relations related to the reduction of velocity and erosion of the projectile mass were investigated concerning the extraction time and kinetic energy loss of the projectile. Transition from the interface defeat phase to the penetration phase is also described in detail, and the variation of the critical speed suffering from the change in the angle of impact has been investigated. Each of the results of the analytical work and numerical simulations has been evaluated by experimental work carried out in previous studies and the comparison of the results shows the acceptable accuracy for the obtained relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of the engine vibration on the vehicle's ride comfort and improve the vehicle's ride comfort, three types of engine’s isolation systems including the traditional rubber mount (TRM), hydraulic mount (HM), and semi-active HM controlled by the PID control (SHM) are proposed. A dynamic model of the inline 4-cylinder engine is established to determine the excitation force of the engine. By the combination of the random excitation of the vehicle floor affecting the engine isolation system, the isolating performance of the TRM, HM, and HM is then simulated and evaluated on isolating the engine vibration and improving the vehicle’s ride comfort. Both the root mean square (RMS) values of the engine acceleration response (aRMSe) and isolation force (aRMS) of engine isolation systems are given as the objective functions. The research results show that the engine vibration combined with the excitation of the road surface roughness significantly affects the vehicle’s ride comfort. By using the SHM, both the engine acceleration and isolation force are significantly reduced in comparison with the TRM. Especially, the values of the aRMSe and aRMS are remarkably decreased by 9.32 % and 9.69 % in comparison with the TRM. Thus, to improve the vehicle's ride comfort and reduce the effect of the engine's vibration on the ride comfort, the engine isolation system used by the TRM needs to be replaced by using the SHM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of surface roughness differences of vehicle coating materials (paint, paste, special applications, etc.) on the aerodynamic drag coefficient were investigated using the finite element method. For this, aerodynamic drag forces and aerodynamic drag coefficients for speeds between 40-150 km/hours were calculated for a 1/20 scale vehicle designed by a package program by defining the body parts and front-rear window parts separately and assigning pre-calculated roughness values suitable in the industry, and the results were presented through graphs and visuals. Using three different paint roughness values (low, medium, and high), and one commonly used Teflon (fluoropolymer) coating, it was observed that the aerodynamic resistance coefficient increased with increasing roughness levels. Relative to the aerodynamic resistance coefficient for the lowest paint roughness value, the aerodynamic resistance coefficient for the medium roughness value showed an increase of 0.000612529%, the aerodynamic resistance coefficient for the high roughness value showed an increase of 0.00104783%, and the aerodynamic resistance coefficient for the fluoropolymer coating showed an increase of 0.091195826%. In addition, the distribution of the pressure forces on the vehicle hood and windscreen were also observed in the study. It was observed that the pressure forces, which were approaching maximum on the front bumper, windscreen and side mirrors, were reduced over the rear windscreen area due to separated flow. It was also observed that the aerodynamic resistance force can be reduced by processes such as angular improvements to be made in the front bumper and vehicle windscreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driving style has been proposed to be a critical factor in automated driving. However, the role of driving style in the process of taking over during automated driving needs further investigation. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of driving style on takeover performance under the influence of warning system factors. In addition, this study also explored whether the impact of driving style on reaction time varies over time and the role of driving style on a comprehensive takeover quality indicator. Two driving simulation experiments with different takeover request (TOR) designs were conducted. In experiment 1, content warning information was provided in the TOR with different warning stage designs; in experiment 2, countdown warning information was provided in the TOR with different warning stage designs. Sixty-four participants (32 for experiment 1 and 32 for experiment 2) were classified into two groups based on their driving style (i.e., aggressive, or defensive) using the Chinese version of the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (the brief MDSI-C). The results suggested that drivers' driving style had significant effects on takeover performance, but the effects were influenced by warning system designs. Specifically, defensive participants performed better takeover performance, i.e., shorter reaction time and cautious vehicle control behaviors, than aggressive participants in most warning conditions. The content and countdown warning information and warning stage design affected the roles of driving style on takeover performance: 1) compared to the one-stage warning design, the two-stage warning design significantly shortened the reaction time of the participants with different driving styles, 2) compared to the countdown warning information design, the design of content warning information can shorten the reaction time of aggressive participants and lengthen the reaction time of defensive participants in the two-stage warning conditions, and 3) compared to the content warning information design, countdown warning information can improve the safe takeover performance of defensive participants. This study provides a better understanding of the role of driving style on takeover performance, and driving style should be considered when designing warning systems for autonomous vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horses are transported more frequently than any other animals (European Commission, 2002), but lack of education and knowledge in and control over their transportation leads to consequences harmful for the development and expansion of the industry. This study investigates the risks of horse transportation and aims to improve risk mitigation by proposing procedures and control systems. This study focuses particularly on racehorses and showjumping horses, considering their volume and the value of the equestrian market. Employing multi-method research, we aim to investigate the risks involved in horse transportation in Turkey and contribute to the related literature by creating a holistic approach with multiple parties involved in the industry. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with coaches, riders, grooms, drivers, a veterinarian, and a company owner in three cities of Turkey. The data revealed seven risk categories in horse road transportation: employee expertise, insurance issuance, horse health and safety, industry qualification, infrastructure, transportation planning, and vehicle design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth in new energy vehicle industry, more and more new energy vehicle battery packs catch fire or even explode due to the internal short circuit. Comparing with traditional vehicles, the new energy vehicles industry should pay more attention to safety of power battery pack structures. The battery pack is an important barrier to protect the internal batteries. A battery pack structure model is imported into ANSYS for structural optimization under sharp acceleration, sharp turn and sharp deceleration turn conditions on the bumpy road. Based on the simulation, the battery pack structure is improved, and suitable materials are determined. Then the collision resistance of the optimized battery pack is verified, and the safety level is greatly improved. While ensuring the safety and reliability of the battery pack structure, it also reduces the weight to satisfy the lightweight design and complies with relevant technical standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]