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Gaultheria Kalm ex L. (Ericaceae), a type of evergreen shrub, known as a natural source of methyl salicylate, possesses rich germplasm resources, strong habitat adaptability, significant ornamental value, and noteworthy pharmacological activities. However, due to the paucity of whole genomic information, genetically deep research in these areas remains limited. Consequently, we intend to obtain genome data through high-throughput sequencing, gene annotation, flow cytometry, transcription factors prediction and genetic marker analysis for a representative species of this genus, with Gaultheria prostrata selected for our study. In this study, we preliminarily obtained the genome of G. prostrata through next-generation sequencing methods. Utilizing 47.94 Gb of high-quality sequence data (108.95× coverage), assembled into 114,436 scaffolds, with an N50 length of 33,667 bp. The genome size assembled by SOAPdenovo, approximately 417 Mb, corresponded closely to predictions by flow cytometry (440 Mb) and k -mer analysis (447 Mb). The genome integrity was evaluated using BUSCO with 91%. The heterozygosity ratio was 0.159%, the GC content was 38.85%, and the repetitive regions encompassed over 34.6% of the genome. A total of 26,497 protein-coding genes have been predicted and annotated across Nr, Swissprot, GO, KEGG, and Pfam databases. Among these, 14,377 and 2,387 genes received functional annotation in Nr and Swissprot, respectively; 21,895, 24,424, and 22,330 genes were similarly annotated in GO, KEGG, and Pfam. Moreover, A total of 279,785 SSRs were identified and 345,270 primers for these SSRs were designed. Within the various nucleotide types of SSRs, AG/CT and AAG/CTT constituted the predominant dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeat types in G. prostrata. In addition, 1,395 transcription factors (TFs) from 75 TF families, 462 transcription regulators (TRs) from 33 TR families and 840 protein kinase (PKs) from 118 PK families were identified in this genome. We also performed phylogenetic analyses of G. prostrata and related species, including estimation of divergence times and expansion and contraction analyses, followed by positive selection analyses of orthologous gene pairs of G. prostrata and its close relative Vaccinium corymbosum. These results provide a reference for in-depth study of genus Gaultheria , contributing to future functional and comparative genomics analyses and providing supporting data for the development of molecular markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) undergo significant texture changes during development and ripening, notably a consistent decrease in firmness, which affects fruit quality, consumer preference, transportability, and shelf life. This study examined the composition and structural modifications of the cell wall in five commercially available blueberry varieties with differing firmness levels at harvest. Our approach integrated various biochemical techniques for a comprehensive analysis of cell wall components to elucidate firmness differences at the harvest stage. One of the conclusions was the relationship between a low degree of pectin methylesterification and the presence of increased egg-box structures, which correlated with increased firmness. The data suggest that low-abundance pectins in blueberry cell walls, such as rhamnogalacturonan-I participate in firmness modulation through their side branches or by linking to arabinogalactan proteins. Additionally, the xyloglucan structure can be one of the determinants of fruit firmness. Although, this work provides a broad insight into the relationship between cell wall composition and firmness in blueberry, a more detailed analysis, specifically focusing on pectin and hemicelluloses, would be of significant value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) is a small pulp shrub, which prefers to grow on a soilless culture. For soilless culture, nutritional management remains typically vital for blueberry production. However, the effect of different nutritional treatments on blueberry growth and production is largely unknown. This study was designed to investigate to formulate a specific nutritional treatment for blueberry. The results showed that NH4+-N: NO3−-N ratios significantly affected the growth, nutrient uptake, physiological characteristics, and flowering, as well as the fruiting characteristics of blueberry plants. The number of shoots and top projection area was increased considerably by 25:75 treatment. In contrast, 50:50 treatment promotes plant height, shoot length, and stem thickness, increasing chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic capacity, and P, Ca, and Mg in leaves. In contrast, 50:50 treatment promotes the flowering fruiting rate and prolongs the blueberry flowering period. The maximum soluble sugar contents were noted in 25:75, while maximum starch contents were reported in the 50:50 treatment. The treatments 100:0 and 75:25 promote early flowering and accelerate fruit set. Notably, NH4+-N: NO3−-N ratios; 50:50 treatment significantly encourages plant growth, nutrient uptake, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic capacity, and fruit setting rate in blueberry plants. These findings suggested that NH4+-N: NO3−-N ratios 50:50 is the most appropriate treatment that significantly promotes vegetative growth and enhances production in blueberry plants. This study provides valuable information for improved blueberry production under a controlled environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are cultivated crop plants worldwide and they are still gaining importance. However, a common uniform description of the phenological development was missing so far. In this work, a specific code is presented, based on the decimal BBCH scale. The BBCH scale comprises the macrostages 0–9, with macrostage 4 being omitted here, because it has no relevance for blueberry crops grown in the field. Each macrostage is subdivided in several microstages, each describing a notable developmental stage. The BBCH code takes special reference to the fruit development, fruit ripening, and several fruit pickings, which are typical for blueberries. For each macrostage the main development as well as cultivation characteristics are explained in more detail. The new BBCH code is compared with other descriptions of phenotypical development of highbush blueberries and transformations are suggested. The BBCH code is developed for cultivated highbush blueberries and is therefore applicable to northern, southern, and rabbiteye blueberries as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic variability in 13 selected genotypes of Vaccinium corymbosum using re-trotransposon-based iPBS markers system was characterized in this study. The four selected iPBS primers amplified 232 fragments, average 58 fragments per primer, approximately 53.16% of which were polymorphic. The polymorphism information content of iPBS marker was 0.238. The hierarchical cluster using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis divided selected genotypes into two main groups and several subgroups. The values of the Jaccard coefficient of genetic relatedness were between 0.036–0.243. The similarity between two sample sets was 3.6%–24.3%. This study confirmed inter-PBS amplification technique as a reproducible and trustable marker system, but has proved to be an effective DNA fingerprinting technology to generate polymorphism in Vaccinium corymbosum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers and food industry stakeholders have expressed great interest in using simple, non‐destructive and inexpensive methods to control/maintain or monitor the freshness of perishable foods. The idea of smart packaging has been introduced to address these requirements satisfactorily, revolutionizing conventional food packaging. Vaccinium corymbosum (VC)–based carbon dots (CDs) and anthocyanin were matrixed on gelatin (GEL) to fabricate smart packaging film. The VC biowaste–derived carbon dots (VC‐CDs) were characterized using photoluminescence, fluorescence spectrometry, FTIR, antibacterial/antioxidant potential, TEM and XPS analysis. Fabricated films were subjected to physico‐chemical, antioxidant and optical properties, SEM, TGA simulation and in vivo food model system. The VC‐CDs exhibited excellent functional properties like ultraviolet (UV) blocking and antibacterial properties. The reinforcement with 1.5% VC‐CDs and 6% VC anthocyanins (VCA) in the GEL polymer matrix improved UV blocking (> 189%) properties and showed potent antioxidant potential (> 164%) compared to the neat GEL film. In vivo food packaging (minced pork, fish and shrimp) with films has shown that indicator films work efficiently and non‐destructively and monitor real‐time freshness. The GEL/VC‐CDs/VCA‐based active and intelligent films are expected to be applied as multifunctional nanocomposite packaging materials that can indicate quality changes in real time, maintain quality and prolong the shelf life of packaged foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gradual pollen presentation is a reproductive strategy for plants to improve the efficiency and accuracy of pollen export and acceptance as well as to promote outcrossing. Vaccinium corymbosum Berkeley has a typical mechanism of gradual pollen presentation. Methods: In this study, we used indoor and outdoor observations to investigate the floral characteristics, pollination characteristics and breeding system of this species in open ground and greenhouse. Results: The results showed that the single white, inverted bell-shaped flower of V. corymbosum was able to effectively avoid the negative effects of rainfall, nectar dilution and pollen removal by wind, and improved pollen viability and the duration of stigma receptivity. The setting rate of 'Northland' is higher than open ground by artificial pollination in greenhouse, therefore, greenhouses are more suitable for 'Northland' reproduction. The gradual pollen presentation prolongs dispersal time, promotes pollinator participation in the pollination process, increases staminate fitness, and provides for nectar feeding by pollinators as well as pollen export. Bombus spp. and A. m. ligustica were effective pollinators in the open ground and greenhouse, and the pollination efficiency of Bombus spp. was higher than that of A. m. ligustica, and greenhouse pollination is more efficient than open ground. The coincidence of the peak period of pollinator visits with the period of highest pollen viability and optimal pollination of stigmas, as well as the high nectar production, could maximize the frequency of pollinator visits and increase the chances of successful pollination as well as the pollination efficiency. Discussion: Therefore, it is important to study the floral characteristics of V. corymbosum Berkeley and the mechanism of gradual pollen presentation in order to improve the pollination efficiency and promote the success of outcrossing, which can provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of V. corymbosum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of four ammonium N rates on fruit yield and leaf nutrient concentration in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivars grown on a substrate. The experiment was conducted with increasing ammonium sulfate (NH4–N) rates 0, 100, 200, and 300%), using plants of two-year-old of pot-grown nine highbush blueberry cultivars, grown in 35 liters (L) pots with soilless media, consisting of coconut fiber, peat, and perlite at 2:2:1 (v/v). Leaf nutrient concentration was affected by cultivar and nitrogen (N) rate. Increasing the N rate increased N, P (phosphorus), Ca (calcium), Mg (magnesium), S (sulfur), and Mn (manganese) concentrations and decreased K (potassium), Cu (copper), and B (boron) concentrations in most cultivars. Increasing the N rate increased fruit yield per plant equivalent to 67%, 93%, and 152% concerning the control. Considering the highest fruit production obtained with NH4–N rates from 100% to 300% leaf nutrient concentrations (%) ranged from 1.83 to 2.82 for N, 0.10 to 0.15 for P, 0.62 to 1.04 for K, 0.31 to 0.63 for Ca, 0.13 to 0.24 for Mg, and 0.20 to 0.59 for S. The main conclusions obtained are: leaf N and S concentration responded positively to applied N, yield was almost always positively affected by N, and the reference standard for foliar analysis in blueberry should be adjusted according to the cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizosphere microbiotas play vital roles in resisting environmental stress, transforming soil nutrients, and promoting plant health, growth, and productivity. The effects of rhizosphere microbial community shaping and the characteristics and functions of keystone taxa on blueberries were comprehensively studied by examining the rhizobacteria of healthy old trees (O), young seedlings (OG), and poorly growing seedlings (OB) of O'Neal blueberries. Our results showed that rhizobacterial diversity followed the order OB > > OG > O, and the microbial community of OG was similar to that of O, while that of OB was distinctly different. The predominant rhizobacteria identified included Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria. Firmicutes were highly enriched in healthy blueberries, with Bacillus identified as a key genus that significantly enhanced blueberry growth when inoculated. Bradyrhizobium and Gaiellales were common core bacteria in the blueberry rhizosphere. In contrast, Acidobacteria were the predominant phylum in poorly growing OB, with the specific Vicinamibacterales-related and Latescibacterota-related genera acting as keystone taxa that shaped the microbial community. In addition, bacterial species in Vicinamibacterales might act as a potential pathogen predicted by BugBase. Taken together, these findings provide fundamental insights into the development of the blueberry rhizosphere microbial community and highlight the role of beneficial rhizobacteria, such as Bacillus, in enhancing blueberry growth. This knowledge could contribute to the exploitation of beneficial rhizobacteria and the prevention of pathogens in modern agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the response of blueberry photosynthetic physiology to different light intensities during different stages of fruit development. In this study, four light intensity treatments (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of full light) were set up to study the change rule of photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic characteristics of 'O'Neal' southern highbush blueberry leaves during the white fruiting stage (S1), purple fruiting stage (S2) and blue fruiting stage (S3) under different light intensity environments, and to explore the light demand and light adaptability of blueberry during different developmental stages of the fruit. The results showed that the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of blueberry leaves showed an increasing trend with decreasing light intensity at all three stages of fruit development. The total chlorophyll content of blueberry leaves at 25% light intensity increased by 76.4% compared with CK during the blue fruiting stage; the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), light compensation point (LCP), light saturation point (LSP), rate of dark respirations (Rd), inter-cellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), net photosynthesis rate (Pn), and chlorophyll a/b showed a decreasing trend with decreasing light intensity. The Pn of blueberry leaves was highest under full light conditions at all three stages, and the Pn at 25% light intensity decreased by 68.5% compared with CK during the white fruiting stage Reflecting the fact that blueberries can adapt to low-light environments through increases in chlorophyll and carotenoids, but reduced light intensity significantly inhibited their photosynthesis. The photosynthetic physiology of blueberry showed a consistent pattern at all three stages, but there were some differences in the changes of photosynthetic parameters at different stages. The results of the study can provide theoretical references for the selection of sites and density regulation in blueberry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the most serious challenges facing agriculture and ecosystems around the world. With more frequent and more extreme weather events, the effects of drought are becoming more severe, leading to yield losses, soil depletion and environmental degradation. In this work, we present an analysis of the impact of a marine algae biostimulanat andits ability to offset the effects of drought stress in blueberry cultivation. The aim of the research was to evaluate various fertilisation programs in increasing plant resistance to abiotic stress such as drought. It was tested whether the algal biostimulator provides the same tolerance to drought stress in highbush blueberry plants as regular fertilisers without biostimulation. The research was conducted in 2022 in a greenhouse in controlled drought conditions. Three-year-old highbush blueberry bushes (12 pieces) were used in the experiment. Highbush blueberry bushes (Vaccinium corymbosum) 'Brigitta Blue' varieties were planted in plastic pots with a capacity of 10 dm3 containing an acidic substrate and placed in a greenhouse. Controlled lighting conditions were maintained using sodium lamps and a temperature of 25°C/20°C day/night. The substrate in pots was maintained at 80% of field water capacity by manual watering and weekly supply of nutrient solution for 5 weeks until water deficit occurred. Half of the plants were sprayed weekly with biostimulant at a concentration of 1%, three times 1 week apart (1 application per week). The biostimulant was evenly applied to the entire plant. Seven days after the third application of the product, half of the unsprayed and sprayed plants were subjected to water deficit stress by holding thewatering until 40% of the field water capacity (FC) was reached. The experimental layout included four combinations: C—Control—no biostimulation, no water deficit; CS—Stress control—water deficit up to 40% FC, no biostimulation; B—Biostimulator—no water deficit, biostimulation; BS—Stress plus biostimulator—water deficit up to 40% FC, biostimulation. Fertilisers with seaweed extracts show the ability to reduce the adverse effects of stress, promoting plant resilience, including tolerance to drought stress. The following were evaluated in the experiment: catalase activity, peroxidase activity, free malondialdehyde content, photosynthetic activity and leaf mineral content. The biostimulant used in experiment increased the oxidative activity of the enzymes pe-roxidase and catalase under simulated drought stress conditions. The algal biostimulant increased the average value of catalase activity by 20% in comparison to the control plants, in both combinatinations. The tested biostimulator had no effect on the chlorophyll content in the leaves or the concentration of nutrients in the leaves. The effect of marine algae products on the yield quantity and high quality is related among other to bioactive substances which helps to prevent drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August 2023, severe symptoms of crown and root rot were detected on blueberry plants in two commercial fields located in Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico. Colonies with oomycete morphology were obtained and two isolates were purified. The causal agent was identified as Phytopythium helicoides by a combination of morphological studies, pathogenicity tests, and phylogenetic analysis including data from internal transcribed spacer and large subunit sequences. This is the first report of P. helicoides causing crown and root rot of blueberry worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase nutrient input and alleviate the poor growth of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in neutral soil with strong nitrification, the application of nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) as an enhanced efficiency fertilizer is a strategy to reduce nitrogen (N) loss and improve N supply. However, few studies have systematically investigated the effect of DMPP application on blueberry and its soil condition in detail so far. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of DMPP at four gradient levels including 0.5% (w/w applied-N) DMPP (DL), 1% DMPP (DM), 2% DMPP (DH), and no DMPP (CK) on the dynamics of soil mineral N (NH4+-N and NO3−-N), soil chemical properties, as well as the agronomic characteristics and physiological indexes of blueberry plants in the neutral soil–blueberry system. The addition of DMPP significantly increased the retention of soil ammonium nitrogen and the content of total mineral nitrogen. qPCR analysis showed that DMPP inhibited the ammoxidation process mainly by reducing the abundance of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) amoA gene rather than the ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) amoA gene. No significant inhibitory effect of DMPP was observed for the nitrite dehydrogenase gene nxrA and nitrite reductase gene nirS. Soil NH4+-N and available phosphorus content were both enhanced with the DMPP application rates both in bulk and rhizosphere soil. Applying 1% DMPP to the neutral soil for blueberry was sufficient to safely inhibit soil nitrification, not only increasing ammonium nitrogen content by 10.42% and 26.79%, but also enhancing available phosphorus content by 9.19% and 22.41% compared with CK in bulk and rhizosphere soil, respectively. Moreover, 1% DMPP addition increased the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of blueberry leaves by 12.17% and 26.42%, respectively, compared with CK. The total branch length and the dry weight of blueberry plant were also increased by 16.8% and 33.1%, respectively. These results provide valuable agronomic information for the application of DMPP in blueberry cultivation. Fertilization applied with 1% DMPP has great economic potential to improve both nitrogen and phosphorus absorption of blueberry so as to promote the vegetative growth of blueberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4), particularly those from organic soils, need to be reduced in the context of climate change mitigation (CCM). Here, we estimated the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from nutrient-poor organic soils in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) plantations established on former peat extraction fields compared to active peat extraction fields and pristine raised bogs in Latvia. A two-year study (2016–2018) was conducted using the manual closed chamber method. In berry plantations and active peat extraction fields, annual net CO2 fluxes contributed the most to total GHG emissions, accounting for over 67%, and temperature had the most significant impact on CO2 fluxes. Conversely, annual CH4 fluxes were the primary contributor to total net GHG emissions in the pristine raised bog, which simultaneously acted as a slight CO2 sink. N2O fluxes were relatively low among all studied land use types. This study provided quantitative insights into the variation in GHG fluxes and the environmental variables influencing them, and the obtained data are valuable to estimate the impact of the establishment of berry plantations on former peat extraction fields on CCM in the hemiboreal region of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinibarrenia chlamydospora, sp. nov. isolated from the roots of highbush blueberry in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, is described and illustrated. Based on multigene phylogenetic analysis, as well as morphological and ecological characteristics, Pinibarreniales and Pinibarreniaceae are established to accommodate this novel lineage in Sordariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes. Pinibarreniales, Tracyllalales, and Vermiculariopsiellales are proposed to be included in the subclass Sordariomycetidae. Pinibarreniales likely have a wide distribution and forms association with Ericaceae plants that live in acidic and oligotrophic environments because its DNA barcode matches with environmental sequences from other independent ecological studies. The plant-fungal interaction experiment revealed negative impacts on Arabidopsis, indicating its pathogenicity. This uncovered new fungal lineage will contribute to a better understanding of the diversity and systematics of Sordariomycetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first report of the occurrence of blueberry virus L (BlVL) in Japan and the complete nucleotide sequence of a Japanese isolate. BlVL was detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 35 of 52 highbush blueberry shrubs at Iwate University Research Farm, Japan, and in aphids (Aphis gossypii) on a BlVL-infected blueberry shrub. In the aphid transmission test of BlVL, the aphids transmitted the virus to uninfected blueberry bushes. No symptoms were observed in shrubs infected with the virus by aphid inoculation or by graft inoculation, suggesting that BlVL causes latent infection in highbush blueberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Impact Statement: The history of blueberries highlights the agroecological systems, multispecies relationships, and socioeconomic factors that shape eating habits and commercial availability of food. In the United States, an elaborate and lucrative human‐managed crop system evolved around so‐called wild blueberries in the late nineteenth‐century. Blueberry domestication under the auspices of public‐private collaboration in the early twentieth century then established the foundation for today's global blueberry trade. Wild blueberries continued to occupy specific economic niches, however, and an uneasy dynamic developed between locally revered Vaccinium species and the commercial "blueberry." In an urbanizing world of people increasingly alienated from their food sources, blueberries provide a reminder of the intricate relationships between people and plants that shape both basic prospects of survival and specific ways of life, whether for good or for ill. Summary: This work examines blueberries' emergence as a commercial product and how it grew out of a history that involved multiple Vaccinium species and their convoluted interactions with human ecologies. It outlines the agroecology of the wild blueberry trade in nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century Maine, followed by blueberries' domestication and expanded commercialization in the 1910s and 1920s through a public‐private collaboration between USDA scientist Frederick V. Coville and New Jersey cranberry grower Elizabeth C. White. The complexity of blueberries' path to becoming a global commodity underscores the significance of cultural factors in determining how a singular "blueberry" came to be defined in the first place.The article uses a range of sources to document blueberries' history of commercialization from the late nineteenth century to the present. In particular, local newspapers from Maine made it possible to reconstruct the agroecology of the wild blueberry trade in the state in the period prior to 1920, while a variety of government documents and agricultural journals provided the key means for exploring blueberries' domestication and commercialization in the 1910s and 1920s.The article delineates the main features of the agroecology that defined Maine's wild blueberry crop system and the public‐private relationship surrounding the domestication and commercialization of blueberry culture in New Jersey. These histories ultimately underscore the interplay between regional cultures, processes of commodification, and a nationalizing economy that came to define the blueberry as a product in the fresh fruit market of the United States. Public‐private collaborations, cultural discourses, and the evolving market relations that came with the globalization of blueberry culture in the late twentieth and early twenty‐first centuries continue to reflect trends established earlier in the twentieth century.The article concludes that the emergence of "the blueberry" as a singular commercial product embodies a set of systems and relationships between plant species and human societies that blurs the boundaries between wild and domesticated, ranges in scale from the local to the global, and preserves niches for localism within a global commercial landscape that itself contains multiple species underneath a veneer of standardization. Today's globalized fresh blueberry thus contains within itself a long and convoluted history of cultivation, plant breeding, competing crop systems, market relations, and cultural constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blueberries are high-value fruits. The traditional method of propagation by cuttings cannot supply the modern market with large quantities of seedlings. The method of micropropagation of plants in vitro makes it possible to bring the production of blueberry seedlings to the highest level. Blueberries have not been sufficiently studied in in vitro culture, so the search for the simplest and most cost-effective methods of micropropagation remains relevant. The problem of accelerated micropropagation of blueberries can be solved using rocker-type bioreactors, which differ from other models in terms of simplicity of design and low cost. A study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of micropropagation of Vaccinium corymbosum 'Bluecrop' in rocker bioreactors. Two types of bioreactors were compared: the bioreactor of the Platform system and the TIS rocker bioreactor modified by the author. As a control, blueberries were grown on a semi-solid medium. The effectiveness of blueberry micropropagation was evaluated by the following indicators: multiplication coefficient, shoot length, and proportion of vitrified shoots. Experiments were conducted on WPM medium, with zeatin supplementation at a concentration of 1.0 mg/l, resulting in optimal results. It is shown that the rocker bioreactor is slightly inferior to the plantform bioreactor in micropropagation but outperforms the method of micropropagation on semisolid media. The rocker bioreactor can be fully utilized for production purposes. In order to reduce costs and increase technical reliability, the working principle of the mechanical drive of the author's model of a rocker-type bioreactor was changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary flowering is the phenomenon in which a tree blooms twice or more times a year. Along with the development of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruits in spring, a large number of secondary flowers on the strong upright spring shoots were noticed in blueberries planted in the greenhouse. To reveal the cause and possible regulatory mechanism of the phenomenon, we clarified the phenological characteristics of flower bud differentiation and development on the spring shoots by combining phenological phenotype with anatomical observation. Furthermore, the changes in carbohydrates, trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P), and the relationship among the key enzyme regulatory genes for Tre6P metabolism and the key regulatory genes for flower formation during the differentiation process of apical buds and axillary buds were investigated. The results showed that the process of flower bud differentiation and flowering of apical and axillary buds was consistent, accompanied by a large amount of carbohydrate consumption. This process was positively correlated with the expression trends of VcTPS1/2, VcSnRK1, VcFT, VcLFY2, VcSPL43, VcAP1, and VcDAM in general, and negatively correlated with that of VcTPP. In addition, there is a certain difference in the differentiation progress of flower buds between the apical and axillary buds. Compared with axillary buds, apical buds had higher contents of sucrose, fructose, glucose, Tre6P, and higher expression levels of VcTPS2, VcFT, VcSPL43, and VcAP1. Moreover, VcTPS1 and VcTPS2 were more closely related to the physiological substances (sucrose and Tre6P) in axillary bud and apical bud differentiation, respectively. It was suggested that sucrose and trehalose-6-phosphate play a crucial role in promoting flower bud differentiation in strong upright spring shoots, and VcTPS1 and VcTPS2 might play a central role in these activities. Our study provided substantial sight for further study on the mechanism of multiple flowering of blueberries and laid a foundation for the regulation and utilization of the phenomenon of multiple flowering in a growing season of perennial woody plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of blueberries has increased in recent years due to their excellent flavor and high antioxidant activity, which promote human well-being and health. Several sustainable cultural practices, such as biostimulants, have been applied to increase crop performance. The pre-harvest foliar application of two doses of a biostimulant based on the macroalgae Ecklonia maxima (EM), two doses of a glycine–betaine (GB) biostimulant, and two doses of the combination of the biostimulants in 'Duke' and 'Draper' blueberry cultivars in 2022 and 2023 were studied. The application of 4 L ha−1 EM significantly increased the yield of 'Draper' blueberries, while the same occurred in 'Duke' fruits treated with 4 L ha−1 EM + 4 kg ha−1 GB. The blueberries sprayed with both doses of EM + GB were heavier and larger. 'Duke' fruits treated with EM were firmer and, following 4 L ha−1 EM + 4 kg ha−1 GB treatment, presented a lower concentration of organic acids, determined by HPLC, greater sensorial sweetness, and lower acidity. Therefore, these biostimulants are recommended for a more environmentally friendly production perspective, as they may increase blueberry yield and improve fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Impact Statement The history of blueberries highlights the agroecological systems, multispecies relationships, and socioeconomic factors that shape eating habits and commercial availability of food. In the United States, an elaborate and lucrative human‐managed crop system evolved around so‐called wild blueberries in the late nineteenth‐century. Blueberry domestication under the auspices of public‐private collaboration in the early twentieth century then established the foundation for today's global blueberry trade. Wild blueberries continued to occupy specific economic niches, however, and an uneasy dynamic developed between locally revered Vaccinium species and the commercial “blueberry.” In an urbanizing world of people increasingly alienated from their food sources, blueberries provide a reminder of the intricate relationships between people and plants that shape both basic prospects of survival and specific ways of life, whether for good or for ill. Summary This work examines blueberries' emergence as a commercial product and how it grew out of a history that involved multiple Vaccinium species and their convoluted interactions with human ecologies. It outlines the agroecology of the wild blueberry trade in nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century Maine, followed by blueberries' domestication and expanded commercialization in the 1910s and 1920s through a public‐private collaboration between USDA scientist Frederick V. Coville and New Jersey cranberry grower Elizabeth C. White. The complexity of blueberries' path to becoming a global commodity underscores the significance of cultural factors in determining how a singular “blueberry” came to be defined in the first place. The article uses a range of sources to document blueberries' history of commercialization from the late nineteenth century to the present. In particular, local newspapers from Maine made it possible to reconstruct the agroecology of the wild blueberry trade in the state in the period prior to 1920, while a variety of government documents and agricultural journals provided the key means for exploring blueberries' domestication and commercialization in the 1910s and 1920s. The article delineates the main features of the agroecology that defined Maine's wild blueberry crop system and the public‐private relationship surrounding the domestication and commercialization of blueberry culture in New Jersey. These histories ultimately underscore the interplay between regional cultures, processes of commodification, and a nationalizing economy that came to define the blueberry as a product in the fresh fruit market of the United States. Public‐private collaborations, cultural discourses, and the evolving market relations that came with the globalization of blueberry culture in the late twentieth and early twenty‐first centuries continue to reflect trends established earlier in the twentieth century. The article concludes that the emergence of “the blueberry” as a singular commercial product embodies a set of systems and relationships between plant species and human societies that blurs the boundaries between wild and domesticated, ranges in scale from the local to the global, and preserves niches for localism within a global commercial landscape that itself contains multiple species underneath a veneer of standardization. Today's globalized fresh blueberry thus contains within itself a long and convoluted history of cultivation, plant breeding, competing crop systems, market relations, and cultural constructs.

Blueberry is an important perennial fruit crop with expanding consumption and production worldwide. Consumer demand for blueberries has grown due to the desirable flavor and numerous health benefits, and fresh market production in the U.S. has risen in turn. U.S. imports have also increased to satisfy year-round consumer demand for fresh blueberries. Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases such as anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum spp.) and botrytis fruit rot (caused by Botrytis spp.) have a significant impact on fruit quality and consumer acceptance. These are also among the most difficult diseases to control in the blueberry cropping system. These latent pathogens can cause significant losses both in the field, and especially during transport and marketplace storage. Although both diseases result in rotted fruit, the biology and infection strategies of the causal pathogens are very different, and the management strategies differ. Innovations for management, such as improved molecular detection assays for fungicide resistance, postharvest imaging, breeding resistant cultivars, and biopesticides have been developed for improved fruit quality. Development and integration of new strategies is critical for the long-term success of the blueberry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Stem and crown gall disease caused by the plant pathogen Rhizobium radiobacter has a significant impact on highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) production. Current methods for controlling the bacterium are limited. Lytic phages, which can specifically target host bacteria, have been widely gained interest in agriculture. Methods: In this study, 76 bacteriophages were recovered from sewage influent and screened for their inhibitory effect against Rhizobium spp. The phages were genetically characterized through whole-genome sequencing, and their lytic cycle was confirmed. Results: Five potential candidate phages (isolates IC12, IG49, AN01, LG08, and LG11) with the ability to lyse a broad range of hosts were chosen and assessed for their morphology, environmental stability, latent period, and burst size. The morphology of these selected phages revealed a long contractile tail under transmission electron microscopy. Single-step growth curves displayed that these phages had a latent period of 80-110 min and a burst size ranging from 8 to 33 phages per infected cell. None of these phages contained any antimicrobial resistance or virulence genes in their genomes. Subsequently, a combination of two-, three- and four-phage cocktails were formulated and tested for their efficacy in a broth system. A three-phage cocktail composed of the isolates IC12, IG49 and LG08 showed promising results in controlling a large number of R. radiobacter strains in vitro. In a soil/peat-based model, the three-phage cocktail was tested against R. radiobacter PL17, resulting in a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of 2.9 and 1.3 log10 CFU/g after 24 and 48 h of incubation, respectively. Discussion: These findings suggest that the three-phage cocktail (IC12, IG49 and LG08) has the potential to serve as a proactive antimicrobial solution for controlling R. radiobacter on blueberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding consumers' preferences for fruit quality attributes is key to informing breeding efforts, meeting consumer preferences, and promoting increased market demand. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of fruit quality traits and hedonic sensory evaluation on consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for a selection of fresh northern and southern highbush blueberry cultivars. The WTP was elicited by using a double-bounded contingent valuation conducted in conjunction with a consumer sensory test. Two types of models were estimated using either sensory evaluations (i.e., consumer preference and consumer intensity) or instrumental measurement data (i.e., measures of soluble solids, titratable acidity, sugars, acids, and firmness) as explanatory variables to model WTP. Results using sensory evaluations indicated that flavor liking, flavor intensity, and sweetness intensity are key factors that influence consumers' acceptance and WTP for blueberries. A regression analysis using instrumental measurements indicated that measures related to sweetness and acidity traits are important factors that determine WTP. Higher WTP was associated with higher total sugar content across different levels of total organic acid. The WTP increases with organic acid content, because this is needed for enhanced flavor; however, WTP declines at high concentrations of organic acid. Except for extreme values of firmness, the WTP increased as measures of fruit firmness increased, indicating a consumer preference for firmer blueberries. Overall, the results provided new insights into the relationships between consumer preference and WTP and fruit quality benchmarks to select for improved quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blueberries are rich in a variety of functional substances and have high nutritional and health values, but they are not resistant to decline during fresh storage. Here, the effects of six Bacillus species on the storage quality of, and antioxidant levels in, the southern highbush blueberry 'O'Neal' fruit were investigated. Bacillus treatments reduced the fruit decay rate, slowed fruit quality decline, inhibited malondialdehyde accumulation, and increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity levels. Bacillus altitudinis Y-14 had the best effect overall. Furthermore, the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), B. altitudinis Y-14, and 1-MCP + B. altitudinis Y-14 treatments on the storage quality and antioxidant of rabbiteye blueberry 'Brightwell' fruit were investigated, and each treatment effectively reduced the decay rate and weight loss of fruit. When stored for 25 days, the decay rate of the 1-MCP + B. altitudinis Y-14 group was only 8.33%, significantly lower than that of the control. The three treatments delayed the decline in fruit quality, inhibited malondialdehyde accumulation, and increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity levels. The 1-MCP + B. altitudinis Y-14 treatment was more conducive to prolonging the postharvest storage period of blueberries and had the best effect in delaying the decline in fruit quality. Thus, combined 1-MCP and B. altitudinis Y-14 treatment may be an effective way to improve the storage quality and extend the storage period of blueberries, which provides a new way for storing and transporting blueberries to reduce costs and improve economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highbush blueberry pollination depends on managed honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) for adequate fruit sets; however, beekeepers have raised concerns about the poor health of colonies after pollinating this crop. Postulated causes include agrochemical exposure, nutritional deficits, and interactions with parasites and pathogens, particularly Melisococcus plutonius [(ex. White) Bailey and Collins, Lactobacillales: Enterococcaceae], the causal agent of European foulbrood disease, but other pathogens could be involved. To broadly investigate common honey bee pathogens in relation to blueberry pollination, we sampled adult honey bees from colonies at time points corresponding to before (t1), during (t2), at the end (t3), and after (t4) highbush blueberry pollination in British Columbia, Canada, across 2 years (2020 and 2021). Nine viruses, as well as M. plutonius , Vairimorpha ceranae, and V. apis [Tokarev et al. Microsporidia: Nosematidae; formerly Nosema ceranae (Fries et al.) and N. apis (Zander)], were detected by PCR and compared among colonies located near and far from blueberry fields. We found a significant interactive effect of time and blueberry proximity on the multivariate pathogen community, mainly due to differences at t4 (corresponding to ~6 wk after the beginning of the pollination period). Post hoc comparisons of pathogens in near and far groups at t4 showed that detections of sacbrood virus (SBV), which was significantly higher in the near group, not M. plutonius , was the primary driver. Further research is needed to determine if the association of SBV with highbush blueberry pollination is contributing to the health decline that beekeepers observe after pollinating this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blueberry plants prosper in acid environments with pH 4.5, condition that enhances vanadium (V) bioavailability. In different species, literature reports nutrimental modifications caused by V, nevertheless in blueberry plants this effect remains unknown. This study assessed the impact of six vanadium (V) doses in nutrient solutions (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 μM) and as foliar sprays (20 μM) on blueberry plants, employing a completely randomized experimental design with three replicates. At 66 days after applying the treatments, nutriments concentrations in leaves, stems and roots of each plant were determinate. Except for N, V modified nutrimental concentrations in at least one plant organ. V applied to foliage benefits Mn (67%) in leaf, as Ca (56%), Mg (40%), B (26%) and Mn (46%) did in stems and P (50%) in roots. No matter V concentration in solution, P (51%), Fe (270%) and Cu (230%) in roots are enhanced, but Mo it is reduced up to 6 times. The use of 160 μM of V in solutions increases Mg (40%) concentrations in stems, the same happened in Ca (32%) and Zn (47%) in roots but reduced K (35%) in this organ. V applied from 0 to 160 μM in solution increases 3, 64, 225 times V concentration in leaf, stem and roots respectively. These results show that V applications in solution benefits P levels in leaf, Ca and Mg in stem, P, Ca and Mg in root; while foliar spray enhances K, Ca, Mg concentration in stem and Mg in root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the context of the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, the search for natural compounds with potential impact on glycemic regulation has become a crucial area of research. Among the numerous options available, Vaccinium corymbosum extract, commonly known as "blueberry", has emerged as a promising candidate due to its rich composition of phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and the activity of Vaccinium corymbosum ("blueberry") fruit extract on glycemia in healthy mice. Methods: The Folin-Ciocalteau method was applied in order to quantify the phenolic compounds and the BE was administered to 25 mice distributed in six groups: control, negative control, experimental-D1-D2-D3, which were administered the BE in doses of 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. respectively; and insulin group; which were subjected to the glucose tolerance test (GTT) taking blood samples after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. Results: The total phenolic content (TPC) amount found in the berries was 3.79±0.06 GAE/dry weight (mg/g) and 18.96±0.28 GAE/solution (mg/L). Statistically significant differences were observed between the three doses of BE and the negative control during GTT as well as induced a significant reduction in area under the curve (AUC) compared to the negative control. Conclusions: the three doses of the BE decreased glucose levels being the dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. the one that produced a statistically significant decrease with respect to the doses of 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. during GTT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) has an important role in the global market, with consumption increasing steadily in the past decades. Adapted to multiple environments, a relevant question when investigating fruit quality attributes is the performance of different genotypes over multiple environmental conditions. In this study, we hypothesize that the use of environmental covariables (ECs) can improve the understanding of genotype-by-environment interaction and guide breeders' decisions. To test it, we used twenty-four genotypes, evaluated across five harvest seasons (2018–2022) in four mega-environments in Florida (Citra FL, Central-North FL, Central FL and South FL), and investigated the impact of twenty-one environmental covariables on the phenotypic expression of five fruit quality traits (weight, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, firmness, and size). Our contributions in this study are three: (I) first, we identified important temporal windows affecting the phenotypic plasticity for multiple traits; (II) using the environmental covariables, we draw attention on the importance of ECs that characterize the mega-environments and use such information in a mixed model framework to explain the genotype-by-environment interaction; and finally (III) we used linear regression (in the form of Finlay-Wilkinson regression) to estimate adaptability and stability metrics to select promising genotypes. Overall, these findings offer insights into the utility of environmental variables in explaining genotype stability and plasticity, thus, providing a framework to enhance predictive responses and optimize resource allocation in blueberry breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After regulation of pesticides, determination of their persistence in the environment is an important indicator of effectiveness of these measures. We quantified concentrations of two types of systemic insecticides, neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) and butenolides (flupyradifurone), in off‐crop nontarget media of hummingbird cloacal fluid, honey bee (Apis mellifera) nectar and honey, and wildflowers before and after regulation of imidacloprid on highbush blueberries in Canada in April 2021. We found that mean total pesticide load increased in hummingbird cloacal fluid, nectar, and flower samples following imidacloprid regulation. On average, we did not find evidence of a decrease in imidacloprid concentrations after regulation. However, there were some decreases, some increases, and other cases with no changes in imidacloprid levels depending on the specific media, time point of sampling, and site type. At the same time, we found an overall increase in flupyradifurone, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, and thiacloprid but no change in clothianidin concentrations. In particular, flupyradifurone concentrations observed in biota sampled near agricultural areas increased twofold in honey bee nectar, sevenfold in hummingbird cloacal fluid, and eightfold in flowers after the 2021 imidacloprid regulation. The highest residue detected was flupyradifurone at 665 ng/mL (parts per billion [ppb]) in honey bee nectar. Mean total pesticide loads were highest in honey samples (84 ± 10 ppb), followed by nectar (56 ± 7 ppb), then hummingbird cloacal fluid (1.8 ± 0.5 ppb), and least, flowers (0.51 ± 0.06 ppb). Our results highlight that limited regulation of imidacloprid does not immediately reduce residue concentrations, while other systemic insecticides, possibly replacement compounds, concurrently increase in wildlife. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1497–1508. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the physiological performance and fruit quality responses of the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivar Legacy to high temperatures (HTs) were evaluated in a field experiment. Three-year-old V. corymbosum plants were exposed to two temperature treatments between fruit load set and harvest during the 2022/2023 season: (i) ambient temperature (AT) and (ii) high temperature (HT) (5 °C ± 1 °C above ambient temperature). A chamber covered with transparent polyethylene (100 µm thick) was used to apply the HT treatment. In our study, the diurnal temperature was maintained with a difference of 5.03 °C ± 0.12 °C between the AT and HT treatments. Our findings indicated that HT significantly decreased CO2 assimilation (Pn) by 45% and stomatal conductance (gs) by 35.2% compared to the AT treatment. By contrast, the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) showed higher levels (about 6%) in HT plants than in AT plants. Fruit quality analyses revealed that the fruit weight and equatorial diameter decreased by 39% and 13%, respectively, in the HT treatment compared to the AT treatment. By contrast, the firmness and total soluble solids (TSS) were higher in the HT treatment than in the AT treatment. Meanwhile, the titratable acidity showed no changes between temperature treatments. In our study, Pn reduction could be associated with stomatal and non-stomatal limitations under HT treatment. Although these findings improve our understanding of the impact of HTs on fruit growth and quality in V. corymbosum, further biochemical and molecular studies are need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme heat poses a major threat to plants and pollinators, yet the indirect consequences of heat stress are not well understood, particularly for native solitary bees. To determine how brief exposure of extreme heat to flowering plants affects bee behaviour, fecundity, development and survival we conducted a no-choice field cage experiment in which Osmia lignaria were provided blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia) and white clover (Trifolium repens) that had been previously exposed to either extreme heat (37.5°C) or normal temperatures (25°C) for 4 h during early bloom. Despite a similar number of open flowers and floral visitation frequency between the two treatments, female bees provided with heat-stressed plants laid approximately 70% fewer eggs than females provided with non-stressed plants. Their progeny received similar quantities of pollen provisions between the two treatments, yet larvae consuming pollen from heat-stressed plants had significantly lower survival as larvae and adults. We also observed trends for delayed emergence and reduced adult longevity when larvae consumed heat-stressed pollen. This study is the first to document how short, field-realistic bursts of extreme heat exposure to flowering host plants can indirectly affect bee pollinators and their offspring, with important implications for crop pollination and native bee populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are cultivated worldwide and are among the best dietary sources of bioactive compounds with beneficial health effects. This study aimed to investigate the components of Peruvian blueberry using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS/MS), identifying 11 compounds. Furthermore, we assessed in vitro the antioxidant activity and in vivo the antidepressant effect using a rat model and protective effect on lipid peroxidation (in the serum, brain, liver, and stomach). We also conducted molecular docking simulations with proteins involved in oxidative stress and depression for the identified compounds. Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazin (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS•+), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Peruvian blueberries demonstrated higher antioxidant activity than Vaccinium corymbosum fruits from Chile, Brazil, the United States, Turkey, Portugal, and China. The results showed that oral administration of Peruvian blueberries (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly (p < 0.001) increased swimming and reduced immobility in the forced swimming test (FST). Additionally, at doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg, oxidative stress was reduced in vivo (p < 0.001) by decreasing lipid peroxidation in brain, liver, stomach, and serum. Molecular docking and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) predictions were performed. In the molecular docking studies, quercitrin and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid showed the best docking scores for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase; while 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester and caffeoyl coumaroylquinic acid had the best docking scores for monoamine oxidase and serotonin receptor 5-HT2. In summary, our results suggest that the antidepressant and protective effects against lipid peroxidation might be related to the antioxidant activity of Peruvian Vaccinium corymbosum L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) management is a key component to maintaining high productivity of northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and nitrogen is often supplied by applying ammonium-based fertilizers. It can also be supplied through mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM), although the amount released by SOM is difficult to predict and not always considered in the development and implementation of N fertility programs. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to estimate the timing and magnitude of net N mineralization from SOM throughout the growing season, identify soil properties that can be measured commercially and used to predict net N mineralization across a range of SOM, and determine whether N requirements for maximizing yield and fruit quality of blueberry vary across soils with different amounts of SOM. The laboratory experiment was conducted for 6 months using soil samples collected from 10 representative commercial blueberry fields in northwest Washington. The soils contained 2% to 42% soil organic carbon (SOC). The mean net N mineralization rates were fastest during the first 3 to 4 months of incubation, corresponding to the period during which N uptake reaches its maximum in blueberry. Results indicated that the soil total N may be a useful predictor of the N supply from SOM (6.34 ± 1.13 kg-ha21 increase in net N mineralization with each 0.1% increase in total N), but there was substantial variability in the N supply that could not by explained by the total N (P < 0.001; r2 5 0.433). The field experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021 and included four mature, regionally representative, commercial fields of 'Duke' blueberry. The fields contained 3% to 28% SOC and were each fertilized with low, medium (control), or high N rates, corresponding to 33 to 50, 67 to 84, or 102 to 118 kg-ha21 N per year, respectively. Although soil inorganic N levels suggested that N mineralization was substantial at sites with higher SOM, sites with lower SOM did not require more fertilizer N than those with higher SOM. Under the conditions of this experiment, even the lowest N rates were sufficient to sustain production for at least 3 years at each site. The findings of this study indicate that SOM may be an important contributor to N fertility in managed blueberry systems, and that yield and fruit quality can be maintained across various N fertilizer rates, including at rates <50 kg-ha21 N. However, the long-term impacts of reducing N application rates remain unclear, and future research should monitor long-term changes in plant health and soil fertility associated with reduced N applications across diverse soils and production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the smaller size of berries plants and some vegetables, their production in containers has grown worldwide. To understand the effect of increasing doses of ammoniacal N, we evaluated production, firmness and size of fruits and concentration of macronutrients in leaves of four blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars (Duke, Legacy, Cargo, and Suziblue) in south central Chile. All were grown in pots with substrate during their third growing season. The results showed an interaction of ammoniacal N dose with blueberry cultivar in most of the parameters evaluated, except for firmness and size of fruits. The increasing dose of ammoniacal N allowed higher production per plant in only two of the four cultivars without effects on the quality attributes firmness and size of fruits. Differences in production per plant and fruit firmness were obtained between cultivars, with production values per plant between 86-210, 142-219, 195-203, and 504-979 g in Duke', Legacy', Cargo', and Suziblue', respectively, and greater fruit firmness in Suziblue'. The concentrations of macronutrients in leaves showed interactions between cultivar and doses of ammoniacal N, which did not allow obtaining a single dose of ammoniacal N that generate nutritional concentration values in leaves associated with greater fruit production in the four blueberry cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the precise pathogens responsible for specific plant diseases is imperative for implementing targeted and efficient interventions and mitigating their spread. Dieback and shoot blight significantly diminish the lifespan and productivity of blueberries, yet the causative agents remain largely unidentified. To determine the identity and prevalence of the causal agents of branch dieback and shoot blight, we conducted multiyear and multisite sampling of diseased highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum cultivar Duke) in Serbia. Sixty-nine monosporic isolates were collected and characterized based on morphological, physiological features and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer, ß-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-a sequence data. Five species were identified as causal agents: Diaporthe eres (36 isolates), D. foeniculina (3 isolates), Neopestalotiopsis vaccinii (9 isolates), Neopestalotiopsis rosae (6 isolates), and Neofusicoccum parvum (15 isolates). The results of the pathogenicity tests performed with the 23 representative isolates confirmed the role of these species as primary pathogens in causing dieback and shoot blight of blueberry, with Neofusicoccum parvum being the most aggressive and D. eres the least. Our study underscores the diversity of genera and species of ascomycetes capable of causing blueberry dieback and shoot blight. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the agents responsible for the disease in Serbia differ from those identified in other regions worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozonation is an effective method of post-harvest preservation and reducing the loss of health-promoting compounds such as phenolic compounds during storage. Fruits of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) have strong antioxidant properties, they are recognised as one of the most valuable sources of health-promoting bioactive compounds. In the present study, changes in total acidity and pH of highbush blueberry fruit depended on ozonation and storage time and genotype. The total acidity of fresh blueberries of tested genotypes ranged from 0.59 - 0,90 g·100 g−1. The highest total acidity was recorded for clone '21', which was ozonated for 15 min. It was found that the application of ozone gas during storage of V. corymbosum fruit had mainly positive effect on the content of analysed bioactive compounds. Results of our study showed that ascorbic acid content varied depending on genotype, storage time and ozonation. The average content of this antioxidant in the non-ozonated fresh fruit was 22.32 mg.100 g−1, and slightly decreased with ozonated 15 min and 30 min - 21.87 mg.100 g−1 and 21.95 mg.100 g−1, respectively. Average content of total phenolic in fruits subjected to ozonation for 30 min. and stored for 15 days was higher by 10.3% in a comparison to control sample (fresh fruits). The antioxidant values of DPPH and FRAP in fruits subjected to storage and ozonation for 30 min. increased by 22.6% and 15.5%, respectively. Using ozone had a minor positive effect on the measured mechanical properties of the fruits. Throughout the different storage periods of blueberry fruits, there was a decrease in destructive energy and an increase in force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron (B) is a micronutrient crucial for the growth, development, productivity, and quality of crops. However, in areas characterized by acid soil (pHwater < 5.0) and high rainfall, soil B concentration tends to decrease, leading to insufficient supply to crops. This study was aimed at determining the optimal rate of B fertilization to enhance Vaccinium corymbosum L. performance in acid conditions. One-year-old cultivars with contrasting Al resistance (Al-sensitive Star and Al-resistant Cargo) were used. Plants were conditioned in plastic pots containing 18 L of half-ionic-strength Hoagland solution (pH 4.5) for 2 weeks. Thereafter, the following B treatments were applied foliarly: control, without B application (distilled water), 200, 400, and 800 mg L−1 of B as Solubor® for up to 72 h. Photosynthetic performance, root and shoot B levels, antioxidants, and oxidative stress were evaluated. Root and shoot B concentrations increased with the increasing B application, being higher in leaves than in roots of both cultivars. Net photosynthesis decreased at 800 mg L−1 B supply and effective quantum yield of PSII at 72 h in all B treatments. Lipid peroxidation increased in both cultivars at 800 mg L−1 B treatment. Antioxidant activity increased in all B treatments in both cultivars; while, at 400 and 800 mg L−1 B, total phenols increased in leaves of cultivar Star and decreased in cultivar Cargo. In conclusion, optimal B foliar application for highbush blueberry appears to be around 400 mg L−1 B. The appropriate B foliar application could help mitigate potential stress-induced problems in highbush blueberry cultivation. However, the optimal foliar B application should be confirmed in field experiments to help the farmers manage B nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that use UDP-glucose to glucosylate wide variety of substrates, including the aglycones of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are glycosylated polyphenolic plant pigments possessing potential health benefits to humans. The berries of Vaccinium species plants are rich in anthocyanins. Although the flavonoid content of bilberries is well characterized, the enzymes responsible for carrying out anthocyanin modifications are not thoroughly studied. In this study, a predicted sequence of an anthocyanin glucosyltransferase was identified from the genomic data of Vaccinium corymbosum. The codon-optimized gene sequence of the protein was integrated into the genome of P. pastoris. Constitutive expression in yeast extract-peptone-dextrose based media gave satisfactory amount of recombinant protein. The enzyme activity assays revealed that the V. corymbosum GT transferred glucosyl moieties to up to three positions of diverse flavonoids, such as naringenin, kaempferol, eriodictyol and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, being therefore a rather unique enzyme among GTs described so far. The enzyme preferred cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside and eriodictyol as substrates. This enzyme could find application in biotechnological production of glucosylated flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) stands out among fruit in terms of three open physiological questions about its climacteric character, CO2 uptake, and the absence or presence of stomata on its floral organs. The objective of the present study was to examine the structures of blueberry flowers and fruit to explain their contribution to CO2 exchange and transpiration in order to clarify these discrepancies. Blueberries were dewaxed and the sepals/corolla removed for stomata counts, and their micromorphology was studied via LT-SEM. The fruit has stomata, contrary to beliefs in the literature, possibly because the stomata are occluded by the dense wax cover or 'bloom' and hidden on the distal part of the ovary in between and underneath the corolla. However, stomata were located on the distal part of the fruit surrounded by the sepals (calyx) and found predominantly on the abaxial sepals, while the adaxial side of the sepals and the proximal part of the ovary lacked stomata. The petals were devoid of stomata, trichomes, and chlorophyll and abscised after anthesis. In contrast, the sepals remained until maturity, contributing 5–7% to the berry surface but contributing to the majority of fruit stomata and chlorophyll. With 59–71% of the fruit's chlorophyll, sepals were a significant source of the CO2 uptake. Similarly, with 95% of the berry stomata, sepals were a significant source of water loss, measured via porometry of fruit with and without sepals. Overall, this study identified the ovary as a minor source and sepals as the dominant source of CO2 and H2O exchange in blueberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) constitute a versatile enzyme family with pivotal roles in plant stress responses and detoxification processes. Recent discoveries attributed the additional function of facilitating anthocyanin intracellular transportation in plants to GSTs. Our study identified 178 VcGST genes from 12 distinct subfamilies in the blueberry genome. An uneven distribution was observed among these genes across blueberry's chromosomes. Members within the same subfamily displayed homogeneity in gene structure and conserved protein motifs, whereas marked divergence was noted among subfamilies. Functional annotations revealed that VcGSTs were significantly enriched in several gene ontology and KEGG pathway categories. Promoter regions of VcGST genes predominantly contain light-responsive, MYB-binding, and stress-responsive elements. The majority of VcGST genes are subject to purifying selection, with whole-genome duplication or segmental duplication serving as key processes that drive the expansion of the VcGST gene family. Notably, during the ripening of the blueberry fruit, 100 VcGST genes were highly expressed, and the expression patterns of 24 of these genes demonstrated a strong correlation with the dynamic content of fruit anthocyanins. Further analysis identified VcGSTF8, VcGSTF20, and VcGSTF22 as prime candidates of VcGST genes involved in the anthocyanin intracellular transport. This study provides a reference for the exploration of anthocyanin intracellular transport mechanisms and paves the way for investigating the spectrum of GST functions in blueberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to evaluate the facilitation effects of an aluminum (Al) hyperaccumulator species bearing cluster roots, Gevuina avellana, on the seedling growth and performance of an Al-intolerant and phosphorus (P)- deficient-sensitive plant, Vaccinium corymbosum. For this, seedlings of G. avellana and V. corymbosum were grown alone or together as follows: i) two G. avellana seedlings, ii) one G. avellana + one V. corymbosum and iii) two V. corymbosum, in soil supplemented with Al (as Al2(SO4)3) and in the control (without Al supplementation). We determined relative growth rate (RGR), photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll concentration, lipid peroxidation and Al and nutrient concentration [Nitrogen (N), P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and sulfur (S)] in leaves and roots of both species. The results showed that, in general, G. avellana did not assist V. corymbosum to enhance its RGR nor reduce its Al uptake. However, G. avellana assisted V. corymbosum in enhanced N acquisition and, consequently, to increase its chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate. Besides, V. corymbosum had lower lipid peroxidation in leaves when grown in the soil with high Al supplementation in association with G. avellana. Our results suggest a facilitating effect of G. avellana to V. corymbosum when grown in soils with high Al concentration, by enhancing chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthetic rate, and decreasing the oxidative damage to lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to present the impact of growing system of high-bush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) on growth and yield. In recent years, new approaches to intensive blueberry production have become necessary, especially in terms of planting systems. These systems are designed to avoid various difficulties related to the specific requirements that blueberries have regarding soil pH. Considering the grower's interest in potting and raised beds planting methods, our study focused on four blueberry cultivars at five years of age, 'Duke', 'Huron', 'Blue Ribbon' and 'Draper' planted in pots and raised beds. Plant growth on pots was significantly lower for 'Duke' (147.5 dm3 ) compared to that on the raised bed (235 dm3 ) and 'Blue Ribbon' (150.1 dm3 ) compared to that on the raised bed (176.2 dm3 ). While the other two cultivars 'Huron' and 'Draper' were the opposite. The yield of 'Duke' was higher in pots (3370 g/plant) compared to that on the raised bed (3132 g/plant) but in 'Blue Ribbon' the yield was higher in the raised bed (3086 g/plant) compared to planting in pots (2969 g/plant). Moreover, even in 'Draper' the yield was higher (3895 g/plant) in the pot compared to the raised bed (3010 g/plant), while in 'Huron' the yield was also higher in the pot (2729 g/plant) compared to the raised bed (2451 g/plant). These data indicate that potting can be a useful method for blueberry cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) often requires frequent irrigation for commercial production, but irrigation is becoming increasingly challenging for many growers because of warmer and drier weather conditions, increased water regulations, and other water-use limitations. The purpose of this study was to develop improved methods of irrigation to prepare the industry more effectively against future water uncertainties. Treatments were applied for 2 years (2021 and 2022) and included a combination of weather-based or fixed irrigation schedules using continuous or pulse irrigation in a commercial field of ‘Draper’ blueberry in eastern Washington, USA. The soil at the site was a silt loam, and irrigation was applied using two laterals of drip tubing per row. Plants on a fixed schedule were irrigated for 12 to 13 hours per application (set by the grower), whereas those on a weather-based schedule were irrigated according to daily estimates of crop evapotranspiration (downloaded from an automated weather station). In both cases, irrigation was applied every 2 to 4 days as a single, continuous application or in 30- to 50-minute pulses every 2 hours (up to nine times per day) with the same amount of water as the continuous treatment. During the first year of the study, weather-based scheduling maintained greater stem water potentials in the plants and, on average, increased yield by 3.4 t·ha–1, berry weight by 0.14 g/berry, berry diameter by 0.4 mm, and fruit bud set by 4.3% when compared with fixed scheduling. Likewise, pulse irrigation maintained greater stem water potentials and, on average, increased berry weight and diameter by 0.10 g and 0.4 mm, respectively, fruit bud set by 3.3%, and canopy cover by 2.4% relative to continuous irrigation. Yield and canopy cover were unaffected by any treatment in the second year, which was likely a result of uncharacteristically cool, wet weather in the spring. However, weather-based scheduling continued to maintain greater stem water potentials and, when combined with pulse irrigation, increased berry weight and diameter by 3.7 g and 1.0 mm, respectively, relative to continuous irrigation on a fixed schedule. Pulse drip irrigation also increased fruit bud set by 5.1% during the second year. These results demonstrate the potential benefits of using weather-based scheduling and pulse drip in northern highbush blueberry, especially when the plants are grown on light-textured soils in hot, dry climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron (B) is often deficient in many fruit crops, including blueberry (Vaccinium sp.). The objective of the present study was to evaluate different methods for applying B fertilizers to two commercial cultivars of northern highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum Earliblue and Aurora) in western Oregon, USA. Treatments included soil application of sodium tetraborate in early April (before bloom), foliar application of boric acid in late April (during bloom or petal fall), weekly fertigation with boric acid from April through July, and a control with no B. The plants were irrigated by drip, and the fertilizers were applied for two consecutive seasons at a total rate of 1.5 kg·ha-1 B per year. Each method of fertilizer application increased the concentration of B in the soil solution relative to the control, but fertigation was the only treatment that increased extractable soil B to the recommended level of 0.5 to 1.0 mg·kg-1 B. In terms of plant nutrition, foliar application of B was the most effective method for increasing the concentration of B in the leaves, roots, and fruit, followed by fertigation. Soil application of B, on the other hand, was relatively ineffective and, after 2 years, only increased the concentration of B in the leaves of ‘Earliblue’. Although leaf B levels were initially deficient at the site (<30 ppm B), none of the B application methods had any effect on yield, berry weight, fruit firmness, or titratable acidity of the fruit in either cultivar. However, foliar applied B resulted in higher concentrations of soluble solids in the fruit than no B or soil applied B in ‘Earliblue’, whereas B fertigation resulted in higher concentrations of soluble solids than soil applied B in ‘Aurora’. On the basis of these results, applying B by fertigation or as a foliar spray is recommended over the use of soil applications of B fertilizer in northern highbush blueberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a highly economic berry fruit crop, blueberry is enjoyed by most people and has various potential health benefits, many of which are attributed to the relatively high concentrations of flavonoids. To obtain more accurate and comprehensive transcripts, the full-length transcriptome of half-highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum/angustifolium cultivar Northland) obtained using single molecule real-time and next-generation sequencing technologies was reported for the first time. Overall, 147,569 consensus transcripts (average length, 2738 bp; N50, 3176 bp) were obtained. After quality control steps, 63,425 high-quality isoforms were obtained and 5030 novel genes, 3002 long non-coding RNAs, 3946 transcription factor genes (TFs), 30,540 alternative splicing events, and 2285 fusion gene pairs were identified. To better explore the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in mature blueberry fruit, an integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome was performed on the exocarp, sarcocarp, and seed. A relatively complete biosynthesis pathway map of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and proanthocyanins in blueberry was constructed. The results of the joint analysis showed that the 228 functional genes and 42 TFs regulated 78 differentially expressed metabolites within the biosynthesis pathway of phenylpropanoids/flavonoids. O2PLS analysis results showed that the key metabolites differentially accumulated in blueberry fruit tissues were albireodelphin, delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, and delphinidin 3-O-sophoroside, and 10 structural genes (4 Vc4CLs, 3 VcBZ1s, 1 VcUGT75C1, 1 VcAT, and 1 VcUGAT), 4 transporter genes (1 VcGSTF and 3 VcMATEs), and 10 TFs (1 VcMYB, 2 VcbHLHs, 4 VcWD40s, and 3 VcNACs) exhibited strong correlations with 4 delphinidin glycosides. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in blueberry fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elicitors of plant defence responses can trigger defence mechanisms that are able to protect plant tissues from biotic or abiotic stresses. Since one defence response involves the activation of secondary metabolites' biosynthesis, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chitosan and melatonin pre-harvest treatments on the quality and the nutritional parameters of the fruits of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Across the two years of experiment, three different cultivars (cv.s. 'Cosmopolitan', 'Hortblue Poppins' and 'Legacy') were treated with 1% chitosan or 100 µM melatonin every two weeks during the ripening season and ripe fruits were progressively harvested and analysed. The treatment with both elicitors had only slight effects on dry matter, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and pH, with a cultivar-dependent response. On the other hand, elicitors significantly affected the levels of phenylpropanoid and antioxidant compounds in all cvs. in both years, with a higher accumulation of total anthocyanins and phenolics and the enhancement of the antioxidant capacity, with positive effects on the nutraceutical quality of fruits. The anthocyanin profile in terms of both absolute concentrations and the relative proportion of single anthocyanins was affected by both harvest year and cv., highlighting the role of the genetic background in the plant response to environmental conditions (with particular reference to summer heat stress) and to elicitor treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of blueberry (BB) and jujube fruit (JF) on the quality parameters, functional, probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 20079) viability, and sensorial properties of probiotic ice cream were investigated. No statistical differences were discovered regarding titratable acidity and L. acidophilus DSM 20079 counts between all samples. However, the ice creams preserved the survivability of probiotic bacteria during the storage period. The probiotic ice creams had counts of viable L. acidophilus DSM 20079 ranging from 8.42 to 8.80 log CFU/g which met the minimum required to achieve probiotic effects after 60 days of storage. Probiotic ice cream with BB or JF had significantly lower L* values than the control, and the BB addition caused the greatest decrease. The addition of both fruits clearly enhanced the total phenolic content and antioxidative activity in ice cream. The incorporation of BB or JF into the ice creams did not statistically affect the overrun value, while the addition of both fruits dramatically affected the first dripping time and increased hardness. Overall, sensory attributes were not significantly altered by the fortification of either fruit relative to the control, so these fruits can be added at higher concentrations to ice cream formulations for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gradual pollen presentation is a plant reproductive mechanism to improve pollination efficiency and accuracy and promote outcrossing. Vaccinium corymbosum 'Bluecrop' has a typical gradual pollen presentation mechanism. 'Bluecrop' exhibits an inverted bell-shaped flower with a white coloration. By investigating the flower syndrome, pollination characteristics, pollination efficiency, and breeding system of 'Bluecrop', this study aims to explore the adaptive significance of these traits. The results showed 'Bluecrop' released pollen gradually through anther poricidal dehiscence. Among different pollinators, Apis mellifera and Bombus can pollinate effectively, and the mechanism of gradual pollen presentation significantly improved the efficiency of pollen transfer. This characteristic limits the amount of pollen removed by the pollinators and prolongs pollen presentation, thus attracting more pollinators and thereby increasing male fitness. The nectar secretion of 'Bluecrop' is gradual, with a large nectar production and a long phase of nectar secretion, enhance visitation frequencies and the chances of successful pollination. At the same time, campanulate corolla can protect pollen as well as nectar from waste due to environmental factors and other effects. The breeding system of 'Bluecrop' relies mainly on outcrossing because of its low affinity for self-fertilization and good interaction with pollinating insects. Thus, the special floral syndrome and the mechanism of secondary pollen presentation are significant in improving pollination efficiency and promoting the reproductive success of 'Bluecrop' by outcrossing. It can provide a certain theoretical basis for the future propagation breeding of 'Bluecrop'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]