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This article examined the intergenerational transmission of dual identity in Turkish immigrant families in Europe using data from 2000 Families: Migration Histories of Turks in Europe. This project gathered information about Turkish immigrants and their children in seven Western European countries provided material to compare two generations' dual identities. We conducted multinomial logistic regression analyses with standard errors clustered at the family level to study these intergenerational transmissions. We find that immigrant parents' dual identities correlate positively with their adult children's dual identities. Our study showed that this effect was influential even in these children's adult lives and offers a contribution to the literature on the transmission of dual identities. We also found that mothers in Turkish immigrant families had a stronger effect than fathers on identity transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public debates proclaim that Muslims have turned their backs on Western societies and their "core values". Quantitative studies have shown that Muslim migrants identify more with their origin nation and less with their host country, and that they support gender equality less than other migrants. While often attributed to Muslims' religiosity, migrants' denominations also reflect whether they belonged to the dominant religious majority or a marginalized minority in their origin country, which also shapes national identifications and support for gender equality. EURISLAM data on 1,500 migrants from Turkey and Pakistan show that Alevi and Ahmadiyya minority-migrants identify less with their origin country and more with their host society than Sunni majority-migrants. Pivotally, marginalized minority-migrants acculturate faster, as their support for gender equality increases more strongly over the years than majority-migrants'. Altogether, focusing on essentialist views of Muslims' religion overlooks other mechanisms that shape diversity in acculturation among Muslim migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish migrants are one of the largest minority groups within Europe, the majority of which is Muslim. Radical right politicians stress the threat of Islam for what they consider European culture. Yet we know that migrant communities can adapt to the destination society culturally, albeit not always and in complex ways. This study aims advance our understand of this complex matter, as it analyses how such attitudinal developments take place and in what way religion plays a role. Through acculturation processes, where Muslim migrants become more secular and consequently more open to gender equal norms, and/or through decoupling, where migration leads to weaker connections between religious identity and patriarchal gender norms. With the use of the 2000Families data on Turkish Muslim European-migrants and Turkish-Muslim stayers, we find that the connection between religiosity and gender equality attitudes is gender-dependent. Across the board findings indicate limited support for both mechanisms. However, we do cautiously conclude that we find both acculturation and decoupling processes among migrant men with regard to individual religiosity, while we find decoupling between communal religiosity and gender-equality attitudes in migrant women. This suggests migrants undergo a range of acculturation processes simultaneously, but that the linkages for men and women differ between these dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information related to The Turks in Friuli, a one- act drama in prose that Pier Paolo Pasolini and others published wrote in May 1944. It reports that The Turks is an extraordinary text that deserves to be better known not only for its dramatic power and intense representation of human suffering but also as a document of Pasolini's complex and evolving relationship with Friuli and its language and of his opening to problems of temporality, history, and social change.

This article draws on the case of Cyprus probing the acceptance of renewed cohabitation in post-conflict societies. Besides focusing on the two main communities on the island, the article also examines the views of the IDPs as well as the settler/migrant community. We identify variations in support for acceptance of renewed cohabitation across different population groups, looking at age, gender, income, refugee status, contact and past victimization within each group. In Study 1, we consider Greek Cypriot attitudes to the Turkish settler/migrant community and juxtapose those with attitudes to indigenous Turkish Cypriots. In Study 2, we compare Turkish Cypriots and settlers aiming to evaluate their attitudes towards Greek Cypriots. Findings show that, individual victimization, except a tendency related to the IDP status, does not account for variations in acceptance of cohabitation; those who support peace amnesties demonstrate more tolerance towards outgroup members and intergroup contact is mitigating inter-group intolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the divisive commemoration of the battle of Erenköy, which has gained significance since the early 2000s in a resignifying of Turkish Cypriot history. Over time, the commemoration has shifted from a triumphalism symbolized in monuments to an act of mourning at the graves of the fallen. We show through this commemoration how actors have repurposed official narratives, deterritorializing them from the terrain of nationalist ideology and its countermemory and reterritorializing them in ways that look similar but are affectively quite different. We argue that this repurposing of the ritual produces an affect of agency among participants that is open-ended and future oriented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second-generation Turkish immigrants make up an increasingly important segment of European labour markets. These young adults are entering the prime working ages and forming families. However, we have only a limited understanding of the relationship between labour force participation and parenthood among second-generation Turkish women. Using unique data from the Integration of the European Second Generation survey (2007/08), we compared the labour force participation of second-generation Turkish women with their majority-group counterparts by motherhood status in four countries. We found evidence that motherhood gaps, with respect to labour force participation, were similar for majority and second-generation Turkish women in Germany and in Sweden; however, there may be larger gaps for second-generation mothers than for majority women in the Netherlands and France. Cross-national findings were consistent with the view that national normative and social policy contexts are relevant for the labour force participation of all women, regardless of migrant background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study compares the social mobility and status attainment of first- and second-generation Turks in nine Western European countries with those of Western European natives and with those of Turks in Turkey. It shows that the children of low-class migrants are more likely to acquire a higher education than their counterparts in Turkey, making them more educationally mobile. Moreover, they successfully convert this education in the Western European labor market, and are upwardly mobile relative to the first generation. When comparing labor market outcomes of second generations relative to Turks in Turkey, however, the results show that the same level of education leads to a higher occupation in Turkey. The implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el acuerdo entre la Unión Europea y Turquía en cuanto a los solicitantes de asilo. Los autores comentan sobre los riesgos asociados con la deportación a pesar de este acuerdo y examinan la falta de asistencia y protección jurídica para los refugiados. También se considera rol de la Agencia de la Organización de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados.

Based on in-depth interviews with highly skilled and business Turkish nationals (HSBTN) in Canada and Germany, this study aims to explore why HSBTN decide to move and whether migration policy differences among the countries of destination affect recent migration motivations of HSBTN. It mainly focuses on the reasons and rationale of HSBTN and their explanations. This study argues that the high skilled and business migrants in general and HSBTN in particular move internationally as a consequence of individual-level gain beyond economic prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the market for Islamically permissible ( halal) products expands, so do critical discourses on the production and consumption of halal in Europe. In France, one of Europe's largest and fast growing halal markets, while some fear a halal takeover of the French foodscape, others question the authenticity of the products stamped with halal signs. This paper writes against both discourses by exploring the meaning halal takes beyond the sign. It examines how halal attains its meaning as a product of a complex relationship of trust. In describing this relationship, it draws on accounts provided by members of the Turkish community in Strasbourg, France and examines the decision-making process through which Muslim Turks navigate the European foodscape and access halal products. Rather than being driven by alarmist calls, the paper urges to revisit and learn from the ways Muslims negotiate halal in a field long shaped by uncertainty and doubt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the minority rights of Iran's Azerbaijani Turks and human rights violations in its majority Azerbaijani-populated provinces of Iran by the Iranian central government. With the conclusion of the second Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the signing of the Turkmenchay Treaty, Azerbaijan was divided into north and south, with the massive region of Southern Azerbaijan becoming part of northwestern Iran. Since then, relations between Southern Azerbaijanis and the Iranian government have been unstable. This article focuses on Tehran's discriminatory policies towards Iran's Azerbaijani Turks in the fields of education, media, culture, and environment from 1990-2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arranged marriages are common in countries like Turkey, but almost non-existent in the Western European destination contexts of Turkish migrants. For a better understanding of marital change in migration, this paper maps the prevalence of arranged marriages versus couple-initiated marriages among Turkish migrant families in Europe and stayer families in Turkey. The paper applies the ‘dissimilation perspective’ with a focus on change across marriage cohorts and between family generations. The database used for this study is the 2000 Families study (conducted from 2010 to 2012), which includes three-generational data of migrant and stayer families from five regions of origin in Turkey. Findings suggest a high similarity between migrants and stayers in terms of a strong decline of the arranged marriage mode over time, from well over 80% to about a third of all marriages. At the same time, the percentage of arranged marriages is lower among migrants. The three-generational data suggest multiple patterns of intergenerational change between grandparents, parents and children, both from couple-initiated to arranged marriages and vice versa. Overall, intergenerational transmission is stronger in stayer and weaker in migrant families. This contributes, together with lower starting levels among migrants, to the lower shares of arranged marriages among migrant children. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigates the effects of city context on the levels and predictors of perceived group discrimination (GD) among Turkish and Moroccan second-generation immigrants in Belgium. Based on the Integration of the European Second-generation (TIES) data, we address two main questions: (1) Are there significant differences in the levels of perceived GD between the two cities in Belgium (Antwerp and Brussels) within each immigrant group? (2) Who perceives more GD within each city? To answer these questions, possible composition effects should be controlled. Accordingly, we use propensity-score matching to make second-generation immigrant samples from the two cities reasonably comparable with respect to socio-demographic characteristics. Concerning the first research question, we find that after propensity-score matching, the Turkish second-generation perceive more GD in Antwerp than in Brussels. For the Moroccan group, however, the city differences in perceived GD are no longer significant after matching. With regards to the second research question, we find that those who are more socio-economically integrated and those who perceive more threat in their city are more likely to perceive GD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how political developments in a host country catalyse the awakening of a latent diaspora and lead to the activation of a transnational community that previously consisted of loose and scattered networks. It also draws attention to the generational continuation of identity politics in a diaspora context through analysing a second generation's abrupt interest in homeland politics. By using the Turkish community in Sweden as a case study and by basing its main arguments on extensive research and fieldwork, it suggests that inter-diaspora rivalries and group competition may help to gain a better understanding of the interest that diasporans show in the promotion of homeland politics. It also suggests that although the diasporic discourses are based on contested political issues in their home country, the framing process takes place with regards to the host country context. The paper suggests that there were two significant transformative and triggering factors in Sweden that motivated the Turkish diaspora to participate actively in efforts to affect policymaking mechanisms in Sweden: Kurdish diaspora activism in general and the passage of the Armenian Genocide Bill by the Swedish Parliament on 11 March 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Previous research has demonstrated that ethnic communities try to maintain ethnic boundaries through group pressure to conform to premigration cultural patterns, which mainly happens indirectly through social control. So far however, little attention has been given to how group members respond to this indirect ethnic conformity pressure, as well as to the factors that shape these responses. Drawing on in-depth interviews with second- and third-generation Turkish Belgians, we examine and explain different responses to ethnic conformity pressure and link these to ethno-cultural change and boundary change. We distinguish three negotiation strategies, namely conformity, creativity and disregard, and find that the choice for a particular strategy is first and foremost shaped by the agent's gender, their embeddedness in the Turkish community, and the availability of an alternative support network, both of which are shaped by exclusion in the larger society. In addition, also the severity of the norm violation, the social structure of the community and parental expectations play a role. Findings are interpreted in terms of ethnic boundary dynamics, and implications for ethno-cultural change are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National identity has become a key theme in discussions about the Turkish media. Yet this is a topic less studied in the field of diasporic media studies. This article takes up the issue of political cinema and its reception among the Turkish diaspora. Through the example of the Valley of the Wolves (Kurtlar Vadisi) franchise, this article discusses how facts, fictions and geo-political motives converge into political cinema. Reporting on a mixed-method audience research that includes surveys, in-depth interviews, focus groups and participant observation among the Turkish community of Antwerp, this article describes the highly polarized reception of Valley of the Wolves among the diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article endeavours to critically assess the role played by the Turkish merchants in the Indian Ocean trade during the seventeenth century. While the Turkish merchants’ trading activities in Persia were marked by frequent disturbances occasioned by political incursions, their trade in India was completely free of such troubles. The Turkish merchants’ preferred routes were (a) through northern Iran, touching Qazwin and Tabrez, to Turkey and (b) through Qandahar, Isfahan, Merv and Yezd. Among the Turkish merchants, those belonging to Chalebi group were apparently more active. Some were substantial shipowners as well. The various aspects of the multidimensional trade have been examined with the help of a variety of sources. An attempt has been made to shed some light within the contours of contemporary trade, traders and ruling elite of those times and this is the central argument of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The objective of the paper was to evaluate Turkey's integration prospects into European structures and relationships between immigration from Turkey and economic indicators in Germany using quantitative methods. Despite Turkey's unclear European integration prospects, it is predicted that Turkish immigration to established member countries of the EU will continue. The strongest waves may flow to Germany, Netherlands or France, where numerous Turkish minorities are already present and where the living standards are high. Results from the statistical analysis of the paper showed a positive correlation between immigration total and the growth of gross domestic product On the other hand, a negative correlation of immigration total and unemployment was found and a positive relationship between immigration total and income total which is in agreement with the expected dependency direction. With regards to immigration from Turkey it is less correlated to unemployment than immigration total. But there is a correlation between immigration from Turkey and the stock of foreigners in Germany This is in accordance with the theoretical concept of network theory where an existing community of migrants keeps attracting new migrants because the costs and risks associated with migration are lower, thanks to established linkages to the country of origin. The observed correlation of migration and unemployment points to the fact that immigration to Germany responds to changes in demand in the labour market. Even though a time lag may occur in the case of unemployment and immigration, migration appears to be a relatively effective mechanism to offset existing imbalances in German labour markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution has as its main aim to analyse the rights that a Turkish national can derive from EU law, and in particular the Ankara Agreement acquis, with a view to engage in a course of study in one of the Member States of the European Union. In that regard, it is argued that a progressive interpretation of the applicable legal regime supportive of free movement of students is both necessary and warranted as (greater) student mobility may contribute to a closer relationship between the peoples of the (Member States of the) EU and Turkey as well as the realisation of mutual economic benefits. Coupled with the fact that the Ankara acquis allows for broad room of interpretation, this point of departure is used as a springboard and justification for reading an extensive set of rights into the acquis, including a right of entry and residence for study purposes, equal treatment with host Member States as regards access to education and under certain circumstances rights of access to the labour market and/or equal treatment as regards study grants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on official, recently declassified documents to provide an analysis of the emergence of policies of discrimination applied against the Turks of Greek Thrace. It does this by unveiling the efforts of the local authorities to construct a coherent political project that would block the expansion of Turkish nationalism among minority Muslims. After certain historical events, this project became even more exclusionary. Crucial in this direction was the establishment of a secret, official council, its operation described here. The projects it formulated and put forward were decisive for the establishment of a regime of practices of administrative harassment, applied in Greek Thrace until the early 1990s but never officially recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article focuses on the Turkish-Finnish relations which have never been a popular issue on both sides' academic literature. However ties between the two states have been much closer than one can expect. Illustrating five main points, the article aims to show that Turkish-Finnish relations have a great potential to improve. First, Ottoman Empire was one of the earliest states to recognize Finnish independence from Russia. Second, the new Republic of Turkey paid attention to the Finns who they believed to come from the Central and Northern Asia to find relatives to the Turks. Third, a part of the Muslim-Turkic population of Russia had immigrated to the Finnish territory which declared independence from Russia in 1917. Since then, there is a Muslim-Turkic population in Finland and they want to maintain their relations with Turkey. Fourth, trade relations between Turkey and Finland are strong. Fifth, Turks have a naïve and honest perception of the Finns as a brother nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how non-Western immigrants' acculturation strategies are related to managers' hiring rankings. It examines whether hiring managers differ in personality trait inferences depending on whether the candidate is a Turkish immigrant or a native Norwegian. Managers (N=436) evaluated three job applicants in terms of personality and hirability. Across three experimental conditions, the information of one (target) was manipulated and presented as either a native, as an integrated Turkish immigrant, and as a separated Turkish immigrant. The separated Turkish target received lower hirability rankings compared with the other target applicants. The integrated Turkish target was rated as more open, extraverted, conscientious, agreeable, and neurotic than the two other targets. Personality ratings of the Norwegian and the separated Turkish target did not differ significantly. Evaluations of personality were associated with hiring ranking of the Norwegian target only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the transnational ties of Turkish immigrants from the towns of Mardin and Bozlu, Turkey, in Europe in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Focusing on these immigrants' hometown associations (HTAs), the author seeks to develop a theoretical framework for the study of transnational migration that takes account not only of migrants' national origins and ethnic identities but also of their regional and local affiliations. She presents the examples of the ARPAD association of people from Bozlu in Berlin, Germany, and the Mutual Aid Association of Karfo (from province Mardin) in Switzerland. Other issues addressed include methodological problems in migration studies, urban sociology, and supranationalism.