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The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure the performance of schools in relation to corporate social responsibility based on teachers' perceptions. To this end, content and construct validity and reliability studies were conducted with the participation of 521 teachers from four different study groups. As part of the related studies, a comprehensive literature review on the phenomenon was conducted and the theoretical structure was revealed through open-ended questions to the first study group of thirty teachers. An item pool was then created in accordance with the existing scope and the type of scale was determined. Eight experts were consulted for the item pool and the item pool was finalised and a draft scale form consisting of thirty-one items was produced. The draft scale, with the addition of the administration instructions, was administered to the second study group, a group of forty teachers, and thus the pre-application was realised. The scale that emerged after the pre-test was applied to a total of 451 teachers from two different study groups for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and validity and reliability analyses were conducted on the data obtained from the study groups. These analyses showed that the total variance explained by the nine-item, one-factor structure that emerged from EFA was 81.8%, and the construct validity of the scale was supported by confirming the emerging structure with CFA. Reliability analyses revealed that Cronbach's [alpha] and McDonald's [omega] values were 0.975 and 0.976 respectively, and these values, which were quite high, proved that the scale was a reliable scale. As a result, a valid and reliable scale capable of measuring teachers' perceptions of the CSR performance of the schools where they work has been introduced to the literature.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between early childhood teacher candidates' empathic tendencies and social problem-solving skills. A total of 187 teacher candidates studying in the department of Early Childhood Education at Duzce University participated in this study. The relational research model, a quantitative research method, was used. The data of this study were collected through a personal information form, the Empathic Tendency Scale, and the Social Problem-Solving Inventory (SPÇE-SF). The researchers analyzed the data using Pearson Correlation and one-way ANOVA with the SPSS program. According to the findings of the study, the empathic tendency levels and social problem-solving skills of the early childhood teacher candidates participating in the research are at moderate levels. In addition, there was a moderate positive relationship between participants' empathic tendencies and social problem-solving skills. Finally, it is seen that the empathic tendencies of the participants do not differ according to personal data such as gender, educational level, mother's and father's educational level, family type, family attitude, number of siblings, and birth order. The participants' social problems-solving skills differed only by gender and number of siblings.

Designed by the Harvard University Project Zero team, Artful Thinking is basically a program that aims to improve students' awareness of art and increase their critical thinking skills by interpreting works of art and discussing them. In this way, students will acquire twenty-first century skills such as critical thinking and aesthetic understanding. The primary objective of this research was to investigate the impact of the Artful Thinking program on the development of critical thinking skills and attitudes towards art in 6th grade students, by implementing it as action research. This study was conducted in a middle school in Gaziantep, Turkey. 23 students and a Turkish teacher participated in the study. A total of twenty-four works of art (paintings, graffiti and ancient mosaics) were shown to students over eight weeks. Students expressed their opinions about each picture for 10-15 minutes. In order to make the students think in higher-order about art, the teacher asked questions prepared by the researcher. Thus, students were enabled to develop critical and higher order thoughts about the paintings. The findings from the students, teacher, and researcher indicated that the Artful Thinking program had a favorable impact on the students' perceptions of art, and that the students' cognitive abilities and capacity for articulation were enhanced by this program.

This paper uses sensemaking theory and frame analysis to examine how a non-system actor's framing for advancing LGBT inclusion, what they called "code-switching," was taken up. Drawing on qualitative interview data generated as part of a larger mixed-methods study, this article examines the material and ideological affordances and constraints of elementary educators implementing the Inclusive Curriculum Law in Illinois (House Bill 246), a law promoting LGBT representation in history textbooks and curriculum. Findings highlight how the impetus to code-switch created a disconnect between policy and perceived practice, which in turn complicated organizational efforts to transform inclusive instruction. As our analyses illustrate, problem framing--refracted here through a non-system agent--not only shaped the direction of proposed solutions but also played a critical role in coordinating individual action and sensemaking.

In this case study, the researcher examines how three elementary teachers, all certified by their school district in culturally responsive teaching (CRT) through professional development (PD) opportunities, implement CRT in mathematics. The study was designed to understand 1) the CRT certification process and structures that were intended to support teachers in the focal district, and 2) how the teachers were enacting CRT in mathematics based on these experiences. Data were collected via interviews, questionnaires, observations, teacher journals, and other reportable data. The teachers were enacting CRT practices that aligned with Hammond's (2015) Ready for Rigor framework, which includes awareness, learning partnerships, community of learners, and information processing. Yet, at times, the teachers engaged in CRT practices that were more thoroughly captured in other literature, including that in mathematics education. Thus, the researcher created an adapted model to display these findings about practice across four quadrants. From these findings, researchers in mathematics education may gain a more informed understanding of how elementary teachers may enact CRT in mathematics based on their backgrounds and experiences with a district-developed and applied certification model, rather than a researcher-designed PD with selected participants of practicing teachers.

Climate change education is both important and challenging. Prior research suggests that many secondary school science teachers in the United States were conveying "mixed messages" to students that legitimized scientifically unwarranted explanations of recent global warming. In this paper, we focus on US climate education at the middle school level and assess whether teacher attention to recent global warming, and whether the messages conveyed to students, changed between 2014 and 2019. Pooling data from two nationally representative probability surveys of middle school science teachers, we show significant advances on several key criteria, but the prevalence of mixed messages remained high. Exploratory analysis suggests that improvements were spurred partly by the adoption of the Next Generation Science Standards by many states and by partly by shifts in the personal views of science educators.

Numerous researchers have developed technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) instruments for English language teaching; however, a valid and reliable instrument to unbox the primary English language teacher's TPACK profile from graduates of the primary school teacher education study program does not yet exist. Consequently, this study aimed to design and validate a questionnaire to unbox the primary English language teacher's TPACK profile. This study used a mixed-methods approach. First, qualitative methods were employed to verify and validate the content of each construct. The items were generated through experts' and a primary English teacher's reviews. As a quantitative method, the questionnaire was then validated through explanatory factor analysis (EFA). The result of EFA yielded a comprehensive set of 40 items: technological knowledge (TK) section (consisting of 5 items), content knowledge (CK) section (consisting of 6 items), pedagogical knowledge (PK) section (consisting of 6 items), pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) section (consisting of 5 items), technological content knowledge (TCK) section (consisting of 5 items), technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK) section (consisting of 7 items), and TPACK section (consisting of 5 items). The reliability coefficients of each construct were acceptable. In conclusion, the study obtained a fruitful questionnaire for unboxing the primary English language teacher's TPACK profile.

Environmental risk perception has a long-time travel in the public participation in environmental fields. This perception involves individually socially constructed physical and mental experiences that involve many factors just for knowledge, attitudes, and the culture that develops in society. An individual's understanding of environmental risk provides an overview of an individual's preparedness for appropriate environmental risk strategies and measures. This cross-sectional survey study aims to collect data on the environmental risk perception of Indonesian students. The survey data instrument used in this study is the environmental risk perception scale (ERPS) questionnaire, transformed into Google Forms in the Indonesian language. The target respondents were 1,267 students from 1,300 undergraduate population size of educational study programs in the field of biology who came from various institutions in Indonesia. Sexual category, grade point average (GPA), and university status to explore the perception of the active student environment of prospective biology teachers with various parameters. The results showed several interesting findings: the female sex is more sensitive to environmental risks, academic abilities play a more logical role in environmental risk analysis, and respondents who have taken environmental courses have a higher sensitivity to environmental risk.

The study of the role of the pedagogy of partnership (PoP) in building the professional competence of future primary school teachers is relevant in the context of modern educational and pedagogical transformations, which require the preparation of teachers for new challenges and creating a favourable learning environment. Therefore, the aim of our study was to check the effect of observing the pedagogical partnership principles in the educational process on the development of the communicative competence of future primary school teachers. The study employed the following psychodiagnostic methods: the Thomas-Kilmann conflict mode instrument (TKI), Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI), Snyder's self-control in communication. The implementation of the PoP programme in higher education institutions (HEIs) has a positive effect on the development of the communicative competence of future teachers, in particular, on developing the ability for self-control and increasing the scope of psychological knowledge. The study revealed some important correlations. Our results indicate that cooperation and the ability to make compromises are directly related to the communicative abilities of future teachers. Further research can be focused on studying the impact of pedagogical partnership on other aspects of future teacher training, such as methodical mastery, motivation for learning and development.

Competent teachers are attributed to student performance, school effectiveness, and the efficiency of an entire education system. Hence, this study compares the respondents' teaching proficiency across their profiles and correlates to their academic performance. The study utilized 30 pre-service secondary teachers of Eastern Samar State University Salcedo selected by complete enumeration, a descriptive comparative and correlational research design, and a questionnaire. Frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were applied for descriptive analysis; t-test for comparison of respondents' teaching proficiency; and Pearson's correlation coefficient for the relationship between academic performance and teaching proficiency. The study revealed that respondents had a proficient teaching proficiency. Specifically, they were proficient in subject matter knowledge, lesson planning, classroom management, instructional strategies and motivation, communication skills, questioning skills, and professionalism. They have a very good academic performance in both professional education and major field of specialization. Furthermore, the study found no significant difference in the teaching proficiency across the respondents' sex and age. However, a significant relationship was found between academic performance and teaching proficiency. Based on the findings, it is recommended that remedial classes on contents, pedagogies, and principles be provided especially for those respondents with low academic performance, to improve their teaching proficiency.

The fear of failure stops students from thinking logically and processing information in mathematics. Creating an appropriate classroom climate based on every student's ability is crucial to overcoming the prejudices associated with mathematics. In this regard, this study aims to create the best classroom climate approach that will increase interest in mathematics and ensure academic success. For this purpose, mathematicians' views on the classroom climate approach and how they create them were discussed by using qualitative techniques. It was considered that teachers participating in this research are working in 9th grade in state high schools affiliated with the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus Ministry of Education, accepting students through examination. The researchers collected teacher views through a semistructured interview form and analyzed them using context analysis. The findings showed that teachers were in a hurry to teach and generally paid attention to creating a comfortable classroom climate in which students could express their thoughts and opinions. This situation also revealed a lack of adequate classroom climate approach skills among teachers. Therefore, the classroom climate approaches discussed in this study are expected to make a significant contribution to this field by offering solutions to teachers in creating a supportive classroom climate.

This study aims to reveal the mediating role of teachers' moral courage (MC) behaviours in the relationship between school principals' authentic leadership (AL) behaviours and teachers' positive psychological capital (PPC) according to the views of teachers working in primary and secondary schools. In this study "AL Questionnaire", "PC Scale" and "PMC (Professional Moral Courage) Scale" were used. 8665 teachers working in primary and secondary schools in Antalya city centre comprise the population of this study. The sample of the study consists of 474 teachers reached by using the convenient sampling method. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and (Cronbach Alpha Coefficient) alpha coefficients were benefited from the validity and reliability analysis of the scales, and Spearman's Correlation Coefficient, which was used for data that were not normally distributed, was used to determine the relationships between the variables, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used for mediating analysis. A low-level positive and significant relationship was found between school principals' authentic leadership behaviours and teachers' psychological capital and moral courage behaviours. Following the results of the Structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis, it has been determined that the moral courage behaviours of the teachers have a mediating role in the relationship between the authentic leadership behaviours of the school principals and the positive psychological capital of the teachers.

The aim of the study is to examine how lesson study activities affect primary school preservice teachers' noticing of students' misconceptions. A qualitative research approach was adopted and action research method was used. The study was conducted with 9 primary school preservice teachers. The data were obtained from the observation form, video recordings, reflection reports and field notes in order to reveal how the lesson study model affected the noticing development of preservice teachers. In addition to these, the "video exam" at the end of the Teaching Practicum-II course also constituted one of the data collection tools. Descriptive analysis was used in the study. The data obtained were analyzed by adapting the theoretical framework of "Levels of Noticing of Students' Mathematical Thinking" developed by van Es (2011) as "Levels of Noticing of Students' Misconceptions" in order to reveal preservice teachers' noticing of students' mathematical thinking. As a result of the research, it was concluded that noticing skills of the lesson study group preservice teachers were mostly at the level of reasoning and justifying their reasons (level 3) and offering alternative pedagogical solution suggestions based on comments (level 4). It was concluded that the noticing skills of the comparison group preservice teachers were mostly descriptive (level 1) and at the level of identifying important events but being insufficient to expand their interpretations (level 2).

Purpose: This study aims to find out ESL teachers' perceptions of imported CEFR textbooks currently in use in the classroom. Additionally, it seeks to determine how teachers have adapted and localized the contents of these books. Methodology: A total of 331 lower secondary school teachers participated in the survey and six were selected for face-to-face interviews. A questionnaire, utilizing a semantic differential scale ranging from one to six, was administered to collect quantitative data, while qualitative data was gathered through a semi-structured interview protocol. Findings: The results indicate that the majority of the teachers were fully aware of the CEFR imported textbooks currently being used in schools. Interestingly, more than half of the surveyed teachers (53.8%) agreed that these books were suitable and matched CEFR levels B1 and B2 set for the secondary school level. Significance: Findings from the interviews highlighted the necessity for teachers to adapt materials, although it also meant extra workload for them. As expected, the teachers added, modified, and simplified the contents of the textbooks. In short, materials adaptation is inevitable as long as the imported CEFR textbooks remain the main teaching materials.

Purpose: To improve teacher education and education quality, this study explores the experiences and learning of student teachers during their practice instruction in public high schools in the Philippines. Methodology: Semi-structured, in-depth focus group discussions with student teachers were conducted employing a phenomenological research design using Colaizzi's approach. Eight groups of student teachers participated in the focus group discussions (FGDs). Each group comprised five students, with 40 participants in total. Findings: According to the findings, student teachers often struggle with the practical realities of teaching in public school and real-world scenarios instead of controlled training environments. Additionally, teaching-related learning experiences are crucial for adapting to diverse student characteristics and developing teaching styles. A mentoring program is found to be essential, despite issues of communication and confidence. Moreover, having supportive mentors play a significant role in helping student teachers to become effective educators. The study also emphasized the need to enhance the teaching and learning setting through digital tools. Significance: This study provides important insights into the obstacles and potential for improving teacher education quality in the Philippines and expanding the teaching practice program.

Purpose: This study aimed to conduct a needs analysis for developing the ethnomathematics e-module based on Sundanese Gamelan to facilitate mathematics learning in junior high school. Specifically, this study identified crucial components for module development and to gather feedback from both students and teachers regarding the learning material. Methodology: The Research and Development (R&D) method was used, specifically the Plomp model, to create e-module for mathematics learning. Qualitative data were collected from ethnomathematics experts, a mathematics teacher, and five students via purposive sampling. The instruments used for this data collection included expert validation sheets, student interview recordings, teacher questionnaires, and small group observations. Findings: The results indicated that the integration of Sundanese Gamelan ethnomathematics into junior high school mathematics e-module significantly improved students' understanding and interest in the subject. This culturally infused approach increased students' motivation and engagement, indicating a potential shift towards more inclusive and culturally responsive educational practices. Significance: The integration of Sundanese Gamelan ethnomathematics into mathematics curriculum is known for the unique blend of cultural elements with academic content, contributing to enhanced students' understanding and cultural awareness. In addition, this method offered benefits for students, teachers, curriculum developers, and ethnomathematics researchers, presenting a holistic model that combined educational innovation with cultural appreciation.

After the curriculum reforms from 2021 to 2023, public universities in Thailand have been adapting to integrate ICT and digital literacy into their teaching. This research explores the changes experienced by ICT teachers when integrating digital literacy with student teachers in English teacher education programs after the pandemic. During COVID-19, online learning was mandatory, necessitating significant adjustments. This study also investigates the challenges associated with these changes. The participants were six teachers from six public universities with firsthand experience with the revised curriculum from 2021 to 2023. Semi-structured interviews were used as the research instrument. The interview data were grouped into themes according to the degree of change and challenges encountered by the teachers. The findings showed four levels of changes due to the curriculum reforms: changing course names, descriptions, topics, and assessments. Along with these changes, the teachers faced several challenges: selecting appropriate ICT resources, insufficient digital literacy knowledge, the need for pedagogical adjustments, insufficient training and support, infrastructure limitations, and time constraints. The study suggests that universities should offer ongoing professional development to help teachers keep up with the changing digital literacy landscape. Additionally, institutional infrastructure and support need improvement. Teacher education programs should incorporate comprehensive training on using ICT in teaching, emphasizing practical applications. Future research should study the effectiveness of professional development models in enhancing teachers' ICT skills and their ability to integrate technology into their teaching. It should also identify the impact of collaborative teaching approaches on ICT integration in teacher education programs.

The student exchange programs are venues for learning opportunities by offering multicultural contexts. This study reports on the experiences of ten prospective English language teachers in a virtual student exchange program to investigate likely skill development in a multicultural and open and distance learning setting. This descriptive study used the qualitative method. The textual data were elicited through eighty reflective essays written by the participants. Virtual classroom observations and WhatsApp chat data ensured data triangulation. The results revealed the themes as developed learning and life skills and enhanced internal gains. It was found that internal outcomes, such as self-confidence, empathy, and self-reliance, were enhanced rather than external gains. One of the limitations of this study was the brevity of the exchange program, which lasted only eight days. Additionally, the current study is a small-scale study, which limits the generalizability of the results. Last but not least, only two participants placed in the researcher's class were observed. The study poses a few implications for education policymakers, curriculum developers, and teachers. In light of the results, it is posed that adding a multicultural aspect to the teacher training curriculum is imperative for teacher empowerment. Though the literature on student exchange reports findings on the gains and challenges, there is a scarcity of studies delving into what skills students develop and how with vivid examples. In this respect, this study adds to the relevant literature.

This study was an exploration of COVID-19 anxiety and its relationship with teacher burnout. The study was a cross-sectional survey research design with a convenience sample drawn from a population of K-12 public school teachers. A non-parametric statistical test, Kruskal-Wallis, showed a statistically significant difference in teacher burnout across the three grade levels: X[superscript 2] (2, N = 61) = 6.20, p = 0.045. Teacher burnout was lowest amongst elementary school teachers (M = 47.00) when compared to middle school (M = 74.00) and high school teachers (M = 71.00). Implications include a need for increased administrative support and decreased stress levels for teachers.

Lifelong learning is all forms of learning from cradle to grave. Lifelong learning requires everyone to improve themselves. People are expected to be lifelong learners because school knowledge is insufficient. In this framework, educational approaches all over the world focus on lifelong learning and need lifelong learners. This study adopted a qualitative research design to investigate teachers' views on lifelong learning. The sample consisted of 30 teachers from different branches. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide. The data were analyzed using content analysis. Participants viewed lifelong learning as a process not limited to schools. They also associated it with all kinds of learning activities and personal growth. They believed lifelong learning was necessary for technological advances, social change, and a high quality of life. They stated that the goals of lifelong learning were accessing educational opportunities, increasing knowledge and skills, and transforming students into qualified people. They noted that motivation, education systems, and social and cultural changes affected lifelong learning.

Given the rapid advancement of modern information and communication technologies, as well as the increasing demand for distance and hybrid learning models, it is imperative that prospective teachers attain a high level of digital competence. This study aimed to determine how effective the technique of using Kahoot! to develop the digital competence of prospective primary school teachers. To diagnose the effectiveness of the developed methodology, testing was used which included various types of tasks and questionnaires in order to assess prospective primary school teachers' readiness to use digital tools in their professional activities. The results obtained (tcrit = 1.982) made it possible to conclude that utilizing Kahoot! interactive platform in prospective primary school teachers' professional training contributes to enhancing their digital competence. According to the findings, the gamified application Kahoot! contributes to students' study motivation, creates a favorable psychological atmosphere. A promising area for further research is to explore the prospective teachers' readiness to create multimedia products using state-of-the-art software iClone Pro, Toon Boom Harmony, Anime Studio Pro, etc.

In this randomized control study, we evaluated science teachers' pedagogical practices via classroom observations following ongoing, intensive, and structured instructional support sessions. These sessions included virtual professional development (VPD) and virtual mentoring and coaching (VMC) that accompanied a literacy-infused science curriculum. Using a low-inference observational instrument, we explored the direct impact of VPD and VMC on fifth-grade science teachers' observed time allocation in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) validation study. The observations were collected three times during science instruction from 121 teachers in 68 schools from 35 public school districts in the U.S. state of Texas, during the 2017-2018 school year. Preliminary findings revealed pedagogical differences in time allocation among teachers between treatment and control classrooms. We identified improved instructional practices within treatment classrooms, which suggests the intervention had a positive effect by enhancing the quality of pedagogy as well as the content-area instruction in science.

The specific focus of this study is how a team of four preservice teachers experienced a collaborative practicum model to support the development of cogenerative dialogue and foster professional growth. Data sources included individual video club annotations and the associated group discussions facilitated by comparison of groups members selected annotations. The analysis found that participation in peer collaboration provided multiple viewpoints of shared teaching experiences that enabled preservice teachers' different ways to notice student thinking. Providing a structured framework for reflection, namely the individual video club annotations, served as the genesis for cogenerative dialogues centered on instructional change for the preservice teachers. This work's implications showcase the importance of allowing for the iterative enactment and reflection on pedagogical choices by preservice teachers early in their professional development.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) brings enormous opportunities into learning, teaching, and assessment processes. Among them, it is convenient to explore its ability to channel students' creativity, which is described as a basic competence in the training of people with both the OECD and the recent Spanish LOMLOE law pointing to the need to foster it in educational settings. In this context, the objective of this research is to explore the creative potential of prospective elementary school teachers related to storytelling, via a project including the rational use of AI generative tools. A combination of qualitative and quantitative instruments was used to get insight on the implications of those AI tools in the creative process and to gain understanding on the concerns of prospective teachers about AI at both their training and future teaching practice. The results show the potential of AI from an educational point of view, specially in self-assessment and co-evaluation processes, since it allows confronting not only the result of the creative task, but also the process itself by reflecting on the asked questions. Finally, the importance of continuing research on the ability to ask questions (a creative skill in itself) in the new context of AI is discussed.

Professional teacher collaboration, a fundamental characteristic of lesson study, has been pointed out as a principle of teacher personal and professional growth. This article aims to describe and analyze the development of professional collaboration in a lesson study, highlighting the main stages of this process. The investigation involved six elementary school teachers of Brazilian public schools, in planning, observing, and reflecting on a lesson on the curriculum topic of length measure at grade 4. The participants worked collaboratively planning a lesson about this topic. The methodology is qualitative, with data collected by records and field notes of sessions, conversations, and interviews. The analyses pointed out three remarkable stages of the development of professional collaboration, which constituted the categories of analysis: recognition of collaboration, development of collaboration, and valuing collaboration. The results show that the professional collaboration that developed during the lesson study was facilitated by the dynamics of the different steps of this process and, especially, by the relationship between participants and teacher educators. Collaboration emerged from the activities of planning, teaching, observing, and reflecting on the lesson, and was valued given the encouragement and strengthening of the group insofar as teachers felt confident, encouraged, and welcomed in the group.

The paucity of English teachers in Namibia's research output as well as practicing the scholarship of teaching and learning has been noticed and noted. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the views of English teachers in the Kalahari Circuit in the ||Kharas Region in Namibia on the effect of an intervention to enhance their willingness to conduct research and publish. The study used a questionnaire to collect qualitative and quantitative biographical data from the participants. The quantitative data were analysed using simple description while qualitative data were analysed using Renner and Tylor-Powell's five steps for analysing narratives. The study revealed that, after participating in the research workshop, English teachers showed confidence to conduct research and publish their work. Furthermore, the participants suggested that the workshop should include all teachers, who need support from the agents in education. It was also found that the duration of the workshop should be extended and resources should be availed to teachers to conduct research for publication. The study recommended that this training should be rolled out to other regions while broadening the target scope.