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Studies indicate that student teachers' engagement in continuous professional learning, (i.e., student teacher professional agency [STPA]), can improve their readiness for their careers. Unlike earlier qualitative studies often from the Global North, this research contributes geographical and methodological relevance to the literature by investigating STPA in a Brazilian teacher education program using a quantitative approach that aligns with an ecological understanding of STPA. A questionnaire assessing STPA, environmental (i.e., curriculum coherence and learning environment), and individual (i.e., teacher identity) factors was administered to 283 student teachers. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and network analysis. The student teachers' perceptions of (1) coherence between parts of the program, theory, and practice; (2) positive climate with their peers and mentors' recognition; and (3) teacher identity were the most relevant factors regulating STPA. These findings offer insights into developing a Brazilian teacher education curriculum to strengthen STPA.

For much of human history, inequity was taken as a fact of life. However, as reflection on the human condition became more prominent, arguments that some forms of inequity can be ameliorated began to emerge. In this paper, the authors note that "inequity aversion" is a built-in human trait, and they reflect on the fact that, nonetheless, throughout human history, inequity has typically been the norm. In spite of the difficulties inherent to the challenge of making progress toward a less unequal world, the authors argue that progress is nonetheless possible, particularly if those bent on such movement adopt the following five rules of thumb: (1) Pick your battles, (2) articulate a precise doable vision, (3) speak to the collective imagination, (4) avoid virtue signalling, while embracing costly ones, and (5) get comfortable with tragic optimism. The article concludes by focusing on the need for educators to help shape the lenses of the next generation so that, when they view the enormity not only of the number of problems that humans face, but also the scope of each one, they are not overwhelmed either with anger or pessimism.

Learning anatomy via cadaver dissection is considered a best practice in anatomical education. However, occupational therapy programs commonly use alternative or adjunct teaching methods when teaching anatomy. The purpose of this study was to investigate students' perceptions of learning hand anatomy through participation in the Dell Hand Instructional Module (DHIM), a novel educational intervention incorporating an animated video series and a translucent, three-dimensional model of the hand. Participants attended one anatomical instructional session and one assessment session, completed a questionnaire about their experiences, and participated in a focus group. Participants agreed or strongly agreed that the DHIM made learning about hand anatomy more interesting and enjoyable, was an effective learning tool, and helped them to understand spatial relationships between the hand structures. Thematic analysis of focus group responses resulted in five themes: instructor impact, learning environment, learning preferences, interaction with the model, and perceptions of the educational intervention. Findings suggest this novel intervention supported hand anatomy instruction and was helpful to student engagement in the learning process. Future research should assess learning outcomes associated with the DHIM, as well as investigate the use of trained graduate students as DHIM facilitators.

Students' physics self-efficacy, interest, and identity in introductory courses can influence their outcomes in that course and their future career aspirations. A lot of work has focused on the role these motivational beliefs play in students' outcomes without attention to the role the perception of the inclusiveness of the learning environment plays in shaping these beliefs. This study used a validated survey instrument to probe the motivational outcomes of 873 students at the end of a two-semester mandatory introductory physics course primarily for bioscience majors, in which women make up 62% of the class. We investigated how the perception of the inclusiveness of the learning environment (perceived recognition, peer interaction, and belonging) predicts male and female students' motivational outcomes, including their physics self-efficacy, interest, and identity. We found that these motivational beliefs were lower for women and the perception of the inclusiveness of the learning environment plays a major role in explaining these motivational outcomes. These findings can be useful in providing support and creating an equitable and inclusive learning environment to help all students excel in algebra-based physics courses for bioscience majors.

The literature identifying factors that influence learning, motivation, identity formation and participation, termed affordances, has focused primarily on face-to-face classrooms. However, literature about affordances within online synchronous classrooms at the graduate level is only just emerging. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to contribute to uncovering the affordances in online synchronous classrooms at a graduate level. Using a qualitative method with a phenomenological design, learners from a hybrid Doctor of Physical Therapy program using online synchronous classrooms participated in a semi-structured interview via video conference. Interviews were transcribed via Zoom software and then manually coded using NVivo 12 software. Additionally, two previously recorded synchronous classes were observed and manually coded. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify and refine codes to construct themes and subthemes. Three major themes were identified from the coded data: teacher influence, learner positionality, and social connection are three major affordances that can change learner motivation, identity formation, and learning perceptions in the online synchronous graduate-level classroom. This study adds a new perspective to the existing literature on affordances affecting participation. Using interviews and observing online classes, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of affordances that influenced learning outcomes in an online synchronous classroom at the graduate level. By understanding the affordances that impact how learners participate, teachers can design classrooms that have the potential to improve learner outcomes.

This paper examines how male preservice teachers pursuing an elementary or middle level education certification perceive barriers and supports in their chosen major and future profession. To answer this question, the authors used a convenience sample of male undergraduate students at a mid-sized, private, liberal arts college. Sixteen male students completed an online 24-question Likert scale survey and nine of these students participated in a semi-structured focus group. Our results support current literature findings showing male preservice teachers experience barriers to the field related to gender identity. Additionally, findings highlight the significant role teacher preparation programs, cooperating teachers, and peer support systems play in the resiliency and success of male preservice teachers. Implications from this research include the need for teacher preparation programs to address these barriers and provide systems of support of this underserved population.

The present study aims to determine if the successful implementation of a blended learning methodology is more dependent on the course subject matter or on the teacher. Using the Evaluation Scale on the Influence of Course Subject and Teachers on B-learning, we analyzed five factors: Expectations, Web Tools 2.0, Feedback, Cooperative/collaborative Learning, and Social Relations. The results show that student expectations and cooperative/collaborative learning are dependent on the course subject matter while all five factors crucially depend on the role of the teacher. We concluded that teachers have a much greater influence than the course subject on the successful implementation of an effective blended learning model.

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated inequities within higher education. This study examined how first-generation students, compared to their continuing-generation peers, navigated institutional resources such as programs and academic advising during the pandemic. To examine institutional resource barriers, usage, and helpfulness for students, the study analyzed survey data of 524 students at a four-year private university in the United States. Results showed that lack of time, awareness, and access to institutional resources were barriers for first-generation students in using institutional resources. Furthermore, qualitative findings reveal factors that first-generation students found helpful in their college career: transparency of institutional resources on campus, initiative from institutional figures in reaching out to students, and holistic support for academic, personal, and professional development.

Teachers' feedback is critical for student learning, particularly during oral reading, where it supports skill development and fosters students' agency and reader identity. However, research has yet to provide clear recommendations for effective classroom feedback. This critical-constructive review aims to achieve two objectives: to present evidence of effective feedback strategies for reading development and to explore the theoretical foundations of feedback in oral reading. The review analyzes twenty-four empirical studies (1995-2022) on effects of teachers' feedback in K-5 settings. Findings reveal significant variability in effective feedback types and content, making clear-cut generalizations challenging and emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of feedback's influence on fluency, motivation and engagement. While many studies utilized theoretical frameworks, their limited diversity constrains our understanding of students' emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to feedback, highlighting a gap in research that often prioritizes reading processes over the role of feedback. This study discusses the potential for integrating feedback and reading development theories to better align interventions with contemporary understandings. By adopting a more comprehensive approach, we can inform teaching strategies that support reading development and redefine how we assist young readers. Additionally, the study offers an example and approach for aligning theory across the different phases of performing empirical research, with implications that extend beyond the current review.

Background: Students' recognition beliefs have emerged as one of the most important components of engineering role identity development for early-career undergraduate students. Recognition beliefs are students' perceptions of how meaningful others, such as peers, instructors, and family, see them as engineers. However, little work has investigated the experiences that facilitate recognition beliefs, particularly across the intersections of race, ethnicity, and gender. Investigation of these experiences provides ways to understand how recognition may be supported in engineering environments and how White and masculine norms in engineering can shape marginalized students' experiences. Purpose: We examined how specific experiences theorized to promote recognition are related to recognition beliefs for students at the intersections of race, ethnicity, and gender. Based on self-reported demographics, we created 10 groups, including Asian, Black, Latino and Hispanic, Indigenous, and White cisgender men and Asian, Black, Latinè/x/a/o and Hispanic, Indigenous, and White ciswomen, trans, and non-binary individuals. This article describes the patterns within each intersectional group rather than drawing comparisons across the groups, which can perpetuate raced and gendered stereotypes. Methods: The data came from a survey distributed in Fall 2017 (n = 2316). Ten multiple regression models were used to understand the recognition experiences that influenced students' recognition beliefs by intersectional group. Results: There is no one-size-fits-all approach to developing students' recognition beliefs. For example, family members referring to the student as an engineer are positively related to recognition beliefs for Asian, Black, Latino and Hispanic, and White cisgender men. Friends seeing Asian and White marginalized gender students as an engineer is predictive of recognition beliefs. Other recognition experiences, such as receiving compliments from an engineering instructor or peer about their engineering design and contributions to the team, do not influence the recognition beliefs of these early-career engineering students. Conclusion: This article emphasizes the need to draw on multiple experiences to support the equitable development of early-career engineers across race, ethnicity, and gender, and reveals patterns for recognition that may support future scholarship on effective classroom practices for recognition.

This article examines teacher self-efficacy in social and emotional learning (SEL), particularly by teachers of color, and the conditions that shaped their efficacy beliefs. Data are drawn from surveys with two teacher groups, one comprised of teachers of color and a comparative group that was predominantly white. Surveys were followed by interviews and observations with teachers in each group. Findings showed that teachers of color reported stronger efficacy beliefs in SEL and described practices that centered racial justice. Differences in efficacy are attributed to a social justice learning community that provided efficacy-forming experiences for teachers of color to enact equity-based SEL practices.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of human learning describes learning as a social process and the origination of human intelligence in society or culture in which the social and cultural context of development cannot be separated. The sociocultural theory of mind attempts to explain the processes through which learning and development occur. A tenet of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is used as a measure of the distance between what a learner is able to do and a proximal level that they might attain through guidance and collaboration with a more knowledgeable other. The ZPD is important in both education and psychology. By understanding how ZPD and a teacher's ZPD (TZPD) function, teachers and professional development (PD) trainers can be better prepared to create meaningful learning opportunities which maximize the tools and strategies available to educators, thus further improving student learning outcomes. The absence of current research on TZPD, especially in regard to reading comprehension instruction, results in the lack of evidence for how teachers develop TZPD and use evidence-based reading comprehension strategies in classroom instruction. The goal of this study was to investigate previous research conducted regarding Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development and its implications for preservice and in-service teachers through what has been termed teachers' zone of proximal development. A systematic literature search identified studies tied to ZPD and TZPD. After screening and elimination, 13 studies were selected and reviewed for study design, theoretical framework, constructs being investigated, and the impact of methods used to collect data related to ZPD and TZPD.

At many research-intensive universities in North America, there is a disproportionate loss of minoritized undergraduate students from Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) majors. Efforts to confront this diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) challenge, such as faculty adoption of evidenced-based instructional approaches that promote student success, have been slow. Instructional and pedagogical change efforts at the academic department level have been demonstrated to be effective at enacting reform. One potential strategy is to embed change agent individuals within STEM departments that can drive change efforts. This study seeks to assess whether tenure-track, teaching-focused faculty housed in STEM departments are perceived as influential on the instructional and pedagogical domains of their colleagues. To answer this, individuals across five STEM departments at large, research-intensive campuses identified faculty who were influential upon six domains of their instruction and pedagogy. Social network analysis of individuals in these departments revealed heterogeneity across the instructional domains. Some, like the teaching strategies network, are highly connected and involve the majority of the department; while others, like the DEI influence network, comprise a significantly smaller population of faculty. Importantly, we demonstrate that tenure-track, teaching-focused faculty are influential across all domains of instruction, but are disproportionately so in the sparsely populated DEI influence networks.

This study analyzed collaborative invention projects by teams of lower-secondary (13-14-year-old) Finnish students. In invention projects, student teams design and make materially embodied collaborative inventions using traditional and digital fabrication technologies. This investigation focused on the student teams' knowledge creation processes by examining how they applied maker practices (i.e., design process, computer engineering, product design, and science practices) in their co-invention projects and the effects of teacher and peer support. In our investigations, we relied on video data and on-site observations, utilizing and further developing visual data analysis methods. Our findings assist in expanding the scope of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) research toward sociomaterially mediated knowledge creation, revealing the open-ended, nonlinear, and self-organized flow of the co-invention projects that take place around digital devices. Our findings demonstrate the practice-based, knowledge-creating nature of these processes, where computer engineering, product design, and science are deeply entangled with design practices. Furthermore, embodied design practices of sketching, practical experimenting, and working with concrete materials were found to be of the essence to inspire and deepen knowledge creation and advancement of epistemic objects. Our findings also reveal how teachers and peer tutor students can support knowledge creation through co-invention.

Although Black and Latinx students disproportionately face exclusionary school discipline, prior research finds that the likelihood of suspension for Black students decreases when they are taught by greater proportions of Black teachers. Little prior work, however, has examined whether these effects generalize to large, diverse, urban school districts or to Asian American or Latinx students and teachers. Using student fixed-effects models and 10 years of data from New York City, we find that assignment to greater proportions of ethnoracially matched teachers decreases the likelihood of suspension for Black and Latinx students. The magnitudes of these effects are small but suggest that diversifying the teacher workforce could lead to significant decreases in exclusionary discipline in urban districts.

As teachers are purveyors of digital citizenship and their perspectives influence classroom practice, it is important to understand teachers' views on digital citizenship. This study establishes the Teachers' Perceptions of Digital Citizenship Scale (T-PODS) as a survey instrument for scholars to investigate educators' views on digital citizenship for their students. Drawing upon existing research, a theorized model of digital citizenship was developed and validated via a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), resulting in a 14-item four-factor model. Factor constructs include digital ethics, participation and engagement, informed citizens and civic know-how. As teachers' views can shift over time, particularly with the emergence of new technologies, scholars can utilize T-PODS as they investigate educators' perceptions of digital citizenship across time and context.

This study explores why the principals experiences burnout and what the future plans of the principals who experienced burnout were. This is a case study that uses qualitative research methods. Before collecting qualitative data, the researcher collected and analysed data from principals working at different school levels and revealed their burnout tendencies. Subsequently, I collected qualitative data from kindergarten, middle school, and vocational high school principals through semi-structured interview questions and analysed them through content analysis. Along with the four main themes, four subthemes emerged based on the theme of burnout sources. Accordingly, school principals experience burnout due to situations arising from parents, senior management, teachers, other principals, students, non-education-related workload, and insufficient financial income. Although the short-term plans of school principals experiencing burnout are to continue their duties in their schools, in the long term, they plan to leave the profession and completely move away from educational work.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between teachers' reports of classroom adversity, a measure of classroom hardship, and student problem behavior in a sample of students with or at risk of emotional/behavioral disorders. We also examined the extent to which this relation varied as a function of multiple domains of classroom quality. A series of multiple regression models, adjusting for the nesting of students within classrooms, were conducted. Models revealed a significant effect of the interaction between classroom adversity and classroom emotional support on teachers' reports of student problem behaviors. This effect indicated that in low-adversity classrooms, teachers differed in their reports of students' problem behaviors depending on their level of emotional support. In high-adversity classrooms, however, teachers' reports of students' problem behaviors were relatively similar regardless of their level of emotional support. Findings suggest classroom adversity is likely an important contextual factor to consider when examining student outcomes and that teacher emotional support may mitigate the influence of classroom adversity. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this work for research and practice.

New technologies are changing the way we see and understand university education, with the advent of new, more flexible organization methods capable of reaching people via class formats like Small Private Online Courses (SPOCs). However, studies which have analyzed these types of courses have focused on their implementation and not on the cognitive and emotional processes of students. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the teacher's influence on emotions, dispositional flow, motivation, and metacognitive strategies among university students. There were 1,347 participants in this study (678 men and 669 women), ranging from 18 to 26 years of age (M = 21.43; SD = 2.64). The results were evaluated using a descriptive statistics analysis, a reliability analysis, and a structural equations model which explains the causal relationships between the study variables. In this sense, autonomy support exerted a positive influence on positive emotions and a negative influence on negative emotions. In contrast, psychological control by the teacher positively influenced negative emotions and negatively influenced positive emotions. Moreover, positive emotions exerted a positive influence on dispositional flow, whereas negative emotions exerted a negative influence on dispositional flow. In addition, dispositional flow exerted a positive influence on autonomous motivation, metacognitive strategies, and academic performance. Finally, autonomous motivation exerted a positive influence on academic performance and metacognitive strategies. These results reveal the influence of emotions, motivation, and perception of SPOCs on the adoption of adaptive habits and academic performance among university students.

A concern across many vocational education systems is the high dropout rate from their programs. This problem is likely to be exacerbated at time of low unemployment rates when employers are less demanding about the certification of skills at the time of employment. This qualitative study examines the factors associated with students leaving early from Initial Vocational Education and Training (IVET) institutions in Estonia. The study analyses the challenges and potential risk factors of IVET early leaving from both the students and staff members points of view. The research participants were 20 Estonian IVET students and 12 staff members from various vocational schools. The study highlights the complex interplay of students' challenges and emphasises the importance of addressing them to promote retention and success in vocational education and training programmes. The study employs the Self-Determination Theory, more specifically, the conceptual frame of basic psychological needs to interpret the data. The results of the research indicate that students at risk are mainly shaped by their primary school experience prior to vocational school, with teachers and peers as the main influencers.

Since the repeal of Section 28 in 2003, research and policy reform has explored how to reduce homo/bi and transphobia to make schools more LGBTQ+ inclusive places. However, heteronormativity continues to manifest in increasingly subtle ways. This article argues that teachers must remain vigilant towards the 'Panopticon of Heteronormativity' which subtly impacts efforts to foster LGBTQ+ inclusivity. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was undertaken to capture the experience of 12 participants who advocate for LGBTQ+ inclusivity in UK primary schools. This article finds that teachers advocating for LGBTQ+ inclusivity still reinforce heteronormativity through discourses which regulate children's exposure to 'appropriate' identities, express concern about pushing an 'agenda' and LGBTQ+ teachers can experience a 'double consciousness' which complicates their efforts to disrupt heteronormativity. Recommendations include improving teacher training and practitioner awareness to critically reflect upon the subtle ways heteronormativity manifests in the classroom.

In this qualitative research we employed the case study method to identify the factors that affect Turkish fifth to eight graders' selection of books to read and the reasons that cause them to stop reading the books they have selected. To identify those factors and reasons, data were collected from a total of 32 participating students who were selected using stratified purposive sampling. A group was formed for each grade. Each grade group included 8 students who borrowed books from public libraries and voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were interviewed using open-ended questions. Interviews revealed that in selecting books to read, the students considered theme, genre, and structural features such as title, cover design, author, publisher, and recommendations made by peers, teachers, and family members as criteria. The students also stated that the events and themes in the books, language features, font size, insufficient time to read, and the library's requirement to return a book in 15 days were the reasons to give up reading a selected book.

Students have dreams and goals outside of school. School psychologists can play a vital role in helping students with disabilities reach their dreams, particularly when the dreams ask the question "What do I want to do after high school?" Often, the answer lies in postsecondary goals, which require transition planning while the student is still in school. This paper explores how families, teachers, and school psychologists can all play supportive and distinct roles in helping a student with disabilities reach their postsecondary goals. There have been several transition models proposed to help students with disabilities shift from PK-12 to postsecondary settings; however, there are gaps in application for the most important team members: student, family, teacher, and school psychologist. Lastly, this paper proposes a new transition framework, "Creating a Roadmap: Providing Opportunities for Optimal Living" (CAR:POOL), that focuses specifically on the concrete steps a transition team needs to complete postsecondary goals.

The support and engagement teachers foster in their classrooms likely impact student success in reading achievement. Therefore, we used a multilevel approach to examine if students' perception of support and engagement at both the individual and classroom levels were associated with students' overall reading achievement. Perception data collected from 37 third- and fourth-grade classrooms (N = 578 students) indicated that student perceptions of individual and classroom engagement contributed significantly to students' reading achievement; however, both support assessed at the individual and classroom levels were non-significant factors. We also found that girls and those with higher perceptions of engagement were associated with higher reading scores; however, higher classroom engagement was associated with lower reading scores. We discuss both theoretical and practical implications.

Self-regulated learning is recognized as a core competence for academic success and life-long formation. The social context in which self-regulated learning develops and takes place is attracting growing interest. Using cross-sectional data from secondary education students (n = 561), we aimed to formulate explanatory arguments regarding the effect of social support on metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive and cognitive learning strategies, and academic achievement, considering the potential mediating role of goal orientation self-management. Structural Equation Modelling yielded a conceptually consistent and statistically satisfactory empirical model, explaining a moderate-high percentage of the variance in self-regulated learning and academic achievement. The results showed that perceived support from teachers and family positively predicted metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive and cognitive learning strategies, and mastery self-talk and negatively predicted work-avoidance self-talk. Moreover, mastery self-talk and work-avoidance self-talk directly and indirectly (through metacognitive knowledge) predicted academic achievement. Perceived social support is proposed as a marker of vulnerability/protection and as a resource for facing challenges in the academic context.

This study is to determine how learning maladaptation and teacher criticism affect the relationship between pathological Internet use and academic performance. Results indicated that pathological Internet use could negatively predict students' academic performance. Learning maladaptation had a mediating effect on the relations between pathological Internet use and academic performance. In addition, teacher criticism played a moderating role in the relations between pathological Internet use and learning maladaptation. As a moderator, although teacher criticism could alleviate the impact of pathological Internet use on learning maladaptation, using criticism might cause the loss outweighs the gain and directly worsen students' learning maladaptation more.

Mathematics teachers' beliefs are central to mathematics teaching and student learning. Because different aspects of motivation and affect--particularly enjoyment--primarily develop within the classroom context, examining how different teachers' beliefs may affect student outcomes in mathematics is imperative. The current study examines teachers' beliefs about the nature and learning of mathematics in connection to students' motivation (i.e. intrinsic value, utility value and perceived competence) and enjoyment of mathematics across different settings by considering students' mathematics achievement, gender and classroom composition (i.e. socioeconomic and behavioural). Data were collected from 3rd- and 4th-grade mathematics teachers (N = 686) and their students (N = 11,782) in six countries (i.e. Norway, Finland, Sweden, Portugal, Estonia and Serbia). A two-level structural equation modelling technique (TSEM) (i.e. student level and classroom level) with random slopes was employed to address our research questions. The results indicate that students' intrinsic value and perceived competence positively relate to their enjoyment of mathematics in all six countries. Teachers' beliefs about the nature and learning of mathematics moderate the within-classroom relationship between boys and girls and the motivation and enjoyment of learning mathematics in Portugal and Norway. Unlike boys, girls consistently perceive themselves as less competent in mastering mathematics, even in primary school. Classroom socioeconomic composition had a more pronounced influence on teachers' beliefs in Sweden, Norway and Serbia. In relation to teachers' beliefs, classroom behavioural composition was relevant in Estonia and Sweden. In Finland and Norway, classroom composition was essential to boys' and girls' differential motivation and enjoyment of mathematics learning.

Establishing and maintaining a highly-trained pharmaceutical workforce is crucial for serving the healthcare needs of the population. Globally, various factors have been associated with the decision of students leaving high school to pursue an undergraduate degree in pharmacy, however, this topic has not yet been explored in Vietnam. To explore the motivations of first-year undergraduate pharmacy students to study pharmacy at university. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 428 first-year pharmacy students enrolled in undergraduate pharmacy programs from across all universities in Can Tho, Vietnam, including one public university (193 students) and two private universities (235 students), from November 2022 to February 2023. Exploratory factor analysis identified five underlying factors associated with the choice of students to study pharmacy, with internal consistency assessed using Cronbach's Alpha ([alpha]): personal factors ([alpha] = 0.86), career ([alpha] = 0.88), advice ([alpha] = 0.74), reputation ([alpha] = 0.84), and promotion ([alpha] = 0.76). Of these factors, personal factors had the greatest impact (mean = 4.13), while the least influential factor was promotion (mean = 2.92). Compared to public university students, private university students were more influenced by career (p = 0.019), advice (p = 0.002), and promotion (p < 0.001) when making the decision to study pharmacy. This study identifies the factors associated with the decision to pursue pharmacy education. These findings may be of interest to educational institutions addressing how they attract students and meet the workforce needs of the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare system.

This study aims to examine the writing performance of primary school fourth-grade students in relation to the student-level variables (writing, reading comprehension, self-regulation-based writing, writing motivation, and writing anxiety) and classroom-level (teacher) variables (knowledge of text-writing instruction and text-writing instruction self-efficacy beliefs). The data were collected from Zonguldak, Turkey in 2019-2020 academic year. The study used a correlation research method consisting of 734 fourth-grade students at primary school and 31 classroom teachers. The data collection tools included the Story Text and Informative Text Assessment Analytical Rubric, Writing Achievement Test, Reading Comprehension Test, Self-Regulation-Based Writing Scale, Writing Motivation Scale, Writing Anxiety Scale, and Text-Writing Instruction Form for Classroom Teachers, and Text-Writing Instruction Self-Efficacy Beliefs Scale. A two-level Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) analysis was performed on the data. The results showed that students' writing knowledge, reading comprehension level, and self-regulation-based writing skills play a significant role in their writing performance. The student-level variables examined in this study account for the text-writing performance of students by 24%. The study presents the results based on the findings and recommendations based on the results.

In recent years, numerous published scholarly works have examined the association between academic resilience and school engagement, as well as the function of emotional support in bolstering the relationship between the two. However, these investigations have only been undertaken at the elementary and secondary levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that there are only a few studies that were conducted in the context of Higher Education, especially in the Philippines. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between academic resilience (ARS) and school engagement (SE) via teacher-emotional support (TES). Using data from 910 students and Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), it was unraveled that (1) ARS positively affects SE, (2) ARS leverages TES, (3) TES affects SE, and (4) TES partially mediated the association between students' ARS and SE. According to the findings, instructors' emotional support promotes college students' resilience and engagement. The study underlined the need of strengthening personal and contextual resources to support student well-being in an online class setting.

Although Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have attracted extensive attention among educational stakeholders, the issue of the high dropout rate has yet to be solved. The current study aimed to unpack teacher influence on MOOCs learners' continuance learning intention, and to examine the mediating roles of students' perceived usefulness and satisfaction. Quantitative data were collected from 166 Chinese university students located in 18 provinces. Results indicated that teacher influence is significantly associated with learners' continuous learning intention, and when considering perceived usefulness and satisfaction, this relationship did not achieve significance but was mediated by students' perceived usefulness and satisfaction, in addition, teacher influence did not exert a direct and significant impact on students' satisfaction. The serial mediation model explained 65.8% of the variance of students' continuance intention. This study uncovered the important role of teacher influence on students' continuance learning intention in the Chinese MOOCs learning context. Results provided suggestions to policymakers, MOOCs platform and lecturers to promote MOOCs and design useful courses so as to engage students to learn continuously.

The third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has made every higher education institution in Taiwan implement online learning. Given the circumstance, supporting students in their online self-regulated learning (SRL) became more critical to enabling students' learning maintenance and learning success. The present study explores the impact of instructor support and peers support on students' SRL during temporary online pivoted learning. 123 undergraduate and graduate students in Taiwan were surveyed on two scales The Instructor Support and Peers Support Questionnaire and The Self-Regulated Online Learning Questionnaire (SOL-Q). The descriptive results indicated that students had relatively good perceptions of instructor support, peers support and the online SRL. Additionally, the correlation analysis revealed that both instructor support and peers support had positive and moderate relationships with dimensions of the online SRL. Furthermore, the regression analysis substantiated the importance of instructor support to dimensions of metacognitive skills, persistence, and environmental structuring. In contrast, peer support was essential to metacognitive skills, persistence, and help-seeking. Lastly, there was a negligible impact of provided support on time management behaviors. The research suggested that educators and institutions should provide adequate support for students and facilitate interactive online learning environments for peer-to-peer support.

This research aims to draw a picture of chemistry lessons based on students' opinions in Hakkari, Turkey. The research design is a case study. An open-ended qualitative questionnaire consisting of 15 questions was used. The questionnaire was applied to 463 tenth- and eleventh-grade students studying at high schools in Hakkari. The data obtained were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods: content analysis, correlation tests, and chi-square tests. As a result, two categories were found: the factors affecting chemistry teaching and the effect of chemistry on students' daily and future lives. According to this, students' interest in chemistry is a factor in learning chemistry, the teaching method used by the teacher is an essential factor for chemistry, and having enough knowledge of chemistry affects achievement in other courses. A significant difference was found between female and male students choosing chemistry in their future careers, and the results were in favor of male students. On the contrary, female students thought that chemistry would be more permanent than males thought in their lives. The activities used in chemistry lessons, teachers' attitudes in the classroom, and the use of chemistry examples in daily life are effective for learning chemistry and choosing chemistry for a future career.

Purpose: This article explores the interrelationship between second-language students' literacy development and civics learning in studies focusing on L2 students' civics learning. Design/methodology/approach: The conceptual framework and the analytical tool in this thematic literature review consists of a four-field model in which the four key components of a. literacy abilities, b. disciplinary literacy abilities, c. prior knowledge, and d. content-area knowledge are in focus. Findings: It is suggested that an interaction between the four components (a-d) could support the students' civics learning and literacy development. Civics teachers play a crucial role in making the content knowledge comprehensible. Second-language students' language- and content-related difficulties are better understood in connection to the civics tasks and activities that they work with in civics classrooms. Practical implications: This article addresses issues of continuous education in civics for teachers in L2 civics classrooms.

This study was conducted on the perception of high school students regarding the influence of learner and teacher on school science learning. The subjects were 867 South Korean high school students at 464 natural science and 404 humanities learning course. The components of the influence of learner and teacher on school science learning consisted of learning motivation, class participation, learning, and achievement. Overall, high school students perceived that learners had a stronger influence than teacher on learning motivation, class participation and achievement except learning. High school students at natural science learning course recognized more than students of humanities learning course that learners had a stronger influence on learning motivation, class participation, and the achievement than teacher. Since high school students at natural science learning course considered their future careers when selecting such learning course, their interests and motivation in science were already higher than students of humanities learning course. Thus, school teachers have to make an effort to develop the professionalism of teaching because the learning effect was not limited to the cognitive skills of science class students, and may vary depending on the explanations of teachers.

Some young and inexperienced teachers working in rural and disadvantaged areas in the city center of Turkey have the habit of constantly producing digital content and sharing virtual videos in classrooms/schools. Thus, the students become the material of virtual trade. The process of becoming a teacher influencer and its effects on the students were examined in detail. The research had a phenomenology design as one of the qualitative methods. The data were collected from the teachers of various teaching areas (n=201). According to the findings, the majority of the teachers participating in the research thought that being a teacher influencer, and teacher influencers caused damage to the students and violated children's rights.

The current study aimed to examine the perspectives of EFL students regarding the types of pedagogical activities they found engaging while using asynchronous discussion forums (ADF), as well as the practices of educators in encouraging the participation of their students. An interview with ten university students who were enrolled in an English language methodology course was used to construct data. The results of the study revealed that university students preferred open-ended activities to knowledge-based tasks such as quizzes or direct tasks. They found open-ended activities to be more challenging and engaging. The results also unveiled that the participants of the study expressed appreciation for tutors who provided clear instructions for tasks uploaded on the online discussion forum. They also valued the tutors who motivated them and offered constructive feedback. These factors were crucial in enhancing students' engagement and participation in ADF. Based on these results, the study recommends empowering tutors with the skills and knowledge necessary to design engaging assignments that align with students' expectations and provide them with direct and constructive feedback that would enhance ensuing research.

Based on data from China Education Panel Survey, this article examined the impact of teacher gender on student human capital development at the junior secondary education level. The research findings showed that female teachers were more capable of promoting cognitive and non-cognitive ability development of both girl and boy students than their male counterparts; and that student cognitive and non-cognitive performance was significantly and negatively related to the increase in the percentages of male teachers in the class and school.

This study determined the influence of the competency of teachers and the laboratory environment in an online setting on the students' science process skills using mixed methods approach-convergent design. Participants of the study were 2nd year students from different Higher Education Institutions in Region XI, Philippines. Further, to gather data relative to the research questions, the researcher used adapted survey tools and an interview guide. Results showed that students always observed the competence of their teachers, with a favorable laboratory environment in an online setting leading to the acquisition of science process skills. Furthermore, regarding the relationship of variables, the study revealed that the competency of teachers did not have a significant relationship with students' science process skills. At the same time, there was a considerable correlation between the laboratory environment in an online setting and students' science process skills. The students' lived experiences in acquiring science process skills formed essential themes. Moreover, there was a merging-converging nature of the competency of teachers and the laboratory environment in an online setting and a merging-diverging character on students' science process skills and significant influence of the variables under study. Results of the study will help the teachers identify the factors that can affect the acquisition of science process skills of students in an online learning environment and develop intervention programs to ensure globally competitive graduates. It is further believed that this study will benefit the institution, teachers, and most especially the students who were the main reason for the teaching and learning process. Hence, future studies may be conducted by academic scholars or researchers based on the information gathered from this research. Areas of interest can be other factors that affect the students' acquisition of science process skills and utilize a comparative study involving different courses with chemistry laboratory subjects.

The investigation of students' conceptions of knowledge of mathematics and the process of knowing mathematics is important to provide an understanding of the phenomena behind students' performance. However, there is a scarcity of empirical investigation of students' beliefs about mathematics knowledge in the Indonesian context. This study aims to assess students' beliefs about mathematics education. The relation of these beliefs with gender, grade, and culture was also examined. Fifteen classes were selected by stratified random sampling methods. 536 students (boys = 217, girls = 319) from 8-9 grades participated in the present study. The result of this study revealed students viewed that their mathematics teachers have tried to make mathematics lessons interesting and perceived that mathematics knowledge continues to expand. Boys' students hold stronger beliefs that they can understand the most difficult tasks in mathematics than girls' students. Grade eight students have higher beliefs than ninth-grade students. Javanese students hold stronger beliefs in mathematics performance than Madurese students. The finding of this study provided information on how to design teaching and learning mathematics in the Indonesian context.