Search

A slowly expanding body of literature has examined the problem of heteronormativity in management education. Scholars have begun to agree that heteronormativity is constituted in and through management education, reproducing heteronormative binaristic notions of sexuality and gender in management curricula, teaching activities, academic scholarship, and business schools. Research has demonstrated the negative outcomes for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer* (LGBTQ*) people, but questions remain about how heteronormativity is constituted as normative in management education. Addressing this, we demonstrate how heteronormativity is performatively constituted as normative through language, and what management educators can do to disrupt it. Analytically, Judith Butler's (1990) theory of performativity, which emphasizes the constitutive power of language and repetition of speech acts, is pivotal to conceptualizing heteronormativity as performative. We interrogate the performative effects of LGBTQ* injurious speech acts, which have been lamented by scholars as ubiquitous and harmful, and show how they constitute and sustain heteronormativity as normative in management education. As a remedy, we derive insight from Butler's ideas about reworking the power of injurious speech to inform management educators how they can disrupt the performativity of heteronormativity. The essay contributes novel theoretical ideas about conceptualizing and disrupting the performativity of heteronormativity in management education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article revisits threatening discourses from the perspectives of anthropological linguistics, Cultural Linguistics, speech act theory and pragmatics. On the basis of linguistic data from 11th‐century Britain (Old English), 14th‐century Norway (Old Norse), 19th‐century Ireland (Early Modern Irish English and Modern Irish), 20th‐century Hong Kong (Hong Kong English) as well as 21st century South Africa (Black South African English), the discussion establishes verbal threats as socio‐pragmatic modes of action, that is, commissives that come as both illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. The main aim of the article is to elaborate on the central role that sociocultural norms and conventions play in the enregisterment of threat in a speech community at a given point in time. The article contributes to the development of forensic–linguistic threat assessment through a stronger focus on the sociocultural embeddedness of threatening discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating an online learning environment that engages learners beyond the given course period is challenging. Open, participant-driven discussion forums, where participants are provided with greater agency on what to learn, how to learn, and whom to learn with, have a unique potential to help learners engage in learning experiences based on their interests and needs. Based on sequential and qualitative analysis of speech acts found in the participant-initiated discussion threads hosted as part of a massive open online course, this paper explored the impact of participant actions as facilitative moves to gain a better understanding of the types of actions in the discussion that stimulated deeper engagement with the ideas of interest. The analysis identified several facilitative moves that nurture or hinder deeper conversation in an open online discussion forum that has design implications. The paper also highlights the potential of analysing conversation sequences of posts as a promising method to study discussion forum data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at conducting a pragmatic analysis of speech acts expressing flattering in some selected literary texts (Hamlet). Flattering is used to express encouragement, which is false positive evaluation. Flattering assumes the effect of the listener's feelings, actions and thoughts via the speech acts of flattering. Flattery is a social phenomenon that treads a fine line between acceptable and unacceptable social behavior and brings forward the strategic element of language use. Although flattery was studied in different areas but pragmatic literature has not addressed the phenomenon, despite its potential to inform the interpretive process participants engage in when evaluating politeness strategies in interactions. A pragmatic methodology was used to collect the data. The results of this study show how the characters judge an action to be flattery, what (verbal) acts count as flattery, and the functions of flattery in interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an approach for applied linguists to undertake research on speech acts in an interactionally anchored way. We first critically revisit studies on speech acts, with a special focus on L2 pragmatics, arguing that there is a clear need to further interconnect speech acts and interaction by relying on a finite, replicable and interactional typology of speech acts. We then suggest a methodological procedure through which such a typology can be employed in applied linguistic inquiries. Finally, we describe a case study featuring irritations faced by Chinese learners of English when it comes to extracting oneself from an interaction while the other keeps on talking. Such irritations are analysed through the lens of the approach proposed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speech acts in CMC (Computer Mediated Communication) have been receiving increasing attention in recent years. This study attempted to make a cross-cultural comparison of Chinese and American online complaints of restaurants from the perspective of speech act structure in relation to face management. In spite of likeness in the general taxonomy of retrospective and prospective speech acts between the two corpora, addressivity appeared to be a strong factor affecting how face was managed in the specific construction of complaints as speech act sets in the Chinese data set, while such a discrepancy was absent from the American reviews where the face of restaurants and fellow consumers was not handled with much distinction and discretion. These findings in terms of the level of sensitivity and adaptation to the context seem to imply that the generally-recognized distinction of high-context vs. low-context between the two cultures is also manifested in online reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full of men and women in love, Shakespeare's comedies have triggered abundant discussions of the dramatist's treatment of romantic relationships, which, however, nearly ignore the importance of language use. This pragmatic reading of Shakespearean comedies undertakes to explore the speech act of promising of characters in love. By incorporating quantitative data and qualitative insights, the research outlines the attributes and distribution of promising in four comedies, compares gender differences in the use of promising, and scrutinises the change of promising during the shift in love dynamics. In doing so, we anticipate providing a fresh interpretation of speech acts and Shakespeare's dramas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While several expressive speech acts like requesting, apologizing, and inviting had been widely studied, the speech act of congratulating has been given little attention. This study compared how Javanese and Sundanese speakers congratulate each other, which has not been studied much before. This research also looked at how age, social power, and social distance affect the way people congratulate each other. The contribution of this paper lies in providing a nuanced understanding of how cultural and social values in Javanese and Sundanese societies shape congratulatory speech acts. The study involved 60 participants who completed a written Discourse Completion Task (DCT). A mixed-method approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods was used for analysis. The data was coded and categorized using Elwood's (2004) framework. The study identified new strategies, such as mentioning occasion and divine remarks, that were significant in relation to the dataset. Participants responded to five real-life situations by providing congratulatory expressions in their local language on a Google Form. The most frequently utilized strategy is the expression of surprise which is followed by IFID in the second position. The presence of divine remarks in the act of congratulating in this study is attributed with the highly influence of Islamic culture in Indonesia. In terms of social position, social distance, and age, both groups demonstrate a preference for employing High variety (H) when interacting with individuals with higher position or older individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the integration of speech acts and politeness in two short stories, "Anandi" (an Urdu short story) and "Overcoat" (an English short story), both by Ghulam Abbas. The focus is on how speech acts and politeness contribute to the portrayal of societal image and the theme of appearance versus reality. The stories were selected by the same author to see from the comparative lens to analyze pragmatic features hidden behind the textual instances. For this purpose, 'Speech Act Theory' has been employed proposed by Langshaw Austin (1962). Different types of speech acts, including locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts, to see how they make language use more purposebased in context. Politeness levels embedded in the content were also analyzed to understand their portrayal of societal norms. Results showed that speech acts significantly enhance language use by adding purpose and context. Locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts contributed to depicting societal norms and values. Politeness was crucial in portraying societal expectations and maintaining face in social interactions. Further studies should explore speech acts and politeness in various cultural contexts and genres to gain a broader understanding of their impact on communication. Additionally, examining other pragmatic aspects in different literary works can provide deeper insights into the role of context in meaning-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on content, illocutionary force, social role, or doctrinal origin. Topics include something that pushes back against oppression, domination, or unjust power, and related forms of denigration, or disrespect; and enables non-internal emancipatory public reason critique to suitably accord with the reflexivity requirement.

This study explores the unique linguistic mechanisms of Mandarin Chinese, a tonal language, in expressing illocutionary acts, specifically focusing on the act of denial. Central to our investigation is the specialized use of the particle "并" (bīng), which is posited to add emphasis in negation contexts, akin to the emphatic role of words like "actually" or "in fact" in English. Through the lens of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), this research examines how Mandarin Chinese leverages lexical items, such as " 并" (bīng), over prosodic features like pitch and tone, to convey pragmatic emphasis. Our findings indicate that "并" (bīng) functions almost exclusively to strengthen denial, particularly in formal or written Mandarin, without carrying significant semantic content on its own. This specialized use underscores the adaptive strategies of tonal languages in maintaining clear lexical distinction while expressing nuanced illocutionary force. Additionally, the study highlights the limited pitch range available for intonation in tonal languages due to the necessity of distinguishing lexical tones, which further motivates the reliance on lexical means for expressing emphasis. This study contributes to the broader understanding of linguistic expression in tonal versus nontonal languages and opens avenues for further research into the complex dynamics of language pragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I defend the claim that the act of writing a work of fiction consists in the performance of a sui generis speech act, and propose a dynamic treatment for acts of fiction-making. Recently, speech act theories of fiction have become targets of the uniformity argument. According to it, in order to account for the myriad of speech acts present in works of fiction, speech act theories of fiction need to propose a similar amount of fiction-related illocutionary forces. When uttered in the same context, these illocutionary forces give rise to the same relations raised by their non-fictional counterparts. While not a knock-down argument, this warrants an explanation. In order to defend speech act theories of fiction, I argue that the claim that speech act theories of fiction need more than one fiction-related sui generis illocutionary force is misguided and rests on an erroneous account of the content of an act of fiction-making. I take that the content of an act of fiction-making is more akin to a speech report than to a regular assertion. Following, I propose a dynamic treatment to the speech act of fiction-making. Concluding, I explore some related topics in order to distinguish my proposal from pretenseapproaches to fictional discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study is to examine condolence strategies and the sociocultural norms underlying the realisation of the speech act of condolence in Persian. To achieve this, a three-layered data collection methodology including two focus group interviews (FGIs), field notes, and a discourse completion task (DCT) were used. FGIs and field notes were utilised to shed light on the cultural norms as well as any variables affecting the expressions of condolence. The DCT, on the other hand, was administered to explicate the form and frequency of condolence strategies in Persian. Results indicate that, influenced by six sociocultural variables, 20 distinct condolence strategies are used in Persian. Furthermore, findings show that, while these strategies are used with varying degrees of frequency in different situations, when expressing condolence, Persian speakers place high importance on empathising with the bereaved interlocutor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language shaming is a prevalent issue in Malaysia, particularly in the online sphere, where English language speakers often face targeted discrimination due to linguistic imperialism and misconceptions. This study aimed to identify the linguistic features and themes underlying language shaming practices and assess the awareness of Malaysian adults and YouTube users regarding this issue. The study combined content analysis of 240 YouTube comments exported using YouTube API and a survey of 100 respondents using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The statements were categorized based on speech acts by Searle and were, further, classified according to Rezvan et al.'s (2018) 5 types of Internet harassment. Findings reveal a significant number of statements classified as expressive speech acts, primarily falling into categories such as intellectual harassment, followed by racial harassment, appearance-related harassment, and political harassment. The analysis also uncovers instances of offensive language shaming directed at public figures in YouTube comments, whereas responses from the survey revealed that a number of Malaysians engage in shaming other YouTube users using derogatory terms and phrases. The study suggests that promoting awareness and a sense of responsibility among Malaysians can help overcome this social issue. Addressing language shaming can create a more inclusive society and prevent individuals from being marginalized based on their language proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research looked at the film Peter Pan and Wendy's directive illocutionary acts. The purpose of this research is to identify the various sorts of directive illocutionary acts. The observation method was used to acquire the data. The data is acquired by watching the film several times while reading the transcript and recognizing the statements that contained directive illocutionary acts. This study employed the qualitative method to analyze the data using Kreidler's (1998) theory, divide the utterance of the directive illocutionary act into three categories: command, request, and suggestions. As a result, this research discovered all forms of directed illocutionary acts according to Kreidler's (1998) theory. There were 86 data found, with command being the most common sort of directive illocutionary act occurring with 61 data, request having 19 data, and suggestion having 6 data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical examination of the classification of Denial within Speech Act Theory, advocating for its redefinition from an assertive to a directive speech act. Drawing upon the foundational principles established by J.L. Austin (1962) and further developed by John Searle (1969, 1979), the study applies Searle's twelve dimensions of illocutionary acts to Denial. Through this analytical framework, the paper demonstrates that Denial transcends the mere negation of propositions, actively engaging in modifying the hearer's beliefs or actions, a characteristic inherent to directive acts. The analysis highlights the dual nature of Denial, which not only contests a given proposition but also, and more importantly, endeavours to influence the listener's perspective or behaviour. This re-evaluation challenges traditional views and enriches the discourse on linguistic pragmatics by advocating for a more nuanced and context-sensitive approach to speech act classification. By reclassifying Denial as a directive, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of communicative practices, emphasising the strategic use of language in social interactions and the complex dynamics of speech acts in communication. This reassessment calls for a broader reconsideration of speech act classifications, marking a step towards a more comprehensive representation of language functions within linguistic pragmatics and opening avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana is the property of Program Studi Magister Linguistik Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Midway through How to Do Things With Words, J.L. Austin's announces a "fresh start" in his efforts to characterize the ways in which speech is action, and introduces a new conceptual framework from the one he has been using up to that point. Against a common reading that portrays this move as simply abandoning the framework so far developed, Marina Sbisà contends that the text takes the argumentative form of a proof by contradiction, such that the initial framework plays an instrumental role as part of a proof in favour of the subsequent one. Despite agreeing with Sbisà's broad instrumentalist approach, we argue that her regimentation of Austin's narrative into a proof by contradiction ultimately fails - both as a proof and as an interpretation of Austin. Instead, we suggest that a better way of interpreting the peculiar structure of How to Do Things With Words is as a pedagogical exercise whose point is to bring a concealed alternative into view in a manner that also explains its initial concealment, and that this approach provides richer resources for supporting Sbisà's own conventionalist understanding of illocution than that afforded by reading the text as a proof by contradiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific evidence has established that sexual consent can be expressed with more than only speech acts. Moreover, scientific analysis of other elements beyond speech acts reveals that coercion can be clearly indicated. Theories on communicative acts contribute to this debate, introducing three situations where these elements can occur: ones of physical, institutional, or interactive power. However, the public comments on these situations on social networks (Instagram, Twitter and Reddit) has not been analysed before. Within the framework of the Spanish competitive project Consent (PID2019-110466RB-I00), we conducted a novel study on the comments and reactions made around the communicative acts that prevent or facilitate the identification of sexual consent in specific episodes of television series aimed at young and adolescent audiences internationally. Social Media Analytics (SMA) with communicative content analysis with predefined codes was carried out on 1465 tweets about sexual consent on Twitter relating to 10 television series and movies watched internationally. The results show that when viewing these scenes, young people: (1) open debates (albeit few, as yet) around communicative acts beyond the verbal and nonverbal ones; (2) take a position against whoever coerces and (3) perceive that they will be able to avoid future situations of a lack of sexual consent by remembering the image discussed and the communicative acts that were in it. In doing so, the results can promote healthy discussions of sexual consent among youth through prevention programs and critical media literacy activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon the theoretical roots of Montreal school communicative constitution of organizing (CCO), this study extends the notion of "authoritative texts" (Kuhn, 2008) to loose, emergent, and fluid forms of organizing. Based on interviews and observations among a fluid collective of bicyclists that maintain a public jump course, findings show how repetitive stories and labor analogies are communicative elements giving rise to an authoritative text, that, although imperfect in many ways, exerts influence on organizing practices. Despite lacking conventional organizational structures, the article demonstrates how the emergence and disciplining function of authoritative texts is made possible by a unique form of indirect assertive speech acts. This work contributes to organizational communication theory by extending authoritative text research to fluid organizing, theorizing differences in the coorientation and scaling up processes forming authoritative texts, and providing precise explanations of how texts discipline through intertextual relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that what speakers mean or express can be determined by their implicit or unconscious states, rather than explicit or conscious states. Further, on this basis, I show that the sincerity conditions for utterances can also be fixed by implicit states. This is a surprising result, which goes against common assumptions about speech acts and sincerity. Roughly, I argue that the result is implied by two plausible and independent theories of the metaphysics of speaker meaning and, further, that this is a robust basis on which to make an inference, with a fair degree of confidence, about the relationship between expression and implicit attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies on the linguistic realizations and social functions of responses to thanks in different varieties of English have reported interesting findings on the speech act. However, it appears that thanking, the first pair part of the thanking formula, is under-researched. To fill this gap, this study investigated the linguistic realizations of thanks in Nigerian English in order to determine and compare their features and functions with previous findings in British English. 300 expressions of thanks that were recorded from speakers of Nigerian English from verbal exchange, WhatsApp and radio airings were analyzed. The analysis revealed massive similarities in linguistic patterns but divergent pragmatic features owing to cultural differences. These findings support the variational pragmatic theory which opines that intra-variation does not guarantee same pragmatic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disintegration is a method whose dialectical potential depends on dividing a single concept into two parts, where they are portrayed as unequal by presenting one as more important than the other. Disintegration consists of speech act, presuppositions, and conversational implication, as well as spatial and temporal characterization and positive and negative politeness strategies, Politicians tend to use persuasive appeals, repetition, metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, and manipulation. Therefore, this study seeks to study the Disintegration in the political discourses of US President "George W. Advocates the use of disintegration in political speeches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utterances produced by participants in a trial relates to their role and the trial stage. Therefore, everyone involved in the trial will produce a variety of speech acts. This research aims to describe the types of speech act in Chris Watts’ trial and to describe the functions of the speech act used in the trial. The analysis is based on Searle's theory of speech act (1979). The researchers used descriptive qualitative method to describe the types of speech act and the functions of the speech acts by analyzing each utterance produced by all of the participants in courtroom. The finding shows that there are 176 utterances of speech acts which consist of 79 representatives, 23 directives, 14 commissives, 51 expressive, and 9 declarations. The researchers also found 26 functions of speech act. The dominant speech act in Chris Watts’ trial is representative, because all the participants give statements of fact about the case during the trial. Moreover, the most frequently used function of speech act in Chris Watts’ trial is stating, because, most of the participants' utterance is used to state their belief and thought regarding Chris Watts’ case. In this research, the specific position of the speaker in the courtroom creates specific function of speech act used. The witnesses’ utterance is used to condemn the defendant, the judge’s utterance is used to sentence the defendant, while the prosecutor’s utterance is used to restate the witness’s statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory study examined the intonational patterns and corresponding speech act strategies in L1 and L2 English speakers' production of high imposition requests and refusals that were elicited using video-based multiple turn discourse completion tasks (DCTs). The participants, 34 L1 American English speakers and 14 high-proficiency L2 English speakers, recorded their oral responses to 10 multiple-turn video-based DCTs. Using Brazil's (1997) framework, the collected speech samples were analyzed for tone choices in each tone unit. Pragmatic strategies in the produced speech acts were analyzed by adapting the existing coding frameworks (Beebe et al., 1990; Blum-Kulka et al., 1989). The extracted tone choices and lexico-mathematical strategies were compared between the two language groups. The results preliminarily revealed differences in the use of tones by L1 and L2 English speakers in performing requests and refusals. Moreover, while the employed speech act strategies were largely similar between the two speaker groups, the associated tone choices showed contrasting usage patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speech act studies often compare two or more groups of speakers by analyzing how often each group uses a given strategy to realize a speech act. Since the goal of such studies is to compare groups, they often do not discuss the variation that exists within the groups and, by extension, what can be considered a speech act tendency for a given group. To illustrate within-group variation and how such variation can be interpreted to identify the speech act tendencies of a group, this study used e-mail refusals of requests written by 50 native speakers of English as a case study. Data were collected using a discourse completion task and analyzed for participants' strategies to refuse a request. Descriptive statistics show a considerable amount of variation in this rather homogenous group of English speakers but also allow for the identification of both commonly and rarely used refusal strategies. These findings highlight the importance of considering the commonly used strategies and the rarely used strategies when attempting to empirically identify speech act tendencies for teaching and assessment purposes. Implications of the results for future research, teaching, and assessment practices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the greetings of the Bedouin speakers of the Central Najdi Dialect in Afif, Saudi Arabia. It analyzes the greetings used by the subjects and examines the impact of the contextual factors of age, social status, social distance, period of absence, and formality of situation on their choice, and it also identifies the politeness strategies they opted for. The study uses a discourse completion test, interviews, and fieldnotes to collect its data. The study involves 50 subjects randomly chosen from the area. It shows that the subjects use the Islamic greetings, phatic questions, welcoming greetings, temporal greetings, and expressions of longing. It also demonstrates that the subjects use individual and group greetings that are differentiated by the second singular and plural pronoun inflections. Moreover, it shows that the subjects utilise some greetings the reference of which is made to the third singular and plural person pronouns. Also, it reveals that some of the greetings used take the present and past tense markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The speech act commanding, which is part of the speech act directive, is one of the grammatical materials commonly taught in foreign language teaching to develop the form of scientific sentences. The research aims to look at command speech acts in a collection of short stories by Annie M.G. Schmidt's aim is for readers to understand and increase their knowledge about command speech acts in Dutch contained in short stories as we can produce examples of speech acts. This research uses qualitative enhancement with data collection techniques. This research uses listening and note-taking techniques by listening to the use of Dutch and noting the speech forms of the characters in the short story collection by Annie M.G. Schmidt. The results of the analysis show that the speech acts used in this research are illocutionary because the collection of short stories by Annie M.G. Schmidt contains various forms of speech acts such as assertive, directive, expressive, commissive, and declaration. Based on 5 types of short stories by Annie M.G. Schmidt, namely the short story De Reus en De Draak, the short story Het Meisje dat haar naam kwijt was, the short story De Kikvorst, the short story Het neurievolkje and the short story Het beest met achternaam, there are speech acts carried out directly or indirectly, but there are more direct speech acts than acts said indirectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on conservation of resources (CoR) and speech act theories, the authors tested the relationship between managers' motivating language (ML) and employee service quality and psychological relatedness and competence as mediating variables between their associations. Design/methodology/approach: Using a convenient sampling technique, the authors collected 366 hotel employees' opinions in Malaysia and analysed them in partial least squares-structural equation modelling. Findings: Three forms of ML, psychological competence and relatedness correlate with employees' service quality. Although direction-giving language is correlated with competence, empathetic and meaning-making language are not; thus, competence only mediates the relationship between direction-giving language and service quality. Three types (direction-giving, empathetic and meaning-making) of managers' communication are correlated with relatedness; thus, relatedness mediates the association between the three types of language and service quality. Practical implications: Hospitality managers are encouraged to enhance psychological relatedness and competence by practising an appropriate ML. Psychological relatedness and competence are significant mechanisms that enlighten the effects of supervisory communicant on service quality, indicating employees' need satisfaction should be improved. Originality/value: Our study contributes to speech act and CoR theories by explaining the relationship between ML, psychological relatedness, competence and service quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We model the conventional meaning of utterances that combine two distinct clause types: a (positive) declarative or imperative (in rare cases, interrogative) anchor and a (negative) interrogative tag, such as won't you?. We argue that such utterances express a single speech act, and in fact, a single conventional update of the conversational scoreboard. The proposed model of this effect is a straightforward extension of prior proposals for the semantics of declaratives, imperatives, and preposed-negation interrogatives. Ours is the first unified account of these phenomena that addresses the sentential force of these utterances and outlines how the speech act effects arise from the scoreboard update and contextual factors. We enrich the conversational scoreboard, interpreted as a model of sentential force, to include graded commitments and non-at-issue meanings. A consequence of our model is that modified utterances can create "blended" speech acts which share some, but not all, properties with the unmodified utterances. The proposal has implications for models of other utterance modifiers, as well as for negative interrogatives and negation in general, and for imperative/jussive constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores students' perspectives regarding using U-Dictionary in learning pronunciation. The research employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey research method. The sample consisted of 32 sixth-semester students majoring in English Education at University in Asia. The selection of participants was conducted through random sampling to ensure a representative sample. A questionnaire was developed as the research instrument to collect the necessary data. The questionnaire was designed to gauge students' perspectives regarding using U-Dictionary in pronunciation practice. It employed a Likert scale format and was administered to students in the English Teaching Department. This research revealed that students hold a highly positive perception of using U-Dictionary in pronunciation practice. The results indicate that U-Dictionary is perceived as an effective tool for enhancing pronunciation skills among students. These findings provide valuable insights into the students' perspectives and highlight the potential benefits of incorporating U-Dictionary into language learning environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language maintenance need to be done for the sake of non-existant languages. The extinction of language influences of local wisdom and make disappearance of the nation's assets. One way can be done is to preserve togal manika: a combination of music, dance, and song. This art comes from the island of Makean with the terms Makean Luar and Makean Dalam in North Maluku. This study explain (1) Diglosi that occurs in the Island of Makean, North Maluku, and explain (2) efforts to preserve the language of togal manika. Data collection using observation and interview. The results of the study found that (1) diglossia was occurred in Low Language in the familial sphere kinship, neighborhood, and friendship. In Higher Language, diglosi was occured in all domains: education, government, religion. Efforts to preserve the language of the Togal Manika. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An utterance does not only convey the true meaning, but there are other intentions or goals that the speaker wants to achieve when saying something. Therefore, there are utterances in the Instagram account @fadiljaidi which contain illocutionary speech acts. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. This study uses John's theory. R.Searle. This study uses as many as 50 data. This research was conducted from February to March. Data collection techniques using note-taking techniques. This study uses Searle's theory regarding the types and functions of illocutionary speech. In this study, the types of illocutionary speech acts were: (1) 35 assertive data, (2) 7 directive data, (3) 7 commissive data, (4) 1 expressive data, (5) no declarative data. The function of illocutionary speech acts produces: (1) 26 function data stating, 1 function data showing, 8 function mentioning, (2) 3 data function ordering and 4 data function suggesting, (3) 6 function data praising and 1 function data thanking, (4) 1 data function promising, and (5) declarative function not found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the interactional norms of a manosphere discussion forum known as The Red Pill (TRP), and asks whether it can be conceptualised as a self-help group. 2104 posts and comments from regular users and high-status users in the community were analysed qualitatively to determine how the community is characterised by certain speech acts, and how these speech acts correspond to face-enhancement and face-threat as well as to certain impression management strategies. Since personal disclosure, advice-giving, and face-enhancement are key characteristics of TRP, it could be argued that TRP shares some functional characteristics with self-help communities. However, much of the advice given is unsolicited, a disproportionately high rate of face-enhancement is directed towards high-status users, and speech acts such as elaborating, and some advice-giving and personal disclosure seem to be used for self-promotion purposes. Furthermore, the prevalence of unhedged face-threats sets TRP apart from traditional supportive communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines veiled aggression in diplomatic language use from the point of view of speech acts. More specifically, we examine how the speech act of 'Tell' is used to realise aggression in a small corpus of diplomatic notes written between February and May 1844, exchanged between a US American and a Chinese diplomat. Tell, by default, presents a 'neutral' informative illocution. However, in contexts of diplomatic conflicts, particularly when a threat is made, realising Tell often helps the aggressor to deliver menacing messages under a veneer of civility. Tell is also often intertwined with other speech acts through which aggression is realised, such as Request and Complain. By modelling the aggressive function of Tell in the ritual genre of diplomatic notes, this paper fills a knowledge gap by studying aggression in a setting in which aggression operates within the boundaries of the ritual frame of a diplomatic genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The articles in this special issue contribute to second language (L2) pragmatics by investigating different speech acts and interactions in Chinese as the target language. The studies all examined learners' pragmatic performance in different contexts and compared their performance with that of native Chinese speakers. The findings of the articles showed what the learners could achieve and what they still had problems in. In this commentary, I first analyze and discuss the aspects in these articles that impress me the most, including research design and focus on L2 pragmatics, theoretical contributions, and methodological considerations. Then, I will address some important implications that the articles provide for future research in L2 pragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore the interactional phenomenon of evasion by using Edmondson and House's (1981) typology, which divides speech act categories into 'Substantive' and 'Ritual' speech acts. First, I examined which speech acts are used by native Chinese speakers and learners of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) to realise evasive interactional responses in the Chinese linguaculture. Second, I compared the ways in which native speakers of Chinese and CFL learners realise evasions. Data were collected from 20 CFL learners and 20 native Chinese speakers, who completed a Discourse Completion Test featuring conflict scenarios such as a choice between lying and hurting someone's feelings. The results showed that the most frequented speech in evasive responses are Opine and Tell. Native Chinese speakers tend to use internal modification in the form of downgraders and honorifics, while CFL learners tend to use external mitigators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introductory paper, we first present the background of the present special issue dedicated to Willis Edmondson. We first point out why Edmondson provided a ground‐breaking contribution to the field of applied linguistics and why it is particularly timely to edit a special issue centering on his framework. We also argue that Edmondson's bottom‐up and strictly language‐anchored view on speech acts and interaction is particularly useful to examine the learning of Chinese as a foreign language, by going beyond exoticizing and overgeneralizing views of the Chinese linguaculture. Second, we briefly present what can be regarded as the heart and soul of the Edmondsonian framework, that is, a typology of speech acts and a related procedure through which the relationship between speech acts in interaction can be captured. Third, we present a research procedure that we outlined in our previous work, and which helps implementing the Edmondsonian model in the pragmatic study of foreign language learning. Finally, we present the contents of the special issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine how criticising as a disciplinary action is conventionally realised in Chinese classroom contexts. By so doing, we provide a two‐fold contribution to the current special issue dedicated to Willis Edmondson. First, we examine criticising in an innovative way, by going beyond its traditional interpretation as a speech act, that is, we approach it as an interactional phenomenon which is conventionally realised by a cluster of expressions and speech acts. Second, we propose a bipartite approach to examine why and how instances of criticism as a disciplinary action in Chinese may puzzle foreign learners of Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]